In Search of California’s Legal History: A Bibliography of Sources

A Special Project of California Legal History,

the Annual Journal of the California Supreme Court Historical Society

By Scott Hamilton Dewey

(Ph.D. Rice University, 1997; J.D. UCLA, 2003; M.L.I.S. UCLA 2015,

Legal, Historical, and General Research Specialist at the UCLA Law Library)

Updated: January 20, 2016

 

Introduction — (Subject list follows)

In the summer of 1988, Christian G. Fritz and Gordon M. Bakken published an article, entitled, “California Legal History: A Bibliographic Essay” (hereinafter referred to as “Fritz & Bakken”).[1] This article discussed various key topics in the legal history of the State of California and pointed readers toward some of the essential resources then available regarding those topics. Fritz & Bakken’s article also marked an early recognition of California legal history as a rich research area worthy of further exploration.

Fritz & Bakken’s original essay was just over nineteen pages long. As Professor Fritz has observed recently, it was intended only as a brief introduction to its topic, and as an encouragement to additional research and researchers, at a time when American legal history generally remained relatively new as a field of study, and California legal history even newer.[2]

Like many other fields of history in the post-1970 era, California legal history has expanded hugely, even explosively, over its still-fledgling state as of 1988. The field of legal history also has tended at times to merge with other fields of history, such that now, in addition to more traditional, “pure” legal history of matters such as courts, cases, judges, lawyers, and legal doctrine, one also routinely finds “hybrid” studies, combining legal history with, for example, social history, gender history, demographic history, labor history, agricultural history, economic history, or environmental history — among many other possibilities. Thus California legal history has grown progressively richer and more complex over the past quarter century, in ways that might have been difficult even to dream of when Fritz & Bakken offered their original introduction.

Given the growth, evolution, and maturation of the field of California legal history over the past decades, Selma Moidel Smith, editor of California Legal History, has for some time been eager to have Fritz & Bakken’s essay updated and expanded.  In 2010, she wrote:

One of the rewards of studying California legal history is that the field may be entered from nearly any perspective and pursued in nearly any area of interest.  This is so because California legal history is not merely a microcosm of American legal history.  It is a special case.  California’s eventful legal history and its position as a legal innovator have allowed it to be among the few states whose legal history is recognized as a field of study.  Unlike the study of American legal history in general, it is exceptional because it has not as yet crystallized into a self-contained academic field. 

This circumstance gives rise to both its weaknesses and its strengths.  Among the obvious weaknesses are that few university courses are devoted specifically to California legal history, and it is not recognized as a field of publishing apart from California Legal History.  It would be difficult to name a scholar whose career has been devoted entirely to its study.  And yet this circumstance also leads to one of the field’s less-obvious strengths, its unique diversity of perspectives and subject matter.[3]

Accordingly, Selma informed me in that her goal in asking me to undertake this project (in June 2015) was to create a resource that would encourage scholars to pursue new research and also enable teachers to prepare course curricula in the field.  The bibliography that follows represents an effort to do just that, as well as to commemorate the original article.

As readers will quickly discover — perhaps gleefully, perhaps glumly — this updated bibliography is a whole lot longer than the original, and seeks to be more comprehensive than the original was ever intended to be. The new bibliography also draws upon powerful new digital bibliographic research tools and techniques that remained mostly or entirely unavailable back in 1988.[4] Indeed, the whole era of microcomputing and related digital technologies that have revolutionized libraries, research, and information science in general has happened mostly since that time. Partly as a result of that transition and the expanded access to information that it has made possible, this bibliography includes a much wider range of particular topics and subtopics than the original article, along with expanded coverage of the topics Fritz & Bakken addressed.

As the length of this work approached 120,000 words (requiring about 300 pages in California Legal History), Selma proposed the more practical — and altogether more desirable — concept of expanding the bibliography from the pages of the journal to an independent online format.  Thus, the main body of this text appears in the 2015 edition of the journal (Vol. 10, pp. 71-133) for general reading, but the complete results of my work — including the full body text and over 400 notes with thousands of bibliographic entries — appear only here in this online version. 

The benefit is self-evident:  Rather than being out-of-date the moment it is published, the bibliography will become a living resource.  Readers are hereby invited to submit suggestions for citations (and corrections, please) directly to me at dewey@law.ucla.edu.  I have agreed to continue in the capacity of Bibliography editor and gatekeeper for an indefinite period.

Perhaps ironically, though, notwithstanding the present bibliography’s greatly expanded size and ambitious — or hubristic — goal of being complete and comprehensive, it is actually only more comprehensive than Fritz & Bakken, and thus in a sense remains, like the original, only an introduction. That is, despite the copious lists of sources concerning myriad topics that may be found here, this bibliography, too, remains inherently and inevitably incomplete — there is, and likely will always be, even more information out there regarding California legal history than can ever be captured in a bibliography.

That is partly because, like any other field of history, California legal history is a moving target: new books, articles, and theses are being written or are already in the publication pipeline even as this introduction is being written, while existing primary and secondary materials are being found — or recognized as relevant — and added to library or archival collections, catalogs, indexes, and finding aids. Such items are not yet listed in indexes or databases to be found. So, just as one cannot put one’s foot in the same river twice, this snapshot of the state of California legal history, begun in the summer of 2015, would be doomed to incompleteness at the outset and in ever-greater need of updating later, like its predecessor, if not for the new era of digital, online publishing.

This bibliography is nevertheless predestined to be incomplete for the added reason that it remains practically impossible to construct and conduct theoretically perfect searches that produce all actual relevant results (and, preferably, no irrelevant ones) on any topic, and certainly on a topic as broad and diffuse as California legal history. It is frankly daunting, even humbling, to approach a subject as broad and multi-faceted as “California legal history,” to confront even a fraction of the myriad potential sub-topics, directions, and paths one may wander down in pursuit of that broad, amorphous general topic, and to recognize that law and legal history potentially touch almost all aspects of human existence and vice versa. John Muir’s famous quote is singularly appropriate here: “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe.”[5] Where, exactly, does legal history stop, and “ordinary” history, or life, begin? In terms of digital research, the proliferation of sub-topics entails a similar proliferation of potential search terms. And there is no one master database, and no one set of “correct” search terms, that will produce everything that could be appropriately characterized as California legal history — which categorization necessarily requires a human judgment call, anyway. Rather, the results must be chased down using various different search terms in several different databases, and, perhaps contrary to the idealized theories of information science, in reality, if you switch databases, or even if you switch search terms or strategies using the same database, you will continue to find new relevant results that did not appear in earlier searches. Although this bibliography was compiled from many different searches in many different databases producing thousands of potentially (but not always actually) relevant results that had to be sifted one by one, along with other search techniques and many helpful suggested items for inclusion from members of the editorial board of California Legal History, it did not (and could not) draw upon literally every conceivable search in every available database. For this reason, too, it is inevitably incomplete.

With the caveat that this bibliography (even with ongoing improvement) can by no means be the final word on the subject, and remains only an introduction, a gateway into the field of California legal history the way Fritz & Bakken’s original essay was, it is nevertheless hoped that it may serve as a helpful, useful, maybe even stimulating exposure to the vast, diverse, complex richness that California legal history has become. Indeed, hopefully some readers and researchers may come away with some of the same sort of feeling of discovery, and awe, that the author/compiler experienced — rather like Howard Carter reportedly murmered in 1923 following his first glimpses of the treasures in Tutankhamun’s tomb, in response to Lord Carnarvon’s question, “Can you see anything?”

“Yes, wonderful things.”[6]

 

Special Honors & Commemorations

Although it is not the purpose of this bibliography to play favorites, certain scholars have made particularly notable and extensive contributions to scholarship in various areas of California history, and this bibliography seeks to appropriately recognize their efforts. For the most part, such special contributions are commemorated at or near the beginning of relevant topic headings — with the following two exceptions concerning two scholars who have made particularly major and broad-ranging contributions to California legal history in general.

 

In Memoriam: Gordon M. Bakken

Professor Bakken, coauthor of the original 1988 bibliographic essay, passed away in December 2014 at the age of 71. An obituary in the Legal History Blog described him as “probably the leading legal historian of the American West of his generation.”[7] Along with his wider work on the West as a region and other states or localities within it, Bakken’s contributions to California legal history were extensive. In addition to his numerous publications, he chaired or otherwise served on a vast number of committees for master’s theses on legal history topics that have come out of California State University, Fullerton over the past several decades, many of which appear in this bibliography.

In memory of Prof. Bakken, and in recognition of his contributions to the field, here, taken from his online curriculum vitae, are lists of his many books,[8] book chapters and encyclopedia entries,[9] articles,[10] and oral history interviews[11] specifically regarding California and its legal history. (Many of his works that concern the West more generally also touch upon California, of course.) These works also appear elsewhere in the bibliography under specific topics and headings.

 

Lawrence M. Friedman

Fritz & Bakken in 1988 noted the “path-breaking work of Lawrence M. Friedman and Robert V. Percival” in their seminal book examining in detail an example of the local history of California courts and criminal law, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870–1910.[12] After many other similarly in-depth explorations of a variety of topics in criminal or civil law in several different California counties, after advising or assisting many student dissertations, theses, and research papers, and also after the passing of Prof. Bakken, probably few would deny Prof. Friedman the honorary title of the current “Dean of California legal history” — particularly with regard to the general history of courts and of civil and criminal law. In honor of his record of lifetime achievement in service of that field, here is a list of his publications specifically concerning California legal history (only a fraction of his total publication list).[13]

 

Subject Headings in Alphabetical Order


Admiralty

African Americans

Agriculture

Archival/Bibliographic/Historiographical

Art Law

Asian Americans, Generally

Border

California Constitution

Catholics & Catholicism

Children/Juveniles

Chinese Americans

Codification (see Early Anglo California)

Courts

Crime

Early Anglo California

Education

Environment & Natural Resources (Includes Oil, Air Pollution, Coastal & Ocean Resources & Policy, Wildlife & Endangered Species, Parks & Scenic/Recreational Land Preservation, and Timber & Forestry, among Others)

Family Law

Gambling/Gaming

Gays, Lesbians & Alternate Sexuality

Gold Rush (and Law & Economics)

Hollywood & the Entertainment Industry

Housing & Urban Planning

Humboldt County (Local History)

Indians (Indigenous Americans)

Insurance

Italian Internment

Japanese Americans

Jews

Judges

Labor (including Agricultural)

Land (and Real Property)

Latinos

Law & Economics

Law Firms

Law Libraries

Law Schools (see Education)

Lawyers & the Legal Profession

Legal Doctrine & Theory, Odds & Ends

Local Government

Los Angeles

Medical

Mining

Monetary Policy & Alternative Currency

Nonlawyer Politicians

Notorious Cases

Okies

Oral Histories

Police & Law Enforcement

Prisons & Parole

Progressive Era & Progressivism

Propositions/Initiative, Referendum & Recall

Race, Racial Law & Politics, Generally

Radicalism, Antiradicalism & the First Amendment

Railroads

Reapportionment

Regulation & Administrative Law

Religion & the First Amendment

San Diego County (Local History)

San Francisco

Spanish/Mexican (& Russian) California

Tax

Water

Women

 

Admiralty [return to list]


In 1988, Fritz & Bakken noted that the study of admiralty in California legal history “remains in its infancy,” and they invited scholars to help the field grow to maturity.[14] For the most part, the searches undertaken for this bibliography suggest that relatively few scholars have taken up that challenge, and the two sources that Fritz & Bakken cited appear to remain among the few sources particularly focused on that topic[15] — but Prof. Fritz has identified many additional helpful resources that touch upon California admiralty law.[16]

 

African Americans [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken noted in 1988 that scholarly treatment of the legal history of California’s black community paled in comparison to the more extensive discussion of the legal aspects and entanglements of California’s Chinese and Japanese communities,[17] and that is still largely true. However, in addition to the two sources cited in the 1988 article,[18] various others regarding California’s African-American legal history have appeared or resurfaced since 1988. Regarding the 19th century, these include studies of the black experience in California during the pre–Civil War years when the ultimate fate of slavery remained uncertain and vestiges of slavery were imported into California during the Gold Rush,[19] along with more general discussions of California’s African-American residents before 1900.[20] For the period after 1900, scholarship on African Americans and the law includes biographies or oral histories of several notable black judges, attorneys, or lawmakers,[21] along with several articles or theses mostly focused on primarily postwar developments such as affirmative action and the fight for residential desegregation.[22] African-American labor history and associated legal conflicts during the Second World War and shortly afterward have also stimulated several studies.[23] The 1992 Los Angeles riots/rebellion, together with the earlier Watts Riots of 1965 and the later Rampart police scandal, have generated a number of studies that touch upon legal and law enforcement history that is especially associated with Los Angeles’ African-American community.[24]

 

Agriculture [return to list]


From before the Gold Rush through the foreseeable future, agriculture has been and will likely remain one of California’s major industries as well as a source of legal problems and litigation. Legal historians (primarily Victoria Saker Woeste) have extensively explored the business organization of agriculture and the cooperative movement;[25] other scholars have studied other aspects of the agricultural industry, including agricultural regulation and adjustment, the wine industry, and other topics.[26] Because the practice of agriculture, and resulting legal complications, are inextricably entangled with crucial inputs such as Water, Land, and Labor, see also the sources listed under those headings.

 

Archival/Bibliographic/Historiographical [return to list]


There are a number of helpful published resources providing archival or bibliographic information regarding California legal history, both generally and related to specific topics. Only a few early examples were listed in Fritz & Bakken’s original article,[27] but since 1988, many additional resources have emerged or surfaced.[28] In particular, California Legal History has recruited scholars and archivists at various major libraries to provide overviews of their respective institutions’ holdings related to the history of law in California.[29] Western Legal History has also devoted two separate issues to archival and historiographical topics concerning California and the West more broadly.[30] As of mid-2015, the California Judicial Center Library’s department of Special Collections and Archives listed a wealth of manuscript holdings, including the papers of California Supreme Court Justices Allen E. Broussard, Ronald M. George, Joseph R. Grodin, Joyce L. Kennard, Otto M. Kaus, Wiley W. Manuel, Stanley Mosk, Frank C. Newman, Niles Searls, and Kathryn M. Werdegar, along with additional collections from California Supreme Court Bailiff Elliott Williams, Reporter of Decisions Randolph V. Whiting, Public Information Officer Lynn Holton, the papers of Bernard E. Witkin, and other collections associated with the California Supreme Court.[31] It is to be fondly hoped that such collections will only grow with time. See also Oral Histories.

 

Art Law [return to list]


The history of art law in California seems to have not yet generated many published traces. Yet there are some sources that address the topic.[32]

 

Asian Americans, Generally [return to list]


The many trials and travails of California’s Chinese-American and Japanese-American communities have long been established, major topics in California legal history. The experiences of other, traditionally smaller Asian-American communities, or of Asian Americans in general, have received less attention so far, although legal historians have started to fill those gaps, providing studies focused on Filipinos,[33] Koreans,[34] and East Indians[35] in California, along with other studies addressing the legal aspects and experiences of the state’s Asian-American residents more generally,[36] including the shared experiences of detention at the U.S. federal immigration facility at Angel Island.[37]

 

Border [return to list]


Myriad sources address legal issues relating to California’s border and territory. California’s portion of the international border with Mexico has received most attention,[38] but conflict over the state border with Nevada also has been studied,[39] as has the long-running argument over whether to divide California into multiple states[40] and the early possibility of a mega-state reaching from Utah to the Pacific Coast.[41] Probably the weirdest part of the story of California’s borders and proposed divisions concerns the would-be State of Jefferson, to be carved out of California’s northern counties and combined with contiguous counties in southern Oregon — a proposal dating back to 1941 if not earlier.[42]

 

California Constitution [return to list]


In 1988, Fritz & Bakken offered a relatively long list of sources concerning California’s constitutions — either the 1849 Constitution,[43] the 1879 Constitution,[44] or both.[45] Various aspects of California’s constitutional history, including issues regarding racial or other discrimination,[46] have by now been further explored by many different scholars,[47] notably including UC Hastings law professor and former California Supreme Court Justice Joseph R. Grodin,[48] who generously suggested many items to include under this heading. Prof. Fritz, in addition to many other helpful suggestions regarding items for inclusion in this bibliography, also offered a small library’s worth of additional resources regarding the California Constitutions of 1849 and 1879 and California constitutionalism and constitutional reform in general.[49] See also Early Anglo California, among other topics and headings.

 

Catholics & Catholicism [return to list]


From the earliest Spanish colonization through its surge in recent decades to become (again) the single largest religious denomination in California, the Catholic Church has held an important place in California’s history, including its legal history. Scholars have addressed the contested church–state boundary in Spanish California;[50] the impact of Anglo-American conquest on Church property,[51] and especially the litigation over the Church’s Pious Fund of the Californias;[52] the staging, and suppression, of America’s first Passion Play in Victorian (and mostly Protestant) San Francisco;[53] and California Catholics’ activism and leadership in social reforms related to racial justice, among other issues.[54]

 

Children/Juveniles [return to list]


Children’s involvement with the law in various ways has not yet received the level of attention that legal historians have devoted to more established topics involving adults, but scholars have contributed research on different aspects of this topic, including juvenile delinquency and the origins of the juvenile justice system in California,[55] dependency and foster care,[56] and California Indian children and the law,[57] among others.[58] For additional sources that may touch upon the legal situation of children directly or indirectly, see also Family Law; Women (marriage & divorce).

 

Chinese Americans [return to list]


In their original 1988 article, Fritz & Bakken noted that the “literature on the Chinese experience in California is quite large,” and that most of it at least touches upon the discriminatory laws that fundamentally restricted and hung over the lives of early Chinese Californians.[59] They then offered a list of resources in which the legal historical aspects are central rather than peripheral.[60] Faulting certain earlier sources for not making better use of the San Francisco federal court records that provide the richest source of information regarding Chinese-Americans’ legal resistance to exclusion and discrimination, they cited the work of Charles McClain as “a step in the right direction.”[61] Since then, McClain has taken further steps in that same right direction, producing one of the most important books focused on the various legal aspects of the early Chinese-American struggle for equality, among other publications.[62]

The body of scholarship regarding the Chinese-American experience has grown much larger since 1988. Some of the literature focuses primarily on law, but other sources that are not primarily focused on law nevertheless interweave significant legal historical aspects together with other elements of the story, whether relating to social history, labor history, economic history, medical history, or other topics. Although a line must be drawn to prevent including literally every source that addresses the Chinese-American experience in any way, this bibliography will draw the line somewhat less sharply than did Fritz & Bakken, and will deliberately include various useful, interesting sources in which law is significantly interwoven with other historical concerns. Also, certain sources may focus primarily on the nationwide story and on federal policies and enactments more than specifically on California and its laws; but given how much of the nation’s Chinese population resided in California, the national and federal story remains to a significant extent a California story in its impacts, and some nationally/federally  rather than strictly California-focused studies are included in this bibliography for that reason. Again, though, not everything can be included, and of course readers should be aware that there are many more resources out there to be found, some of which would doubtlessly enrich one’s understanding of the topic even in a strictly California and legal context.

At any rate, there are many studies that focus on legal matters regarding Chinese Americans through the 1880s and the passage of the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act,[63] along with other useful studies in which either the law, or California, is more interwoven around other concerns.[64] For the period from the 1880s through the mid–20th century, studies tend to focus on exclusion enforcement and immigration,[65] and on the federal immigration processing facility at Angel Island.[66] Other sources concerning this middle period address sundry other matters,[67] including prewar competition between Chinese and Japanese immigrants.[68] Resources regarding the postwar period include an oral interview with Judge Delbert E. Wong, the first Chinese-American judge in the continental United States, plus other examples of challenges to traditional discrimination.[69] There are also small clusters of articles regarding various other aspects of the legal history of Chinese Californians that do not necessarily fit neatly within the rough chronological framework presented above, such as medical issues, including public health targeting of Chinese immigrants as well as state regulation of traditional Chinese medical practices;[70] legal travails of Chinese women;[71] school segregation and desegregation;[72] and archival or archaeological comments regarding researching Chinese-Californian communities.[73] See also Asian Americans, Generally.

 

Courts [return to list]


Special mention must be given to the much-anticipated Constitutional Governance and Judicial Power: The History of the California Supreme Court, edited by Harry N. Scheiber (Berkeley, forthcoming Spring 2016), sponsored by the California Supreme Court Historical Society.  With chapters covering each period from 1849 to 2010 — by Charles J. McClain, Gordon Bakken, Lucy E. Salyer, Harry N. Scheiber, Bob Egelko, and Molly Selvin — it is a comprehensive, fully documented history of the California Supreme Court and its influence in the state's economic, social, and political development, treating the institutional development of the Court, and more generally, of the state judiciary. There is discussion, too, of the jurisprudence of individual justices who influenced law nationally as well as the jurisprudence of the Court as a whole, in distinctive historic eras of conservative and liberal jurisprudence. The interplay of politics, socio-economic change, and federal–state relations as major factors in the development of both the common-law and constitutional law of California receives full attention for each period of the state's history. Major cases in each of the areas of the law often receive detailed systematic analysis.

Writing in 1988, Fritz & Bakken found that “surprisingly little has been written about the history of California’s state and federal courts,” an omission “especially glaring” given the availability of so many California court records.[74] They recommended various resources concerning the California Supreme Court,[75] California’s federal courts,[76] and California’s lower courts and court system in general.[77]

Since 1988, a wide array of additional studies of California courts have emerged, including a good many later contributions from Fritz[78] or Bakken.[79] Numerous articles have addressed the history of the California Supreme Court, some clustered in the 1996–1997 edition of the California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook[80] or the recent 2014 edition of California Legal History,[81] among other places.[82] Other scholars have studied California’s federal courts during the 19th century[83] or the 20th century,[84] while still other resources discuss lower California state courts in the 19th century[85] or the 20th century.[86] The California grand jury system has received scholarly attention.[87] Scholars also have studied special courts and institutions concerning juvenile offenders.[88] See also the partial list of publications by Lawrence Friedman, included near the beginning of this bibliography, most of which concern different aspects of the operations and decisions of California county courts from the late 1800s through the mid- to late 20th century. Although the federal Ninth Circuit stretches far beyond California, developments regarding the Ninth Circuit, including periodic proposals to split it, necessarily implicate California and its legal history.[89] See also Archival/Bibliographic/Historical; Chinese Americans; Indians; Japanese Americans; Crime; Education; Prisons; Women (among various other possible additional headings of interest; courts come up in some significant measure under most headings in this bibliography).

Because judges and their biographies or oral histories represent a major topic in themselves, they are included under a separate heading; see also Judges. However, there are also sources concerning other court staff who should not be forgotten, such as court administrators,[90] public defenders,[91] and court clerks, research attorneys, court reporters, or court interpreters.[92] For district attorneys, other prosecutors, and other non-judicial attorneys, see also Lawyers.

In terms of courts as spatial, geographical, architectural entities — courthouses — most published historical sources focus on the San Francisco federal courthouse of 1905, finished just in time to confront the great 1906 San Francisco earthquake.[93] However, the California state court system and various federal courts in California maintain websites that include helpful brief historical background on courthouses as well as courts.[94] It is likely that some other sources exist on the histories of particular county courts or courthouses, possibly produced by county historical societies; if so, however, such sources did not appear among the results of the searches conducted for this bibliography.

 

Crime [return to list]


In Memoriam: Professor Clare V. McKanna, Jr. of San Diego State University, a prolific scholar of the history of crime, prisons, and related racial/ethnic dimensions in California, passed away in March 2012. Although his publications include important works concerning Arizona and the West more generally, here is a list of his contributions to California legal history in particular.[95]

Fritz & Bakken in 1988 used a broader organizational category of “crime and punishment” and found most of the literature on the topic to be focused on either the 1850s San Francisco vigilante committees (grouped under the heading Police & Law Enforcement in this bibliography) or criminal prosecutions resulting from early 20th century radicalism and labor agitation (here more likely to be found under the headings of Labor or Radicalism, Antiradicalism, and the First Amendment).[96] As to crime in general, they listed a few sources concerning crime and/or law enforcement,[97] including Lawrence Friedman and Robert Percival’s important 1981 book concerning crime and punishment in late-19th-century Alameda County.[98]

Both before and after 1988, Friedman and his coauthors have contributed several additional studies of the history of California criminal law.[99] They have been joined by many other scholars providing local or regional studies of various aspects of California crime, criminal law, and criminal justice from the days of Spanish and Mexican rule onward.[100] One topic of particular interest has been murder and the closely related issue of the death penalty, resulting in several major studies of murderesses[101] along with sources regarding murderers of the more conventional male variety and homicide in general.[102] The O.J. Simpson murder trial of 1994–1995 in Los Angeles County has, predictably, generated a literature all its own.[103] So has the Sleepy Lagoon murder of 1942 and subsequent court proceedings from 1942–1944, in which seventeen young Hispanic men from Los Angeles were framed and convicted for the murder, then later saw their convictions overturned on appeal.[104] Homicides and other crimes perpetrated either by, or upon, 19th-century Chinese Californians have also drawn scholarly attention.[105] For more regarding murder and the death penalty, see also Notorious Cases; Judges (especially the unfortunate Chief Justice Rose Bird); Lawyers. Regarding lynching, see also Police & Law Enforcement.

Along with the aforementioned studies of homicide and crime in general,  other aspects of the legal history of California crime and criminal justice have stimulated clusters of studies, including California’s “three-strikes” law of 1994 cracking down on repeat offenders;[106] sex crimes (including obscenity);[107] Prohibition;[108] illegal gambling;[109] women criminals (other than those already included among the murderesses or the sex crimes mentioned previously);[110] crimes in which women usually are the victims, such as domestic violence and stalking;[111] criminal youth gangs;[112] and crime on California Indian reservations.[113] The broad category of “crime” is inherently related to many other topics; see also Police & Law Enforcement; Prisons; Courts; Lawyers; Notorious Cases; Women; Gays & Lesbians; Radicalism, Antiradicalism, and the First Amendment; and various racial or ethnic headings (African Americans, Chinese Americans, Indians, Latinos, etc.).

 

Early Anglo California [return to list]


In addition to noting the overall dearth of historical analysis of California criminal law in 1988, Fritz & Bakken listed relatively few sources regarding the early history of Anglo-American civil law in the Golden State,[114] some of them not primarily focused on law but useful nonetheless.[115] Many scholars have since contributed to the history of the period of transition from Mexican to Anglo-American control of California[116] and the impact (or not) of Spanish/Mexican law and custom upon Anglo-California law.[117] David J. Langum has been an especially determined scholar of this transition period in California,[118] while John Phillip Reid has particularly focused on the early development of Anglo-California law among settlers on the Oregon and California trails before they reached California or their ultimate destinations within the state.[119] Even leaving aside sources specifically concerned with popular topics such as the Gold Rush, crime in early San Francisco, and the like (which appear under separate headings), there are many sources that discuss the legal history of the first few decades of Anglo California’s existence,[120] including topics such as taxation,[121] the adoption of the common law and the Field Code,[122] and the origins of local government in Anglo California.[123] A 2003 special edition of California History that was also published separately as a book — Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California — offers a particularly rich concentration of helpful articles covering a range of topics regarding the legal history of early Anglo California.[124] See also California Constitution (the 1849 and 1879 Constitutions form a major topic in themselves); Chinese; Crime (19th century); Gold Rush; Indians. In particular, see the many books and articles by Professor Bakken listed at the beginning of this article, the great majority of which concern the early decades of Anglo-California legal history.

 

Education [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken, in discussing education, addressed only legal education and law schools.[125] But, as subsequent scholarship has shown, there is so much more to the legal history of California education and education law.

Discrimination, and anti-discrimination policies such as affirmative action, have been the major theme of legal historical scholarship regarding California education for decades. Various studies have focused on higher education,[126] including legal education.[127] The landmark higher-education affirmative action case of Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978), has generated an extensive literature all by itself, although many of these sources focus more on the story after the case reached the U.S. Supreme Court than on the earlier proceedings and background in California.[128] Discrimination, segregation, desegregation, and funding equalization in the lower grades and in California education generally also have stimulated a good many historical studies.[129]

Along with more general accounts of the struggle against discrimination in education, scholars have focused on the particular experiences of particular racial, ethnic, religious, gender, or sexual orientation minorities. Given the special salience and significance of cases such as Mendez v. Westminster School District of Orange County, 161 F.2d 774 (Ninth Circuit, 1947), and the even earlier Lemon Grove Incident in San Diego County (1930–1931), the educational experiences of California’s Latinos especially have drawn analysis,[130] although Chinese Americans,[131] Japanese Americans,[132] Asian Americans generally,[133] and California’s Indians[134] have not been ignored. The searches for this bibliography mostly did not turn up sources focused exclusively on African Americans in California education, with one exception,[135] but the topic is covered in some more general discussions of the legal and political histories of California’s black communities as well as the more general treatments listed under this heading. Other sources address the particular legal battles or experiences of Jews,[136] women,[137] and gays and lesbians[138] in the educational context.

Turning from the issues of discrimination and minority communities to education more generally, various sources address diverse topics from the 19th and 20th centuries.[139]  Topics of particular scholarly interest have included the 1976 Rodda Act regarding collective bargaining for school employees,[140] teacher certification and tenure,[141] and social studies legislation.[142] At the higher education level, scholars have studied the constitutional status of the University of California and other aspects of the relationship between the state educational system and the state constitution.[143] Other sources also touch upon the legal history of the Berkeley Free Speech Movement of the mid-1960s.[144] The history of loyalty oaths and anti-communist policies in California education has drawn considerable scholarly attention.[145] Aspects of the history of legal education in California outside the discrimination/affirmative action context also have been further discussed,[146] including some oral history interviews along with archival documents.[147]

 

Environment & Natural Resources (includes Oil, Air Pollution, Coastal & Ocean Resources & Policy, Wildlife & Endangered Species, Parks & Scenic/Recreational Land Preservation, and Timber & Forestry, among Others) [return to list]


Even leaving aside the categories of Land, Water, and Mining, treated separately under other headings, this category remains broad and diverse in a state as resource-rich as California. Fritz & Bakken, in 1988, only addressed the oil industry (along with mining),[148] and identified several helpful sources touching upon petroleum law, some of them discussing the American oil industry in general rather than California specifically.[149] Various other sources, mostly more recent, specifically concerning the legal history of California oil have emerged or resurfaced since 1988,[150] while the legal and general history of California oil likely will also be covered in some more recent general histories of the American oil industry as in the general sources listed by Fritz & Bakken — especially considering that California remained a larger producer of oil than Texas into the 1930s. There are also biographies and other works that recount the involvement of Los Angeles oil baron Edward L. Doheny in the extended litigation following the Teapot Dome scandal of 1924 (which partly involved the Elk Hills naval oil reserve in eastern-central California).[151]

As to other environmental issues, there are various sources that touch upon legal and regulatory aspects of air pollution, including severe copper smelter pollution in turn-of-the-century Shasta County, the development of the notorious Los Angeles smog problem in the 1940s and 1950s, and state laws establishing the RECLAIM regional clean air incentives market and the “cash for clunkers” program to retire older, heavier-polluting automobiles enacted during the late 20th century.[152] Along with numerous sources that deal with water more generally, some sources address the legal history of water from a specifically environmental perspective.[153] Some instances of toxic pollution and resulting litigation have been addressed historically,[154] although certain other major examples, such as the Rocketdyne–Aerojet litigation, seemingly have not been yet. Scholars have addressed the legal-historical aspects of fisheries,[155] as well as the protection of wildlife and endangered species.[156]

Appropriately in California, with its many scenic wonders, the establishment of parks and the preservation of scenic and recreational landscapes is a major focus of research. Yosemite National Park, John Muir’s beloved crown jewel of the Sierras, and its legal issues have been studied,[157] along with neighboring Hetch Hetchy,[158] Sequoia National Park, Kings Canyon National Park, Mineral King, the Big Sur, the Mojave Desert, and Channel Islands National Park.[159] Scholars also have explored the legal and historical aspects of the California Coastal Commission, perhaps the most powerful state regulatory agency concerning land use and preservation in the United States,[160] along with battles over nuclear power plant siting,[161] recreational trails preservation, and land use regulations more generally.[162] Notably, the legal history of national parks was relatively well-represented in the searches conducted to compile this bibliography; state, county, and municipal parks, which have legal histories of their own to explore, appear to have been studied relatively little so far, though there are some notable exceptions.[163]

The complex history and legal history of one park in particular — Redwoods National Park — has long been tightly intertwined with the wider, often bitter and frequently litigated “timber wars” regarding access to trees on public land as well as efforts to protect old growth forests on private land, and the histories of both the park and the wider wars from the late 1800s to the (sometimes vicious) late 20th-century battles over the Headwaters Forest and habitat for the Northern Spotted Owl have drawn considerable scholarly attention, along with other aspects of forestry and timber management.[164] Scholars have also probed other California legal-historical-environmental topics, such as environmental policymaking, the rise of historic preservationism, and the contested ownership of a celebrated meteorite.[165]

California is of course, famously, a place where the land meets the sea, and that interface between earth and ocean has long been integral to the Golden State’s legal history as well as general history. Professor Harry N. Scheiber in particular has long devoted scholarly attention to coastal and ocean resources, policy, science, and regulatory law, with a special emphasis on the California legal and historical context,[166] as have other scholars.[167]

Again, see also Land, Water, and Mining, as well as sources addressing the public trust doctrine in the context of Land and Water.

 

Family Law [return to list]


The history of California family law appears to remain relatively unexplored, but nevertheless, in addition to Prof. Jacobus tenBroek’s multipart general study of the topic during the mid-1960s,[168] various later scholars have conducted research into a range of different particular aspects of family law, including parental custody and the legal aspects of gay and lesbian family formation.[169] See also the related headings Children; Women (marriage & divorce).

 

Gambling/Gaming [return to list]


During the second half of the 20th century in California, gambling went from being an illegal activity, sometimes the target of vice squads, perhaps more often just winked at, to become a major state industry in the form of Indian casinos, with the perjorative term “gambling” now largely replaced by the more polite term “gaming.” The earlier period has drawn relatively limited scholarly attention,[170] although the topic will come up in various broader discussions of 19th-century San Francisco in particular, but a number of books or theses have studied the rise of Indian gaming in California.[171]

 

Gays, Lesbians & Alternate Sexuality [return to list]


The LGBT rights movement is one that has mostly developed since the time of Fritz & Bakken’s article, and most of the historical investigation of alternate gender/sexuality communities also has happened since that time. In recent decades, major political and legal fights and, ultimately, victories on issues such as gay marriage and the repeal of anti-sodomy laws have helped to energize the movement and to stimulate investigation of the communities’ histories. As such, there are a number of recent dissertations and articles that concern various aspects of the legal history of the LGBT communities. Many, though not all, discuss San Francisco, and nearly all concern the postwar period,[172] though there are some exceptions that go back much earlier.[173] Along with other studies that address different angles of the topic, a number have recently appeared focused specifically on the legal history of the struggle to legalize gay marriage.[174] Regarding the related topics of marriage and the criminalization of sexuality, see also Women (marriage & divorce) and Crime (sex crimes).

 

Gold Rush (and Law & Economics) [return to list]


Many scholars have discussed law in relation to the Gold Rush. The Gold Rush, and the legal or quasi-legal institutions that emerged in the California gold fields, have been a special object of fascination for a good many scholars who have studied the issue from a law and economics perspective,[175] including water rights along with mineral rights.[176] Other scholars have explored other aspects of the legal history of the Gold Rush, including the origins of California and U.S. mining law,[177] the experience of African Americans in the gold fields,[178] and legal (or extra-legal) treatment of Chinese immigrant gold miners,[179] among other topics.[180] The history of the Gold Rush is inextricably interwoven with other topics from early Anglo California, so see also Early Anglo California; African Americans; Chinese Americans; Indians; Mining; San Francisco; and Water (among other possibilities).

 

Hollywood & the Entertainment Industry [return to list]


For one of the biggest and most characteristically California industries, the film, television, and music industries so far have perhaps drawn less attention from legal historians than they deserve. Yet historians have probed various interesting, legally involved aspects of the film[181] and television[182] industries, including how court trials and judges are presented in the media.[183] Sadly, no resources regarding the radio or music recording industries appeared among the search results for this bibliography — which, as always, does not mean they’re not out there; it only means that they proved difficult to find.

 

Housing & Urban Planning [return to list]


Scholars have explored various legal dimensions of housing and urban planning — particularly the racial discriminatory aspects, as presented most starkly in the history of California’s Proposition 14 (1964) and its effort to repeal the Rumford Fair Housing Act of 1963,[184] along with development restrictions,[185] among other issues.[186] See also Race; Propositions and Initiatives; Local Government.

 

Humboldt County (Local History) [return to list]


Gertrude Stein famously observed, “The trouble with Oakland is that when you get there, there isn’t any there there.”[187] One wonders what she might have said about the shopping-mall sprawl of Southern California and the Bay Area today. At any rate, good local history, including legal history, helps to mitigate that archetypally California syndrome by helping to create a sense of place as well as time. And in terms of local legal history, in the searches for this bibliography, two jurisdictions particularly stood out as exemplars of rich, active local history: Humboldt County and San Diego County. Perhaps it’s only a coincidence that they are at opposite ends of the state, Humboldt County almost as far from L.A. and S.F. as it’s possible to be and still be in California, although San Diego’s separation from Los Angeles shrinks daily. If every place explored its local history as richly as these two counties, it would be a better, happier place for historians, although admittedly perhaps something of a headache for librarians and bibliographers.

Humboldt County’s local legal history includes the would-be State of Jefferson;[188] the presence of Chinese workers during the 19th century;[189] notable murders and executions;[190] biographies of local attorneys, judges, and other court staff;[191] Humboldt County’s Indian tribes;[192] and sundry other topics.[193] Although occasionally an outside journal includes an article on Humboldt County,[194] the overwhelming majority of this local historical coverage appears in the pages of the Humboldt Historian.

 

Indians (Indigenous Americans) [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken did not mention California’s indigenous peoples, or laws relating to them, in their 1988 article — perhaps out of a sense that Indian law, involving (at least putatively) sovereign peoples and territories, is in some ways fundamentally different from “normal” law within a state’s territory, perhaps because much of Indian law and legal history in America traditionally focused (and focuses) more on other regions with more fully-established relationships between the tribes and the federal government, or perhaps because this topic was still awaiting scholarly attention. Whatever the case, there are by now many resources that illuminate how the law has affected California’s Indians. Among others, Vanessa Ann Gunther has explored in depth and detail how Anglo-American law in the 19th century impacted the lives of Native Americans in Southern California in a wide variety of ways, including matters both civil and criminal, as well as laws that allowed the effective seizure and enslavement of both Indian adults and children.[195] Her work poignantly explains the special burdens of California’s Mission Indians, not borne by most other indigenous peoples of North America: first, enslaved by the Spanish friars (under Spanish and Catholic law and regulations); then set upon by Anglo Americans with their self-serving laws and courts without even the weak and flawed but still somewhat mitigating official protection of the U.S. federal government and federal treaties, due to California’s transition to virtually instant statehood at the end of the Mexican–American War. (The general rule throughout United States territory was that however bad the federal government and the U.S. Army were in their treatment of Indians, state, territorial, and local governments were even worse.)[196]

But other scholars have also contributed worthy studies of many different aspects of the (generally tragic) legal history of California’s Indians before 1900, including Spanish and Mexican legal understanding and (mis)treatment of the native peoples,[197] Anglo Americans’ de facto practice of genocide against them[198] and enslavement of them,[199] the limited participation of the federal government in California Indians’ affairs,[200] and many other topics.[201] In the 20th century, major topics include official federal recognition of tribes and tribal revitalization;[202] Indian land claims and litigation over them;[203] Public Law 280, a 1953 federal enactment that has caused severe jurisdictional confusion and legal problems regarding reservations, state courts, and law enforcement both in California and throughout the United States;[204] the Colorado River Indian Reservation;[205] the rise and legalization of Indian gaming in California;[206] legal issues involving Indian children and youth;[207] tribal water rights;[208] and other matters, some related to particular federal laws and policies to varying degrees.[209] Certain official documents of the State of California regarding California’s Indians also surfaced, somewhat at random, in the searches conducted to assemble this bibliography;[210] they suggest that there might well be other such documents out there that are potentially of interest. There are also various local history resources from San Diego County[211] and Humboldt County[212] that concern California Indians and legal issues directly or indirectly. (Note: Indian tribal law of particular California tribes is likely to be tribe-specific and thus to require tribe-specific searches; at any rate, for the most part, no such tribal legal-historical materials surfaced in the searches conducted to compile this bibliography.)

Regarding a notable Native American who was not a member of a California Indian tribe, but rather a Cherokee who came to California during the Gold Rush years and became California’s first novelist, see Lawyers (John Rollin Ridge).

 

Insurance [return to list]


Several scholars have probed aspects of the history of insurance law in California, particularly medical insurance, title insurance, and insurance litigation in the wake of the great San Francisco earthquake, among other topics.[213]

 

Italian Internment [return to list]


The intense interest of historians, legal and otherwise, in the tragic history of the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II helped to stimulate interest in other, smaller, less well-known examples of internment. Of these, the most striking and researched instance in California involves the internment of Italians, particularly those who lived in San Francisco.[214]

 

Japanese Americans [return to list]


As with Chinese Americans, there is a wealth of research regarding discrimination against Japanese Americans, from the California alien land acts of 1913 and 1920 through the Japanese-American internment and its aftermath. Some of this research specifically concerns the law and legal history; some other studies are focused primarily on other matters, such as social history, labor history, agricultural history, or family history, but nevertheless include legal issues significantly interwoven with the others; and some, although often fascinating, barely touch upon specifically legal matters at all. This bibliography seeks to err on the side of inclusion rather than exclusion, and thus it sometimes includes some of the “interwoven” sources, even if they do not focus exclusively or primarily on the law or on California. As with the Chinese Americans only perhaps even more so, Japanese Americans were heavily concentrated within California’s borders before the World War II–era internment and relocation; in a 1944 pamphlet protesting the internment, Carey McWilliams noted that nearly eighty percent of all the Japanese Americans in the continental United States in 1940 lived in California.[215] To that extent, even legal developments in Washington, DC, or internments that took place in other states such as Arizona or Wyoming, heavily impacted the lives of Californians and thus arguably fit within California legal history — but it is also impossible to include everything that has been written about the internment.

Fritz & Bakken in 1988 listed a few resources,[216] including Roger Daniels’ 1962 book, The Politics of Prejudice,[217] regarding prewar discrimination against Japanese Americans and the alien land laws,[218] plus several more regarding the wartime Japanese-American internment,[219] including Peter Irons’ important 1983 book, Justice at War, which helped to stimulate the reopening and reconsideration of the Supreme Court’s wartime internment cases.[220]

Daniels and Irons have both contributed more work focused on the internment and its aftermath.[221] They are joined by many other scholars who have investigated aspects of Japanese Californians’ legal history.  The California alien land acts have been the subject of numerous monographs[222] and articles,[223] while other studies have explored other aspects of California’s relationship with its Japanese-American residents,[224] as well as the competition that arose between Chinese and Japanese Americans for relative economic status and racial-ethnic acceptability during the prewar years.[225]

Fritz & Bakken’s article appeared in the same year that the United States government formally apologized for the internment order and authorized reparations to Japanese-American survivors of the internment camps. The dramatic and successful campaign for reparations likely helped to stimulate additional scholarly interest in the topic that has resulted in a large number of books and other sources on the internment over the past quarter-century, some of them more focused on the law and/or California,[226] some of them less so but still potentially of interest to California legal historians.[227] One particularly notable and interesting historiographical trend in this literature is the surge in scholarly interest in those internees who, contrary to the wartime and postwar established account of docile and dutiful internees, actively resisted the internment, in some cases even to the point of renouncing U.S. citizenship in protest; such cases often resulted in legal actions and administrative or court hearings.[228] Similarly, there is heightened scholarly sensitivity to the contested meaning(s) of the whole unfortunate internment ordeal.[229] Other studies have focused on other individuals and organizations, such as the ACLU, that opposed the internment in various ways and to varying degrees.[230] The long postwar campaign for redress and reparations, and the reopening of the Supreme Court internment cases, have themselves also become topics for scholarly inquiry.[231] Along with secondary sources, there are also government documents and other primary source materials that illuminate the legal and general history of the internment.[232]

This bibliography generally uses the long-established term “internment” as the most immediately recognizable and distinctive label for the long and harsh ordeal to which Japanese Americans were subjected after President Franklin Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066 in February 1942. The term itself, however, is conflicted and controversial as well as arguably imprecise and legally incorrect, as Roger Daniels, Harry Scheiber, and other scholars have forcefully pointed out. For that reason, a growing number of recent scholars use, and encourage use of, alternate terms such as “evacuation” or “incarceration”[233]. Notably, Wikipedia, not by any means the last word on the subject but perhaps an unusually good index of established conventional usage, presently still uses the term “internment.” (See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans.) To the extent that “internment” fades from general use and is replaced by alternate terms in coming years, this bibliography likely will be changed to reflect that transition. At any rate, the present use of the established if conflicted and inaccurate term emphatically is not intended to show any disrespect toward either the victims of the ordeal or its recent chroniclers.

Although most other topics are bound to pale in comparison to the high drama and passion surrounding the internment and the subsequent campaign for redress, and although there seems to be relatively little legal historical analysis of California’s Japanese Americans in the postwar period outside the internment context, another, quieter victory in the postwar Japanese-American struggle against discrimination may be found in the oral history of wartime internee, Second World War combat veteran, and longtime California state judge George Yonehiro.[234] There is also a recent book on the life, and 1946 prosecution for treason in San Francisco, of “Tokyo Rose,” a native Japanese-American Californian.[235]

 

Jews [return to list]


There is a wealth of material about Jewish history in California and the West, and a historian can only wish that every community were as fastidious about preserving their history and records. It also turns out that Jewish judges, lawyers, and lawmakers were prominent in California from the Gold Rush years onward, such as Solomon Heydenfeldt, an early Jewish justice of the California Supreme Court from 1852–1857.[236] The journal Western States Jewish History, in particular, has published biographies of several notable early California Jewish judges,[237] attorneys,[238] and lawmakers or law enforcement officials.[239] Scholars also have contributed biographical treatments and oral histories of the single leading legal scholar and writer of treatises on California law, Bernard E. Witkin.[240] In addition to these biographies, there are numerous sources regarding different aspects of California Jews’ interaction with the law, from the early statehood period,[241] the later 19th century,[242] and throughout the 20th century.[243] Certain topics have produced clusters of articles, such as antisemitism (mostly but not entirely during the 19th century),[244] Jewish resistance to Sunday “Blue Laws,”[245] Jewish charitable institutions,[246] and legal issues surrounding marriage, intermarriage, or divorce under Jewish religious laws.[247] For oral histories and other sources regarding Stanley Mosk, one of the great 20th-century Jewish justices of the California Supreme Court, as well as his appellate-judge son Richard Mosk and his Supreme Court colleagues Mathew Tobriner and Joseph R. Grodin, see also Judges.

 

Judges [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken noted that studies of judges existing in 1988 tended to be biographical rather than analytical in orientation; they noted a number of studies of California Supreme Court justices[248] and other state or federal judges in (or from) California,[249] along with an already substantial cluster of studies of Justice Stephen J. Field.[250] They also remarked on a growing number of oral history interviews of judges, especially federal judges of the Northern District of California, conducted by the Bancroft Library’s Regional Oral History Office.[251]

Many additional sources have by now joined those listed in the original 1988 article. In particular, several justices of the California Supreme Court have stimulated clusters of scholarly studies: in alphabetical order, Chief Justice Rose Bird;[252] Justice Jesse W. Carter;[253] Justice (and later U.S. Supreme Court Justice) Stephen J. Field;[254] Chief Justice Ronald M. George;[255] Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson;[256] Justice Joseph R. Grodin;[257] early Justice Solomon Heydenfeldt;[258] Chief Justice Malcolm Lucas;[259] Justice Stanley Mosk (and his son, Justice of the California Court of Appeal Richard M. Mosk);[260] Justice Cruz Reynoso;[261] Justice Raymond Sullivan;[262] Chief Justice Roger J. Traynor;[263] and early Chief Justice David S. Terry.[264] Thanks to Professor Fritz, Judge Ogden Hoffman, early federal judge of the Northern District of California, also has received substantial attention.[265] Western Legal History, the journal of the Ninth Circuit Historical Society, has made a tradition of commemorating chief judges of the Ninth Circuit, including Richard H. Chambers,[266] James R. Browning,[267] and Alfred Goodwin,[268] while other law journals have commemorated other Ninth Circuit appellate or district judges with symposium editions.[269] A former Ninth Circuit judge from California who has gone on to even bigger things, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, is relatively much studied, with more interest focused on his post-California days as with Stephen Field and Earl Warren.[270] Along with these more frequently or extensively studied jurists, scholars have produced studies or oral histories of various other California state or federal judges from the 19th[271] and 20th centuries,[272] including additional justices of the California Supreme Court.[273] A good many of the studies of California legal history, especially court and judicial history, have been contributed by judges and justices themselves.[274] As to online resources regarding the California judiciary, the California Supreme Court Historical Society web page includes links to official retirement or obituary commemorations of most California Supreme Court justices, among other resources,[275] while the Federal Judicial Center’s History of the Federal Judiciary website offers a Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, 1789–Present, including basic biographical and judicial service records on nearly all federal judges,[276] and the six districts of the California Court of Appeal maintain websites with information and/or photographs regarding current sitting justices and, in some cases, former justices.[277] Ballotpedia, a searchable website providing information on elections and politics, provides brief biographies of most sitting California federal and state judges, as well as some senior or retired judges.[278] Most studies concerning judges focus on particular individuals, as Fritz & Bakken also observed years ago, but some studies address judges and judging more generally.[279] Regarding one of the towering figures of California and American legal history who was never a judge until after he left California — Earl Warren — see Lawyers. For often light-hearted local histories of the bar and bench from various jurisdictions, also see Lawyers. For an unusual case of somebody who might be seen, in a sense, as an honorary member of the California state judiciary as the single most respected writer of treatises covering the whole range of California law, widely followed by judges as well as attorneys, see several articles regarding the legendary Bernard Witkin.[280]

 

Labor (including Agricultural) [return to list]


Much has been written about labor issues and the law in California history. Most such scholarship focuses on agricultural labor in the postwar period,[281] much of it specifically regarding Cesar Chavez and the epic struggles of the United Farm Workers during the 1960s and 1970s.[282] Although people of many other ethnicities continued to labor in California’s fields after the Second World War, notably the Filipino grape-pickers who were such an important component of the early UFW and its famous strikes and boycotts, during the postwar years California’s agricultural labor force became so predominantly Hispanic in ethnic origin that the agricultural labor movement is frequently, and perhaps justifiably, viewed as primarily a major component of the Latino civil rights movement — so readers concerned with that period of agricultural labor might want to see also various sources under the Latinos heading that relate to immigration, discrimination, civil rights, and other such matters that were also implicated in the context of agricultural labor. For more regarding agricultural business organization and management, see also Agriculture; for additional sources regarding agricultural work in general, not necessarily organized or unionized labor, see also other headings such as Indians (19th century), Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, and Asian Americans, Generally.

Along with postwar, predominantly Hispanic agricultural labor, historians have studied other episodes in agricultural labor/legal history involving the radical World War I–era International Workers of the World (the “Wobblies”) and New Deal farm labor policies.[283] Legal historians also have explored labor history outside the agricultural context; much of this research focuses on the early 20th century and on Progressive-Era reforms and antiradicalism,[284] although other studies concern primarily postwar labor policies and reforms such as workers’ compensation and equal employment opportunity programs.[285] Legal historians also have shown significant interest in black Californians’ experience of labor and (often troubled) relationship with labor unions during the 1940s; see also that subtopic under African Americans.

 

Land (and Real Property) [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken devoted more than four out of the 19½ pages in their original article specifically to California land and litigation over it,[286] and they identified many sources.[287] Yet predictably, for such an important and central topic, there are by now many more studies covering a wide range of topics, most concerned with the 19th or very early 20th centuries,[288] but a few covering the postwar period.[289] Along with these sundry topics, there are many more studies of legal disputes over the Californios’ land grants and of the history of particular grants and ranchos.[290] Several articles by Prof. Paul W. Gates regarding the history of land and law in California, some mentioned by Fritz & Bakken, some not, were collected and published in a book in 1991.[291] In view of the endless litigation over land titles during the 19th century, scholars have, appropriately, also studied the rise of title insurance.[292]

If a general characteristic of the broad, diverse topic of California legal history is that everything tends to be connected to everything else, the subtopic of land is even more that way. Thus, many other sources under many other headings also involve land to one degree or another — especially Agriculture (and Labor (agricultural)), Environment and Natural Resources (including park preservation, land use, the oil industry, and forestry among other possible subtopics), Housing & Urban Planning, Japanese Americans (and Asian Americans, Generally, particularly regarding farming in the shadow of the Alien Land Laws), Mining, Railroads (especially the shoot-out at Mussel Slough), and Water (without which most of the land is of course unusable), among other possibilities.

 

Latinos [return to list]


Aside from references to the 19th-century Californios and their loss of their land, Mexican Americans and other Latinos appear to be entirely missing from Fritz & Bakken’s original 1988 article.[293] From a present-day perspective, this likely would seem a rather glaring omission in a state moving rapidly toward having a majority-Hispanic population. Yet it is also testimony to how times have changed, and academic history and legal history with them. In 1970, California’s Latinos accounted for an estimated twelve percent of the state’s population,[294] and it took a while before the Latino empowerment movement from the 1960s onward, as well as Hispanic Californians’ growing demographic presence, were reflected in legal history scholarship.

At any rate, in the interim, numerous scholars and studies have helped to fill that gap, covering a wide range of topics from the 19th and early 20th centuries[295] as well as the postwar period.[296] Certain topics concerning Latino legal history have drawn clusters of studies, including the Sleepy Lagoon murder trial of Hispanic youths in 1940s Los Angeles,[297] the downfall of miscegenation laws in California,[298] the crucial and historic role of California’s Latinos in school desegregation litigation,[299] postwar conflict between Los Angeles police and the Chicano Movement,[300] the rise of Hispanic political representation especially in the form of trailblazing California state legislator Edward R. Roybal of Los Angeles,[301] the participation of Latinas in California’s Latino/a civil rights movement,[302] and Proposition 187, the 1994 initiative that particularly targeted undocumented Hispanic immigrants.[303] As with so many other topics in this bibliography, much more of the story of Mexican-American and Latino legal history in California remains to be told, but clearly many scholars have made a good start. For more on the Latino legal experience in California involving agriculture, agricultural labor, and the rise of the United Farm Workers union, see also Agriculture; Labor (agricultural). See also Spanish/Mexican California; Border; Race & Racial Politics, Generally.

 

Law & Economics [return to list]


Analysis of California history from a law and economics perspective is so heavily centered on examples from the California Gold Rush that readers are advised to see also Gold Rush; a handful of examples of historical law and economics scholarship not entirely focused on the Gold Rush are also listed there.

 

Law Firms [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken in 1988 noted the existence of various histories of law firms,[304] particularly one regarding one of the largest and oldest Los Angeles law firms, O’Melveny & Myers.[305] They also commented on the limited scope and usefulness of such in-house publications. Law firm histories likely will long remain more self-celebratory than critical, because firms generally do not allow outside scholars and researchers to gain access to their files, many (and almost certainly the most interesting) of which concern confidential client matters. Nevertheless, at least two additional in-house histories of two long-established major California law firms — the now-defunct Heller Ehrman of San Francisco and the still-thriving Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher of Los Angeles — appeared soon after the 1988 article,[306] along with a recent in-house history of Los Angeles-based Sedgwick Detert Moran & Arnold,[307] an oral history of San Francisco-based Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro,[308] a master’s thesis regarding the Long Beach law firm of Ball, Hunt, Hart, Brown & Baerwitz,[309] and, most recently, an article on the Los Angeles entertainment law firm Loeb & Loeb.[310] Several doctoral dissertations also have appeared that study particular aspects of the history of Silicon Valley law firms and legal practice during the postwar period that saw the rapid rise of the California high-technology industry.[311] The history of law firms remains a potentially rich area for further study — if one can access the records. Practically speaking, most such research likely will remain either in-house or limited to 19th-century records already available in publicly accessible archives.

 

Law Libraries [return to list]


At least some of California’s law libraries and library systems have received at least some scholarly attention.[312] See also Archival/Bibliographic; Education (legal).

 

Lawyers & the Legal Profession [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken in 1988 listed a number of histories of local or statewide bar associations,[313] along with a few examples of memoirs of individual attorneys[314] and even fewer studies of the history of California lawyers from a more social-scientific perspective.[315]

Since 1988, various other accounts and biographies of California lawyers have appeared or resurfaced, concerning attorneys active in the 19th century[316] or later.[317] California’s district attorneys so far seem perhaps to have drawn less scholarly attention than they deserve, but in addition to articles and biographies concerning the likes of Hiram Johnson, Earl Warren and Edmund G. Brown, Sr., there are some sources regarding others who have filled that office.[318] Scholars also have studied the history of legal aid organizations in California (see also Labor (agricultural) regarding that topic).[319]

Some California lawyers are today remembered much more as literary figures than as attorneys — such as John Rollin Ridge, the Native-American author of what is generally considered the first California novel and one of the first novels written by a Native American;[320] Francisco Ramírez, the Californio newspaper editor and attorney who treasured the rights proclaimed under the (Anglo-) American Constitution but called for their fuller expression and extension, including to non-Anglos;[321] and Carey McWilliams, the radical reformer who championed exploited farm workers, the interned Japanese Americans, and the young Hispanic defendants in the Sleepy Lagoon case before spending twenty years as editor of The Nation[322] — but all three men were trained as lawyers, and the legal profession has a right to claim them.

Some other notable California attorneys who have stimulated a number of scholarly studies include Earl Warren, who was a district attorney before being elected state attorney general and governor but who never served as a judge in California and is not included with the other Judges in this bibliography only for that reason (but U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice Warren is of course probably the most famous Californian ever to become a judge);[323] Hiram Johnson, who was a district attorney before serving as state governor and a U.S. Senator;[324] Edmund G. (“Pat”) Brown, Sr., like Warren a district attorney and then California attorney general before he became a legendary state governor;[325] his rather well-known son, Edmund G. (“Jerry”) Brown, Jr.;[326] and the San Francisco–based 20th-century super-litigator and “King of Torts,” Melvin Belli.[327] There are also a number of studies of California’s women attorneys, particularly the very first and most famous of all, Clara Shortridge Foltz,[328] among others.[329]

Although most studies concern individual lawyers, there are also at least a few published accounts of local legal culture of the bench and bar from several different jurisdictions to supplement Schuck’s century-old book cited by Fritz & Bakken.[330] See also Humboldt County and San Diego County for additional descriptions of lawyers and local legal culture. See also Courts; Judges; Law Firms; Notorious Cases (among other possibilities).

Some other California lawyer-politicians whose careers were almost entirely federal and who generally did not appear in searches regarding specifically California legal history as such, such as Representative Philip Burton or Richard Nixon, are not included in this bibliography, but readers should be aware that of course articles and biographies exist concerning such individuals and their impact upon California politics and, probably to some extent, law.[331] Still other notable California lawyer-politicians who were active in state politics, such as former Governor George Deukmejian and longtime Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley, appear not to have drawn much attention from biographers yet. See also Nonlawyer Politicians.

 

Legal Doctrine & Theory, Odds & Ends [return to list]


Because some items may not necessarily fit neatly in other categories, here is a miscellany of such articles regarding various topics in legal history and the evolution of legal doctrines and theory that should not be overlooked.[332] It also includes just a few examples of the sorts of useful discussions of historical background that may be included in legal treatises that are focused on certain fields of the law but are not primarily concerned with legal history.[333] (Researchers may often turn up such historical discussions in treatises or law journal articles focused on certain cases or areas of the law that likely would never show up in online searches targeting legal history in general, and nonlawyer researchers in particular should be aware of this additional search strategy for specific topics in legal history.)

 

Local Government [return to list]


Many scholars have studied local government in California and its associated legal historical aspects, focusing especially but not exclusively on the two principal metropolitan cities, Los Angeles and San Francisco.[334]

 

Los Angeles [return to list]


The (ironically named, as people often point out) “City of the Angels,” the younger but now even larger of California’s two great metropolitan areas and legal markets, surfaces in many different headings in this bibliography, including many sources that may not focus primarily on Los Angeles or Southern California (in the conventional sense of: Greater Los Angeles). However, for the convenience of researchers especially interested in L.A., here are various categories of sources that do concern Los Angeles directly, organized under the following sub-headings, in mostly alphabetical order: Los Angeles Attorneys, Law Firms & Bar; African Americans; Crime; Early; Education; Gays, Lesbians & Others; Housing & Urban Planning; Jews; Immigration & Internal Migration; Land; Latinos; Local Government; Oil; Police; Race, Generally; Railroads & Light Rail; Smog; Various; Water; Women & Children.[335] Because Angelenos typically (and perhaps imperialistically) view nominally independent nearby jurisdictions such as Pasadena or all of Orange County as really just extensions of Greater Los Angeles, some sources concerning such neighboring communities in Southern California are also included. To prevent this heading from getting too long, readers are directed to other headings in the main bibliography for other parts of the Los Angeles story, such as: Hollywood; Latinos; Notorious Cases (O.J. Simpson, the Black Dahlia case, local serial killers and celebrity murders, etc.); and Water (Owens Valley and other sub-headings).

 

Medical [return to list]


Like some other legal history research topics that have flowered over the past two decades, the legal history of medical issues was absent from Fritz & Bakken’s original article but since 1988 has grown into a significant, diverse, and interesting research area including a range of subtopics such as public health, health care, medical insurance, and many others. Along with books covering vaccination and the racial dimensions of public health policy,[336] various scholars, including Prof. Lawrence Friedman and his coauthors,[337] have focused their attention on civil commitment and other medical/psychological issues requiring court determinations.[338] Other medical legal history subtopics that have drawn clusters of studies include different aspects of the relationship of Chinese Americans with medicine and medical or public health policy,[339] women’s reproductive rights,[340] anti-smoking ordinances and campaigns,[341] drugs and substance abuse,[342] and medical insurance.[343] Other single books, dissertations, or articles address a kaleidoscopic range of issues from early eugenic policies and experiments at San Quentin and a 1924 veterinary emergency to stem cell research in the early 21st century.[344]

 

Mining [return to list]


In 1988, Fritz & Bakken noted, “The history of law for California’s mineral wealth has not been completely explored.”[345] That would appear to be still the case, and even Prof. Bakken’s 2008 book on the 1872 federal mining law focused more on other western mining regions than specifically on California.[346] At any rate, in addition to the various sources listed in the original article,[347] there have been numerous other scholarly contributions to the history of mining law in California,[348] which notably involves minerals other than just gold.[349] See also Gold Rush.

 

Monetary Policy & Alternative Currency [return to list]


Not a major theme in California legal history, and not likely to be unless Bitcoin or something similar goes a lot farther than it has to date — but some historians have investigated instances of California challenging federal monetary policy, and legal tender, by use of alternate media of exchange.[350]

 

Nonlawyer Politicians [return to list]


Certain studies of nonlawyer politicians that were identifiable as especially likely to contain significant discussion of legislative and legal history are listed here.[351] Although not included here, there are, of course, many other biographies and articles regarding other notable California nonlawyer politicians, including the likes of James D. Phelan, James Rolph, and Upton Sinclair, among others, along with probably countless other sources concerning Ronald Reagan; some of these may also help to illuminate certain aspects of California legal history, so readers and researchers should be aware of such resources. For more regarding notable California politicians, see also Lawyers and (in some cases) Judges.

 

Notorious Cases [return to list]


One ironic aspect of studying legal history is encountering numerous court cases that may have been called “the case of the century” in their day but are scarcely remembered in ours. Yet such cases that generated screaming newspaper headlines and notoriety, locally, statewide, or nationally, are a part of legal history, and California has had perhaps more than its share. Treatments of such cases are more likely to be journalistic than scholarly in the traditional, heavily footnoted, monographic sense; yet certainly some of these “true crime” accounts are also well-researched and of relatively high quality. Some also focus intensely on the legal and courtroom aspects of the cases, and a fair number are written by former attorneys, often ex-prosecutors. The single most famous example of the latter category is Helter Skelter (1974) — still the all-time best-selling true-crime nonfiction book — written by Vincent Bugliosi, who was the lead prosecutor in the infamous Charles Manson murder case.[352] As to other, more recent “cases of the century,” the interminable, televised O.J. Simpson trial of 1994–1995 spawned a sizeable publishing industry all its own;[353] other especially popular topics have included the 2002 murder of pregnant Laci Peterson and the 2004 trial of her husband, Scott Peterson,[354] and the never-officially-solved 1947 murder and mutilation of Elizabeth Short, “the Black Dahlia.”[355] Serial killers remain objects of perennial public fascination, and California has had more than its share of them, too, whose stories have been told, including the likes of Charles Ng, Dorothea Puente, “Night Stalker” Richard Ramirez, and “Hillside Stranglers” Kenneth Bianchi and Angelo Buono, among others.[356] Books also have been written about many other California murders and trials, celebrity or otherwise.[357] Other notorious California cases not involving murder that have received book-length treatment include that of a Pasadena funeral home that stole gold fillings and illegally harvested organs from the deceased, the 1946 San Francisco prosecution for treason of California native Iva Toguri D’Aquino (Tokyo Rose), and the McMartin alleged child abuse witchhunt of the 1980s (in its day reportedly the longest and most costly criminal trial in American history), among others.[358] For additional notorious cases, see also Crime (murder and other subtopics).

 

Okies [return to list]


Along with the legal histories of racial and ethnic minorities and foreign immigrants, scholars have also studied legal aspects of the migration from Oklahoma to California during the 1930s.[359]

 

Oral Histories [return to list]


Many oral histories of judges, attorneys, court staff members, law school deans or professors, and other participants in California legal history are mixed among other headings in this bibliography (especially Judges; Lawyers; Courts; and Education). Here, however, is a list of some of the organizations and institutions that have been active in conducting, recording, and transcribing these oral histories, and that researchers may want to check for their existing oral interviews as well as periodic new additions. Although these are some major and active programs, they are not necessarily the only ones.[360]

 

Police & Law Enforcement [return to list]


In Memoriam: In April 2011, the California legal historical community lost one of its most notable historians of policing and law enforcement, and especially of the often colorful history of law enforcement in San Francisco — Kevin J. Mullen, who rose from being a cop on the beat to deputy chief of police in San Francisco before spending his retirement as a prolific historian of the police force and city he served for decades. Here is a list of his works concerning the history of crime and law enforcement in San Francisco, California, and the West more generally.[361]

In 1988, Fritz & Bakken limited their discussion of law enforcement mostly to the San Francisco Vigilance Committees of 1851 and 1856 and listed a number of  sources that address either or both.[362] Since then, additional treatments of San Francisco vigilantism have appeared and have extended the story through the First World War.[363]

Regarding California policing more generally, Fritz & Bakken listed a few resources.[364]  There are now many more studies of California law enforcement, covering various topics and localities during California’s early frontier decades,[365] the more settled period from the late 19th to the early 20th century,[366] and the postwar years,[367] along with biographies of notable early police chiefs, marshals, and detectives.[368] The recurring  late-20th-century police scandals and crises of the Los Angeles Police Department form a substantial topic in themselves.[369] Various scholars have explored the interaction of police with racial, ethnic, or other minority communities.[370] Scholar Kevin Mullen devoted particular attention to the policing of San Francisco’s Chinatown.[371] Other studies focus on the experiences of women police officers in California.[372] Finally, scholars also have explored examples of Californians taking the law into their own hands through the extreme, disturbing, quasi-legal practice of lynching.[373] See also Crime; Prisons & Parole.

 

Prisons & Parole [return to list]


Numerous scholars have contributed studies of the history of prisons and punishment in California, including subtopics such as the original construction of the state’s prisons and prison system, penal reform, juvenile justice, women prisoners, racial differentials in time served, private prisons, Supermax prisons (particularly the facility at Pelican Bay), and over-punishment.[374] Other scholars have studied the history of the state’s parole system and policies.[375] See also Crime; Courts; Children/Juveniles.

 

Progressive Era & Progressivism [return to list]


Sources concerning California Progressives and Progressivism of the early 20th century mostly are mixed among various other topics in this bibliography. Here, however, are some sources that specifically address the Progressive Era, Progressivism, particular notable Progressives, or trademark Progressive policy issues or reforms (some of which are no longer seen as particularly “progressive”).[376] See also Lawyers (Hiram Johnson), Women (suffragism and Clara Shortridge Foltz, among others), Labor, Japanese Americans (alien land acts), Chinese Americans (immigration restriction and exclusion), etc.

 

Propositions/Initiative, Referendum & Recall [return to list]


California is somewhat famous, or notorious, for its efforts at direct democracy, the pros and cons of which have been much discussed by political scientists. Some scholars, including California Supreme Court Justice Kathryn Mickle Werdegar, have studied the history of California’s initiative and referendum process overall.[377] Others have examined the history of particular propositions, including well-known ones such as Proposition 8 (the 2008 anti-gay marriage initiative),[378] Proposition 9 (the 2008 Victim’s Bill of Rights Act also known as Marsy’s Law),[379] Proposition 13 (the landmark 1978 tax limitation measure),[380] Proposition 14 (the at least tacitly racist 1964 initiative to repeal the 1963 Rumford Fair Housing Act),[381] Proposition 187 (the 1994 initiative targeting undocumented immigrants for denial of public services),[382] and Proposition 209 (the 1996 measure that sought to abolish affirmative action),[383] along with less famous initiative battles concerning sundry issues such as stem cell research, mandatory education spending, the short-lived “blanket primary” election system, sex trafficking and registration of sex offenders, criminal youth gangs, and gay teachers.[384]

 

Race, Racial Law & Politics, Generally [return to list]


Although most studies tend to focus on a particular racial or ethnic group, many scholars have offered wider overviews of race and the law in California history. Many such studies concern the 20th century and especially the postwar period,[385] but scholars also have actively explored general racial discrimination in earlier times.[386] For more regarding race, racial discrimination, and racial politics and law, see also, of course, headings for various specific racial or ethnic groups, as well as Crime; Education; Housing & Urban Planning; and Labor, among other possibilities.

 

Radicalism, Antiradicalism & the First Amendment [return to list]


In their 1988 article, in their section regarding criminal law, Fritz & Bakken observed that other than the early work of Lawrence Friedman and his co-authors, studies of the history of criminal law in California basically focused on either the early San Francisco Committees of Vigilance or early 20th-century radicalism and antiradicalism, particularly the World War I–era bombing trial of Thomas Mooney and Warren Billings and its aftermath. They listed a significant number of sources regarding the Mooney case,[387] along with one focused on the trial of Anita Whitney, the radical socialist niece of Justice Stephen J. Field.[388]

Since then, along with additional studies of the Mooney or Whitney cases,[389] historians have addressed a variety of legal history topics regarding radicalism, antiradicalism, and free speech in California, including the repression of the International Workers of the World (the Wobblies) in the 1910s,[390] the Los Angeles Times bombing case of 1911 that almost cost Clarence Darrow his career,[391] McCarthyism and loyalty oaths in education,[392] and the Berkeley Free Speech Movement of the mid-1960s,[393] among other eclectic and interesting topics.[394] Regarding the First Amendment and religion, see also Religion, Free Speech & the First Amendment.

 

Railroads [return to list]


Except for historians of the 19th century, who are already well aware of these facts, it sometimes may be hard for historians of later periods or people in general to understand the extent to which railroads, especially the Southern Pacific, dominated California politics and government for decades as the largest landowner and the biggest, most powerful economic institution in the state. Indeed, throughout the American West, railroads, and railroad access, effectively determined whether a town lived or died, and frequently, the railroads effectively owned and controlled local governments as well as state governments, along with much of the land in a given western state. They also generally had the best, highest-paid lawyers who often wound up as judges, hearing arguments from other railroad attorneys in the frequent litigation over land titles, torts, contracts, and other matters arising from the construction and operation of the 19th century’s monumental achievements in terms of both engineering and business organization.

Thus there is a major overlap between the history of railroads and California legal history in the 19th century. Some sources specifically address legal history,[395] while others offer broader histories of California railroads in which the legal is interwoven with other matters.[396] The (in)famous 1880 shoot-out at Mussel Slough, resulting from a dispute over land titles between settlers and the railroad, was the second deadliest such shoot-out in the history of the American West and has received a good deal of general and legal historical attention.[397] By the 20th century, as the imperial power of the long-haul railroads began to wane, legal entanglement and litigation sometimes shifted to urban light rail systems instead.[398] Somewhat disappointingly, outside the area of air pollution, the searches for this bibliography turned up only one relevant, California-specific example of legal history involving automobiles, even in the most car-obsessed state in the Union — so that appears to be an area of the history of California transportation law waiting to be explored.[399] The same goes for aviation, an industry with important, special historical connections to California.

 

Reapportionment [return to list]


Various scholars have examined the legal and judicial as well as political and racial dimensions of reapportionment.[400]

 

Regulation & Administrative Law [return to list]


Some scholars have looked into the history of regulation and administrative law in California. Mansel Blackford, in particular, extensively explored the early regulation of business, banking, railroads, insurance, utilities, and other industries during the Progressive Era,[401] while other scholars have investigated other topics from later periods, such as the history of California’s Administrative Procedure Act.[402] The most dramatic example of regulation and deregulation from recent times — the energy deregulation that led to the statewide energy crisis of 2000–2001 — has also received attention,[403] along with earlier issues involving California’s energy regulations.[404]

 

Religion & the First Amendment [return to list]


Historians have explored many examples of religious minorities — usually Jews, sometimes Catholics — challenging the Protestant Anglo majority’s religious norms, and often winning in the end, on issues from sectarian texts in California schools to Sunday “Blue Laws,”[405] along with other discussions of other issues relating to other religious denominations or minorities.[406] Regarding free speech not associated with religion, see also Radicalism, Antiradicalism & the First Amendment. See also Catholics & Catholicism; Jews.

 

San Diego County (Local History) [return to list]


As noted above, San Diego County, along with Humboldt County, is one of the prizewinners for the quality and quantity of its local legal history. As with Humboldt County, where the local history coverage is mostly in the Humboldt Historian, the Journal of San Diego History carries most of the local legal history of San Diego. Regarding the 19th century, articles address topics such as the 1782 map setting the boundaries of San Diego and the United States, the subdivision of a major Spanish-Mexican rancho, biographies of local attorneys and judges, the Fallbrook Irrigation District case that went to the U.S. Supreme Court in 1896, and the local enforcement of Chinese exclusion, among others.[407] 20th-century topics include radicalism and free speech,[408] racial/ethnic discrimination and civil rights (including the first successful school desegregation case in the United States),[409] local Japanese-American internment,[410] the history of the San Diego Police Department,[411] and further biographies of local lawyers and judges,[412] among others.[413] San Diego has also generated unusually full, rich history regarding the fate of its local Indian tribes, including removals and relocations and Indians’ experience of the criminal justice system, among other topics.[414] There are also several sources regarding San Diego women and the law, from criminal justice and prostitution to Clara Shortridge Foltz, California’s first woman lawyer.[415]

 

San Francisco [return to list]


“Mean Old Frisco,” as the older of the two great metropolitan areas and legal markets in California, appears under many different headings in this bibliography, and in a great many sources that may not focus primarily either on San Francisco or on events that transpired within its metropolitan area. However, for the convenience of researchers especially interested in “The City,” here are various categories of sources that do concern San Francisco directly, organized under the following sub-headings, in roughly alphabetical order: San Francisco, Generally; San Francisco Attorneys, Law Firms & Bar; African Americans; Catholics; Chinese Americans, Exclusion, & Angel Island; Gays, Lesbians & Others; Judge Ogden Hoffman; Indians; International Law; Japanese Americans; Jews; Labor; Local Government; Mooney Bombing Case; Other Ethnic Groups; Police & Crime; San Francisco Earthquake of 1906; San Francisco Federal Courthouse; Various; Vice, Sex Crimes & Scandals; Vigilantes; Water, Especially Hetch Hetchy; Women.[416]

 

Spanish/Mexican (& Russian) California [return to list]


Fritz & Bakken mostly did not discuss Spanish and Mexican law, other than land grants and their aftermath, in their original article,[417] but many sources address relevant topics such as Spain’s Law of the Indies and other decrees, regulations, laws, and policies that impacted California, among other topics.[418] Regarding Spanish/Mexican land grants, in addition to the sources listed in the 1988 article (see under heading Land), there are now more recent publications providing an inventory of the grants and discussing the maps required under Mexican law to substantiate land grants.[419] More recent scholars have also contributed studies of crime in Alta California.[420] See also chronologically earlier sources listed under Indians, along with Early Anglo California; Catholics (Pious Fund of the Californias).

One particularly active scholar of the historical interrelationship between California legal history and Spanish/Mexican law who perhaps deserves special mention is Professor Peter L. Reich of Whittier Law School. Here is a list of his publications concerning that topic, along with other aspects of California legal history and historical research.[421]

 

Tax [return to list]


More than one tax law professor has argued, more than semi-seriously, that everything in the law ultimately comes down to taxes. In keeping with that wisdom, legal historians have explored diverse aspects of California’s tax laws. Deservedly, California’s (in)famous 1978 tax-limitation initiative, Proposition 13, has drawn more attention than any other measure,[422] but scholars also have studied a wide range of other tax topics throughout the 20th century, from the Mattoon Act of 1925 to the Depression-Era single tax campaign to the tax philosophy of California Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger Traynor to the history of 1988 Proposition 98 regarding mandatory K–12 school spending, among others.[423] Given the proliferation of federal, state, and local taxes during the 20th century, most scholarship has focused on that period, but there are also studies going all the way back to the Gold Rush years.[424] At least one study includes discussion of the history of the perennial California state budget crisis of the last decades of the 20th century, among other policy problems.[425]

 

Water [return to list]


In Memoriam: Professor Norris Cecil Hundley, a longtime faculty member of UCLA’s history department, passed away in April 2013. His life’s work studying the history of water use in the American West, particularly the Colorado River, made him one of the towering figures in the history of California water law. Here is a list of his major works related to that topic.[426]

Water law was the first topic addressed in Fritz & Bakken’s 1988 article;[427] the present severe drought and overall California and western water crisis almost guarantee that what has long been a crucially important topic of research in California legal history will only grow further in significance.

Fritz & Bakken listed several key works covering various aspects of the history of California water law,[428] among them Norris Hundley’s 1975 book about the Colorado River Compact, Water and the West,[429] Mary Catherine Miller’s 1982 dissertation regarding the pivotal 1886 water rights case, Lux v. Haggin,[430] and Donald Pisani’s 1984 book, From the Family Farm to Agribusiness,[431] which Fritz & Bakken commended as the “most complete history of California water law and agricultural development.”[432]

After 1988, Miller turned her dissertation on the Lux case into one of the crucial published works in the field,[433] Hundley contributed another classic book on western and California water among other works that made him the leading scholar on the modern history of the Colorado River,[434] and Pisani added to his earlier work to become one of the towering figures in the history of western water, land, agriculture, natural resources, and the environment.[435] These already identified scholars have been joined by many others who have studied major topics in the history of California water law, including the Spanish or even Roman roots of California water law;[436] the origins of Anglo-California water law during the Gold Rush;[437] the fate of Hetch Hetchy and San Francisco’s water supply;[438] the Colorado River and the interstate compact concerning use of it;[439] the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers and delta and the Central Valley Project;[440] the ongoing Owens Valley water wars;[441] the fate of Mono Lake;[442] groundwater;[443] grand schemes for transferring water from the Pacific Northwest to California;[444] and the public trust doctrine as applied to water rights.[445] Alongside these more heavily researched specific topics are many other published studies covering a wide range of specific topics or the evolution of California water law in general, and frequently also covering long spans of years or decades, regarding the 19th century (or even earlier)[446] and the 20th century.[447] There are also several helpful dissertations and theses that illuminate various other aspects of the history of California water law.[448] Both the Berkeley and Los Angeles campuses of the University of California have gathered oral histories regarding California water law and management.[449] Finally, a subject heading search for “Water rights—California—History” on WorldCat, the most comprehensive bibliographic database, revealed numerous archival documents or manuscripts relating to the history of California water law; many of the results, which might just give a person’s name, do not readily indicate the relationship of the manuscripts to particular issues, regions, or localities, and many more such collections might not have been cataloged under the particular heading in question for whatever reason; but here is a small sample of the range of archival resources listed on WorldCat regarding California water law.[450] (A similar wealth of archival records might be available for many other subtopics in this bibliography, but not all such subtopics have a subject heading that fits them neatly and conveniently, so the resources often may be harder to find.) See also interrelated topics such as Land; Mining; Environment & Natural Resources.

 

Women [return to list]


With the exception of one article,[451] women were entirely missing from Fritz & Bakken’s original 1988 article. That could never happen today. That this omission seems somewhat surprising, and quaint, is a measure of how much has changed since the 1980s, when the (mostly) post-1970 feminist movement was still young, women’s history was still relatively new and women’s legal history even newer, and women were still striving to gain parity in enrollment in graduate history programs and law schools, as well as on history and law faculties. What a difference more than a quarter-century makes. Suffice it to say that there are now many sources that address the relationship of women to the law in myriad ways.

For the 19th century, Prof. Bakken, with co-author Brenda Farrington, later helped to fill the omission with a book regarding prosecutions of murderesses.[452] Their study is joined by many others concerning female murderers, criminals, and prisoners from the 1800s through the late 20th century.[453] Scholars also have explored women’s involvement with crime and law as victims.[454] Traditionally, sex crimes usually involved women in one capacity or another, and generalized vice often did as well, so see also Crime (sex crimes, especially prostitution). For a different sort of female criminal and criminal prosecution, see the various studies concerning Anita Whitney — a radical socialist Californian who was also the niece of Californa Supreme Court and United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen J. Field.[455]

But of course most women in history were never murderers or criminals, and hopefully most were not crime victims, while most women were married at some point and traditionally gained their primary claim to some sort of legal status through marriage. And, prior to recent changes in the law recognizing gay and lesbian marriages, both marriage and divorce required the presence and participation of a woman. Thus marriage and divorce, as well as related topics such as alimony and child custody, form an important area of California women’s legal history that has been explored by many scholars covering topics from before Anglo-American conquest of California through California’s pioneering of no-fault divorce during the 20th century.[456] Related to marriage, other scholars also have studied the rise and fall of anti-miscegenation laws and the role of California courts in helping to undo them.[457] Also related to marriage, scholars have researched issues relating to women’s ownership of property, either as marital property under California’s (Spanish/Mexican-derived) community property law[458] or as separate property.[459] Mary Odem in particular has explored the history of single mothers and female juvenile delinquents in California.[460] For more on marriage and family formation, see also Chinese Americans; Gays & Lesbians; Jews.

Moving from the 19th to the 20th century, new issues regarding California women’s legal history appear, notably including women’s suffrage, a cause in which early women attorneys such as Clara Shortridge Foltz were actively involved,[461] along with the inclusion of women on juries.[462] The later 20th century brought additional new issues and concerns such as gender bias and discrimination.[463]

There are also clusters of sources regarding other topics related to the legal history of women and women’s rights, including women’s reproductive rights[464] and the special burdens, or activism, of minority women.[465]

Along with crime, marriage, property ownership, and the other topics in California women’s legal history already mentioned, there are also numerous biographies, oral histories, and other studies regarding women working in the law or in law enforcement as judges,[466] attorneys,[467] law school deans and professors,[468] and police officers or police chiefs.[469]

 

Research Notes and Concluding Comments


The introduction to this bibliography noted that notwithstanding its bold efforts to be complete and comprehensive, it is, inevitably, neither. Now, hundreds of endnotes later, it is perhaps appropriate to explain how and why that is so, the research processes that went into collecting, compiling, and organizing the materials listed in this bibliography, and situations and problems encountered that other researchers may confront as they conduct their own research into topics in California legal history that may take them far beyond the resources included herein.

As this bibliography is intended to be usable by everybody, not just by seasoned researchers, these research notes, too, are directed toward everybody, including, perhaps, fledgling graduate students, college students, maybe even high school students or curious novice researchers from outside the academy. Some comments as such may be relatively basic and obvious to experienced researchers. Even for such readers, though, some of these points may bear repetition.

At least one popular fallacy should be torpedoed and sunk right at the outset: although digital research tools and techniques have indeed revolutionized the research process in many ways, including historical research, they have not entirely replaced and supplanted traditional tools and techniques — especially with regard to historical research. Moreover, whether using digital resources alone or in combination with non-digital resources, an effective, comprehensive research program likely will require multiple resources, approaches, and search strategies. For most topics, there is no one-stop shopping available, and researchers must remain flexible and creative in their approaches.

As one striking example: anyone who has observed college students or law students researching topics may have seen how frequently these still relatively inexperienced researchers may conduct one or two searches in a broad academic database, or perhaps Google, and then assume that they have found all the relevant resources that exist on the topic. Given the dazzling power and extent of such databases and search engines, that is an easy misconception to fall into. It usually takes a more seasoned researcher with more experience specifically with use of electronic databases to be aware, for example, that the database in question does not cover the most recent three to five years of publications (as with JSTOR, for instance), or only includes certain titles and not others (as with most databases), or only goes back to the 1990s for most titles that it does include (as with the legal journal databases provided by Westlaw and Lexis-Nexis). A researcher unaware of a database’s limitations of chronological and title coverage could be missing a vast array of relevant material without knowing it. The same applies to coverage of different resource categories such as books, journals, and other materials — even very broad databases typically do not include or readily access all of them. Anyone who has observed and coached fledgling digital researchers may also have encountered examples of students assuming that a bibliographic database, such as WorldCat, will provide links to journal articles, or that a journal article database, such as EBSCO Academic Source Complete, will provide bibliographic information on books. Basically, they don’t.

Nor are matters such as chronological, title, or format coverage the only issues. Probably the main complication for digital research remains the structuring of searches. Because most database user interfaces are now designed to be simple, straightforward, and user-friendly, they will often provide a long list of search results from almost any combination of keyword search terms. It is altogether too easy for researchers, and not just novices, to see all those results and assume that they must include everything on the topic. Yet if one burrows into the results list, one may find that many of these results are only irrelevant static: items that happen to include the targeted search terms but have nothing whatsoever to do with the targeted research topic. Unfortunately, to determine the actual relevance of results usually requires sifting through them all, one by one, adding human inspection and judgment to the computer-generated list of suggestions. Most people do not have the patience to do that, at least not for very long. With Google searches, most searchers rarely go beyond the second or third search page (i.e., 40–60 out of the 217,582 or however many results). Even with more conscientious students working with academic databases, most people have a breaking point for patience and attention span, and it usually comes well within the first 200 to 250 results. (Most people will not methodically grind through a list of 400 results, let alone 600, 800, or 2,000, because the process becomes, frankly, painful.) Many databases are designed to attempt to rank results by relevance, and many researchers rely on that functionality — but perhaps too much. The computer that is ranking relevance cannot know just what is in the human researcher’s mind; the presence of irrelevant results — often near the top of the results list — demonstrates that; and all too often, actual relevant, even crucial results may wind up buried deeper down in the results list, beyond the researcher’s breaking point. Moreover, even with a well-constructed search, however long the list of search results, it often will be missing a substantial fraction of the most relevant results.

Full-text databases, which have particularly revolutionized research and can be very powerful tools when used skillfully, are also especially good at generating static that must be sifted through, and thus are only as good or focused as the search terms and strategies that a human user selects. Databases of article abstracts, representing most databases of academic journal articles, theses, and dissertations, involve different human problems and limitations: the researcher must hope that whoever wrote the abstract used the same search terms the researcher has in her mind, and included them in the abstract. Yet that hope often goes unfulfilled, and that is why, even in the same database, different search terms targeting the same or similar concepts can often produce widely different result lists. For instance, the initial research for this bibliography started out with a deliberately very broad search on a broad database with which some readers already will be familiar — America: History & Life, which includes abstracts of journal articles focused on North American history. A search for the keywords “California,” “legal,” and “history” produced an impressive-looking list of almost 800 results, most of them relevant to one degree or another (and including most, but interestingly not all, articles published in California Legal History). At least in theory, a closely parallel search for “California,” “law,” and “history” should have produced almost identical results, but in reality, that search produced more than 1,700 results, less than a quarter of which overlapped with the results from the earlier search. A separate search for “California,” “court,” and “history” produced several hundred mostly relevant additional results that mostly did not overlap with either earlier search, even though the clear majority of each results list addressed California legal history. (By contrast, a search for “California,” “lawyer OR attorney,” and “history” did mostly overlap with earlier searches.) Inconveniently, different abstracts used different terms for the same or related concepts, or left certain terms out altogether, requiring multiple searches to find them. And that remains a fundamental, unavoidable limitation of digital research.

Fledgling researchers can often remain blissfully unaware of such limitations. But more experienced researchers should learn, as doctoral students typically must, to be suspicious of any results list, to be aware that plenty of additional relevant resources are likely missing, and that truly ideal, complete research results would require a potentially infinite number of searches in a potentially infinite number of databases. One way to test the limitations of a particular search is to see whether a known item, which should in theory show up in a search results list, actually does. Because Professor Fritz’s doctoral dissertation concerning the history of Judge Ogden Hoffman and the Northern District of California is mentioned in Fritz & Bakken’s original article, it made a good candidate for a test search for “California,” “court,” and “history” in the ProQuest database of dissertations and theses. That search produced a list of around 100 results, of which roughly 10% overlapped with earlier searches for “California,” “legal OR law” and “history,” 20% did not but were relevant to California legal history, and 70% were irrelevant static, usually because they were strictly present-oriented and did not concern history. For whatever reason, Fritz’s dissertation did not appear on the list, even though it could easily be found in the database using an author name search. The search did, however, bring up a wildlife biology/ecology dissertation concerning case histories and courting practices of a species of California butterfly (“California,” “court,” and “history”).

In some cases, researchers can improve their odds of gathering more relevant results in a single search by use of truncation — for example, if a database lets a searcher use “histor*” to search for “history,” “histories,” “historical,” “historian,” etc. The major legal search engines, Westlaw and Lexis, traditionally have allowed that. Not all academic databases do, however, or even if they do, it sometimes can be difficult to find their linked webpages giving instructions for advanced searching — and the specialized search grammar can vary widely and significantly from one database to the next. (Depending on the database, for instance, the truncation symbol might be !, ?, *, or +, and the other symbols will not work or will mean something else.) Even truncation does not solve the synonym problem, though, where, for example, a searcher seeking articles or abstracts concerning “lawyers” will not find those where the author instead used “attorneys,” and so failure to think through and identify every possible synonym or related term can lead to missing relevant resources.

In addition to the problem of researchers jumping to the improper conclusion that they have retrieved all relevant sources based upon the results of only one or a few digital searches, digital research can be misleading in other ways, too. One problem a researcher may encounter, particularly when working with full-text databases, is mis-literation: for instance, where the optical character recognition (OCR) feature in Adobe Acrobat or other software has seen the letters or symbols on a scanned page of a printed document and has turned them into something else. As an example, this bibliography originally included a listing for a book regarding the Watts Riots/Rebellion/Uprising of 1965: The Fire This Time, by Gerald Home. Prof. Fritz pointed out that the author’s name is actually Gerald Horne. Enough documents online, including a number of reputable sources appearing in Google Books and citing Horne’s book, had misread that name such that it was unfortunately quite easy to find the wrong version. At any rate, mis-literation can cause problems with correctly identifying search terms within an OCR-searchable document, while earlier or lower-quality scanned documents often may be available online in full text but are not searchable. Moreover, as with the Home/Horne example above, online information is so easy to copy and disseminate that incorrect information — names, citations, whatever — can also spread rapidly and create confusion among later researchers.

For all these reasons and others, conscientious digital research still is not just a quick, easy process producing complete and accurate results; it remains, as research always has been, an arduous, time-consuming, patience-testing process that requires looking in various different places in various different ways. And again, although digital research has greatly supplemented earlier research tools and techniques, it has not supplanted them, so it still behooves a researcher to make use of time-honored non-digital or pre-digital research techniques. For instance, footnote-mining — finding a relevant source, tracing the sources cited in that source, perhaps tracing additional cited sources in those other cited sources, and so on — has been around for centuries if not millennia, and it is still a good technique that can produce valuable relevant information where digital database searches might not. Where full-text journal articles are available in digital format, such footnote-mining can be done digitally, but footnote-mining of books normally still requires an actual book, or else an e-book. Another obvious approach that should not be overlooked, and which can often be done efficiently online, is to track down the additional books and articles written by the author of a known relevant source. Scholars frequently produce more than just one piece of work on a given topic, and some spend their entire professional lives focused primarily on the same overall topic or area. (This approach was used with some authors included in this bibliography, but with hundreds if not thousands of different authors listed in the bibliography, to apply the technique to all would have been logistically prohibitive within the four-month publication deadline.) Many academic scholars as well as non-academic authors and researchers now have their résumés and publication lists posted online and readily available to the public, which can often make this a relatively easy process for identifying additional high-quality relevant sources on a topic.

This résumé-mining approach brings up another traditional research technique: sheer serendipity. For scholars do not necessarily spend their entire professional careers writing about the same thing, and some of the other items one stumbles upon in their publication lists may be valuable for other purposes — for example, a researcher who encountered Charles McClain’s book on the Chinese struggle against discrimination in 19th-century California might expect to find more regarding that general topic among McClain’s other publications, and would so find — but would also find that McClain had written about the California Supreme Court under Chief Justice Phil Gibson during the mid–20th century. Similarly, one researching Lucy Salyer’s publication list for more about anti-Asian immigration restriction would also discover her articles about protective labor legislation and the California Supreme Court in the Progressive Era.

Perhaps the classic example of sheer serendipity, dating back centuries before the digital era, is browsing bookshelves in a library or bookstore to see what useful finds happen to turn up near a known relevant source. For instance, Larry Sipes’ 2002 book on the rise of judicial administration in California did not appear in any of the book reviews in any of the journals checked for this bibliography, and also may not have shown up on WorldCat; but it did happen to be on the shelf at the UCLA Law Library near another book that did show up in the databases. Proper information science may tend to remain somewhat uncomfortable with serendipity, because at least in theory, in a correctly organized information universe, all relevant materials should be identifiable and locatable using well-structured information searches; but reality and practicality say: find any relevant information you can, anywhere and any way you can, and run with it. The same goes for in-person (or telephone, or online) conversations with friends, colleagues, fellow scholars — another pre-digital technique that still often works remarkably well. Are legal history or general history conferences (or Internet chatrooms) still good places to serendipitously stumble upon information relevant to your research project? Yes, absolutely. People don’t attend those functions just for the free bottled water and little sandwiches.

Perhaps related to serendipity — although it isn’t supposed to be — is another pre-digital approach to information organization and access: subject cataloguing. For more than a century, the Library of Congress has organized and catalogued books and journals (not individual journal articles) published in America under various subject headings. Such subject headings can be extremely helpful, although also sometimes somewhat erratic, partly because the assignment of published works to particular subject headings necessarily involves human judgment calls. So, for example, a book that concerns the history of air pollution control policy and politics — social-science stuff — can get grouped with books on air pollution engineering because most books about air pollution traditionally concerned science and technology. Similarly, by a traditional cataloguing convention, if a book concerns two topics (such as Kansas and Nebraska) but devotes more than half of its pages to one of them (in this case Kansas), then the book will be catalogued under the subject heading for the predominant topic (Kansas), and it may be much harder for librarians or researchers to discover the fact that actually, thirty or forty per cent of the book focuses on Nebraska. In practice, subject headings are sometimes difficult to use for librarians, and much more so for non-librarians who are not familiar with subject headings and the way they work.

The growing orientation of modern digital information searching toward the more open-ended, user-friendly keyword search approach has tended to reduce the emphasis on more traditional, structured, less user-friendly organizational systems such as subject cataloguing, and some databases, including Westlaw and Lexis, are tending to abandon subject search functionality — or at least make it harder to find. A good, relevant subject heading search can still be enormously helpful for identifying related relevant sources, but especially for non-librarian researchers, finding such a good subject heading sometimes can be a matter of luck. WorldCat, the world’s largest bibliographic database of library holdings, allows subject search headings, and any item found on WorldCat normally will include Library of Congress subject headings. So if a researcher finds a known relevant source on WorldCat, s/he can then check the subject heading(s) assigned to that source, then run a WorldCat search for all resources with that subject heading. The results from this approach can vary widely. Sometimes a subject heading will prove to be too broad to be very helpful. Sometimes the subject heading may be scarcely populated (hardly any other sources have been assigned that subject heading). For example, in compiling this bibliography, searches were conducted for some identified official Library of Congress subject headings, including “California—law—history,” “California—water—law—history,” and “California—women—law—history.” The first, most general search produced a list of around 700 sources, many of them duplicates (multiple listings of the same item, which can happen with annoying frequency on WorldCat due to minor variations in libraries’ cataloguing of the same item), many of them archival manuscript collections, many of them already identified by other searches elsewhere but some not, some of questionable relevance. The “Water—law” subject search produced about 150 results with an overall high degree of relevance, many of which had not shown up in other searches, some of them manuscript collections. The “Women—law” search produced a list of only 28 sources, some of those duplicates, most already found from searching book reviews in historical journals. Some other subject searches targeting topics in this bibliography failed to produce usable subject headings or results.

Another useful if somewhat hit-and-miss search technique with which non-lawyers in particular may be unfamiliar is searching law journals for historical information. This can be problematic unless one is searching for specific topics, preferably with distinctive names (and search terms). Legal journal databases mostly do not use the abstract-index approach, which has its own problems as noted above; rather, the extensive journal databases of Westlaw, Lexis, and HeinOnline mostly rely upon either full-text keyword searches or searches for keywords in titles. The full-text approach is frequently problematic for being too inclusive and producing too much static, because, for example, hundreds of journal articles might contain the words “California,” “legal,” and “history” somewhere within them but still have nothing to do with California legal history. The title approach is problematic for being too exclusive, in that even articles that do helpfully discuss a topic in California history may not include those or other search terms in the article titles (although if they do, that is normally a pretty safe indication that the article has a good deal to say about the targeted research topic, and with law journals, one can pretty much take “law” or “legal” for granted). Another potential approach is to search for an entire phrase, such as “California legal history,” though the results can be somewhat erratic. On HeinOnline, which includes the journal California Legal History in its journal database, most of the 202 results were articles from that journal or articles citing articles from that journal; on Westlaw, which does not include California Legal History, almost half of the 69 results were articles that mostly have nothing to do with legal history but cite an article by Joseph Sax on groundwater with the subtitle, “A Morsel of California Legal History,” which is included in this bibliography. Term proximity searches (for example, requiring that “California” and “legal” and “history” all appear within the same sentence) and term frequency searches (requiring that targeted search terms appear at least a certain number of times within an article) can help, but the legal journal databases nevertheless proved relatively difficult and unfruitful for general searches regarding California legal history using one approach or another.

Probably the main part of the problem for conducting historical research in law journals is that law journals and their constituent articles are, for the most part, present-minded and not especially oriented toward history. Yet ironically, that opens up some additional helpful possibilities for legal history research in law journals. First, even though most faculty-, law student-, judge-, or practicing attorney-authors of articles, notes, or comments may focus on a topic in the present, some of them also provide some helpful historical background on that present topic, and sometimes that background may be fairly extensive, with citations to other useful sources. This also often applies to legal treatises on particular topics, which by their nature seek to be current and present-oriented (and so usable by practicing attorneys and judges) but nevertheless sometimes include useful historical background on their topics. Second, any discussion of an issue in the present inevitably becomes a discussion of an issue in the past just by the passage of time alone. So, for example, a 1913 article in the Yale Law Journal discussing California’s anti-Japanese Alien Land Act of 1913 may or may not include much historical discussion of developments before 1913, but is itself a historical document more than a century later. Thus law journals can be rich sources of information regarding once-present topics that are now historical, such as particular major federal or state cases and court opinions, particular governmental programs or policy shifts, particular popular movements, organizations, incidents, scandals, legal doctrines, and so on. So even though law journals (and treatises) may be difficult and frustrating to search regarding relatively broad, general topics in legal history, they can be quite helpful regarding specific topics — particularly specific court cases and opinions, commentary on which is often relatively easy to find.

There are, of course, some academic law journals focused on legal history. Aside from California Legal History and Western Legal History, the journal of the Ninth Circuit Historical Society, such journals rarely discuss California, however. For instance, inspection of the contents of the American Journal of Legal History reveals a heavy orientation toward America’s colonial and early republic periods and toward states east of the Mississippi River, while the Journal of Legal History especially focuses on the UK and the British Commonwealth and may have as much or more about law in the ancient world or continental Europe than it does about the United States. Any of the few articles that these or other journals (such as the Law & History Review or the Law & Society Review) have published regarding California legal history, if found, were included in this bibliography.

All of the problems described above were encountered in the compilation of this bibliography. The initial research involved running searches in several historical, legal, and general academic journal article databases, then sifting the thousands of results one by one, to determine whether they were indeed relevant and to consider how to group and organize them in related categories. With some articles, it was clear from the title and abstract alone what they were about and that they were indeed relevant, but with most articles, it was necessary, where possible, to find the article, look over its contents, and apply a sort of “minimum contacts” analysis to consider whether it was really enough about California, history, and law to justify including it in a bibliography of sources on California legal history.

Parenthetically, a note on “minimum contacts”:  Lawyers will already be familiar with the concept of minimum contacts; non-lawyers likely won’t be, but need not worry about it. Briefly, it relates to the concept of personal jurisdiction in civil procedure: whether there has been sufficient contact between a defendant and the jurisdiction in question to justify requiring that defendant to answer a plaintiff’s complaint filed in that jurisdiction. So, for example, can a court in California force a defendant who lives in Arizona, or Alabama, to litigate a case in California? Maybe, if said defendant owns property in California, or conducts business in California, or other relevant facts that the court must weigh.

As with perhaps most minimum contacts analysis, this analysis was very much a discretionary judgment call; a different judge might have reached different conclusions about the inclusion/exclusion of particular sources. As noted in the introduction, this bibliography is intended to be broader and more inclusive than Fritz & Bakken’s original 1988 article was; yet there also have to be limits, or else the bibliography would have to include almost everything ever written about human existence within the territory of California. For example, the tragic internment of California’s (and other states’) Japanese Americans during World War II was an overall legal event that grew out of a more discrete legal event — Executive Order 9066. The whole human tragedy was set in motion by law. Thus, in a sense, every single human outcome related to the internment involving anyone with any relationship to California is actually part of California legal history. Yet the literature on the internment is vast, much of it involving social, ethnic, and family history with little direct relationship specifically to law. So lines had to be drawn, and judgment calls made. The decision-making process deliberately sought to err on the side of inclusiveness rather than exclusiveness, but may not always have succeeded.

With a well-organized, comprehensive search of a manageable topic, often searches in different databases, or multiple searches of the same database, will tend to start confirming each other and pulling up mostly the same results — which reassures the researcher that s/he likely has found just about everything. With this bibliography, the process worked exactly the opposite: the more searches were conducted, the more new material was found, and the results just kept broadening and spinning out further and further. It was clear that in addition to the initial general searches for “legal,” “law,” “court,” “lawyer,” or “attorney” plus “California” and “history,” conducted across a wide range of different databases, ideally it would also be necessary to do the same with every single topic or subtopic that was identifiable within the broad field of California legal history. Yet to do that would be impossible, at least within the allotted timeframe for initial completion of the bibliography.

Ultimately, it was decided to focus on known sources of likely high-quality and relevant information, in addition to the diffuse results of all the preliminary general research. So rather than just relying on the results from the search databases, all the articles and editions of particular journals, such as California Legal History, the earlier California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Western Legal History, and California History, were gone through back to the start of the publication’s run, except in the case of California History, where the systematic thorough checking went back to 1985. All articles were checked manually for minimum contacts regarding California and law — digitally where available, but in print where not (as with the CSCHS Yearbook and Western Legal History). A feature regularly appearing in Western Legal History — lengthy lists of Articles of Related Interest — was also thoroughly checked. Other journals, such as the Pacific Historical Review, the American Historical Review, the Journal of American History, and others, were also checked, not quite as thoroughly, with more reliance on the results of the database searches and on tables of contents for different volumes. (However, although some journal articles make it clear in their titles just what they are about, others do not.) Legal journal and treatise databases were also checked in several different ways, with somewhat disappointing results as described above but nevertheless producing significant numbers of additional relevant results, and the contents of known academic law journals with a legal focus were also checked carefully but produced relatively few additional results.

The journal abstract databases were helpful in providing information about relevant books through listings of book reviews, although predictably, some relevant books also never got reviewed. To catch as many additional relevant books as possible, searches were undertaken in WorldCat, Books in Print, the University of California library system, the Legal History Blog, even Google Books, Amazon.com, and Hathitrust, along with general searching on Google, among other places — as well as serendipitous searching of the shelves of the UCLA Law Library and main library. Like journal articles, books were subjected to minimum contacts analysis; as a result, many quite interesting books got excluded for having too little to do specifically with California and/or the law, though some were mentioned anyway if they were interesting enough. Together with the searches for books and articles, searches were conducted for helpful and relevant websites providing information on California courts, judges, manuscript collections, and other topics and aspects of legal history.

When this searching was mostly complete, the members of the editorial board of California Legal History were invited by the editor to suggest additional items for inclusion, which added a good many more relevant sources that had slipped through earlier search nets.

Along with the accumulation and selection of sources to include in the bibliography, the organization of these sources also inevitably involved discretionary (hopefully not arbitrary and capricious) human judgment calls. Fritz & Bakken, in their original article, had maintained a conceptually neat structure of organization based upon traditional core areas of law. The hugely expanded volume and variety of sources in this bibliography made that approach seem no longer practical. Hence the many headings on many different topics, which mostly reflect which topics produced noticeable clusters of sources, rather than any more elegant or logical structural framework. Some topics are clearly much more major than others, but relatively minor topics such as Art Law were also included for the sake of curiosity and comprehensiveness.

Because of the volume of information to be organized, two structural features were selected. First, a format resembling a legal treatise, with a relatively brief main text accompanied by vast numbers of lengthy footnotes. Lawyers will already be familiar with this sort of text; non-lawyers perhaps not, and they might find it somewhat daunting at first glance, but it is intended to allow readers to approach the text at two different levels of depth: a reader can read the main text easily and breezily regarding topics that are not of special interest to that particular reader, then drill down into the copious footnotes on topics that are of special interest.

Second, the bibliography uses extensive, deliberate duplication and redundancy. That is to address the inescapable reality that many sources simply do not belong under just one heading. So, for instance, an article concerning Chinese women prostitutes in the 19th century will not appear just under “Chinese Americans” or under “Women,” but under both of those headings as well as, perhaps, “Crime (sex crimes).” And the reasoning behind that is based upon the further inescapable reality that most people, including most potential users of this bibliography, do not want to look in umpteen different places to find the information that matters to them; they want to find it all in one place, neatly organized, and most people probably don’t have the patience to look in more than two or three places at most. So the effort was made to group as much relevant information as possible on a given topic in the same place, duplicating source citations as necessary for sources that fit within multiple topics. Where there are especially long lists of relevant sources that fit under a different topic, in some cases, rather than duplicating those lists, readers instead have been advised to “see also” the other location; but the bibliography uses a minimum of that approach and a maximum of redundancy. This is the bibliography’s humble effort to approximate as nearly as possible the structure of the “semantic web” — all bits of knowledge and information conceptually linked to all other related bits of knowledge and information according to their myriad different relationships — at a time when the semantic web still remains only a visionary dream — and to avoid the “Kansas/Nebraska” problem described above. The idea is to give readers and researchers multiple relatively convenient pathways to find information that may matter to them. Time will tell how well this approach has worked.

There may be even more potential details to fuss over, but those are most of the problems, considerations, and decisions that arose in compiling what grew into an ever more massive bibliography during a frantic four-month period. As noted in the introduction, the bibliography is less than complete, less than comprehensive, and certainly less than perfect. Yet, as also noted in the introduction, there are many riches here to explore. Even if not everything is here, there is a whole lot here. It is hoped that scholars, researchers, students, and readers of many sorts may find this bibliography helpful with their various research projects and other scholarly or personal interests regarding the fascinating, sprawling, tangled web that is California legal history.

 

Endnotes



[1] Christian G. Fritz & Gordon M. Bakken, “California Legal History: A Bibliographic Essay,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Summer 1988), pp. 203-222.

[2] E-mail message from Christian G. Fritz to Selma Moidel Smith, October 16, 2015.

[3] Selma Moidel Smith, “At the Intersection of Law and Scholarship: Recent Approaches to California Legal History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2010), p. 7 (written without a byline in the author’s capacity as Publications Chair and Editor of the Newsletter); available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2010-Newsletter-Spring-Intersection-of-Law-and-Scholarship.pdf.

[4] See my “Research Notes and Concluding Comments” on this topic and several others at the end.

[5] See http://vault.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit/writings/misquotes.aspx.

[6] See https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/202032.Howard_Carter.

[7] Dan Ernst, “Gordon Bakken (1943-2014),” Legal History Blog, December 11, 2014, available at http://legalhistoryblog.blogspot.com/2014/12/gordon-bakken-1943-2014.html.

[8] By Gordon Bakken: The Development of Law in Frontier California: Civil Law and Society, 1850-1890 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985); Practicing Law in Frontier California (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Learning California History, co-authored with Brenda Farrington (Wheaton, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc.: 1999); Racial Encounters in the Multi-Cultural West, co-authored with Brenda Farrington (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000); Environmental Problems in America’s Garden of Eden, co-authored with Brenda Farrington (New York: Garland Publishing, Inc., 2000); California History: A Topical Approach, editor and author (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc, 2003); Encyclopedia of Immigration and Migration in the American West, two volumes, co-edited with Alexandra Kindell (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Reference, 2006); The Mining Law of 1872: Past, Politics, and Prospects (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008); Women Who Kill Men: California Courts, Gender, and the Press with Brenda Farrington (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009); Twentieth Century California: A State of Stupification (Tucson: University of Arizona Press) (due to press July 1, 2012; uncertain whether book was ever completed).

[9] By Gordon Bakken: “Industrialization and the Nineteenth Century California Bar,” in Gerard Gawalt, ed., The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984), pp. 125-149; “Death for Grand Larceny: People v. Tanner (1852),” pp. 34-35; “Destructive Creation: California v. Gold Run Ditch and Mining Company (1884),” pp. 233-234; “A Law for Water in the West: Irwin v. Phillips (1855),” pp. 314-315; “The Hydraulic Society of the Colorado River: Arizona v. California (1963),” pp. 320-321; all in John W. Johnson, ed., Historic U.S. Court Cases, 1690-1990 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1992); “Rancho Canon de Santa Ana,” in Kenneth Pauley, ed., Rancho Days in Southern California: An Anthology with New Perspectives (Los Angeles: The Westerners, Los Angeles Corral, 1997), pp. 207-223; “The Impact of the Gold Rush on Law in California,” in Robert W. Blew, ed., Last Nuggets from the California Gold Rush 1849 (Los Angeles: The Westerners Los Angeles Corral, 2001), pp. 83-93; “The Courts, the Legal Profession, and the Development of Law in Early California,” in John F. Burns & Richard J. Orsi, eds., Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government and Law in Pioneer California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003), pp. 74-95; “Justice in Los Angeles: The City Attorney and the Courts,” in Hynda Rudd et al., eds., The Development of Los Angeles City Government: An Institutional History, 1850-2000, 2 volumes (Los Angeles: Los Angeles City Historical Society, 2007), vol. 1, pp. 125-142;  “Lorenzo Sawyer, Federal Judge,” in Roger K. Newman, ed., The Yale Biographical Dictionary of American Law (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009), pp. 479-480.

[10] By Gordon Bakken: “The Courts and Collective Bargaining Come to Campus in California,” 2 Orange County Bar Journal, Vol. 2 (Spring 1975), pp. 389-401; “The Growth of Chattel Credit Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57 (Summer 1975), pp. 109-127; “Campus Common Law,” Journal of Law & Education, Vol. 5 (April 1976), pp. 201-208; “Admiralty Law in Nineteenth Century California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 58 (Winter 1976), pp. 499-513; “The Development of Landlord and Tenant Law in Frontier California, 1850-1865,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 21 (Winter 1977), pp. 374-384; “The Development of the Law of Tort in Frontier California, 1850-1890,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 60 (Winter 1978), pp. 405-419; “Law and Legal Tender in California and the West,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 62 (Fall 1980), pp. 239-259; “Law and Business in Frontier California,” Essays in Economic and Business-Michigan State University Business Studies (1981), pp. 1-8; “The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890: Part 1, 1850-1866,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63 (Spring 1981), pp. 45-61; “The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890: Part 2, 1867-1880,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63 (Summer 1981), pp. 137-155; “The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890: Part 3, 1881-1890,” 63 Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63 (Fall 1981), pp. 232-261; “The Psychotherapist’s Responsibility Toward Third Parties Under Current California Law,” co-authored with Catherine Wynne Laughran, Western State University Law Review, Vol. 12 (Fall 1984), pp. 1-34; “California Constitutionalism: Politics, The Press and the Death of Fundamental Law,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 30 (Winter 1986), pp. 5-17; “California Legal History: A Bibliographical Essay,” co-authored with Christian G. Fritz, Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70 (Summer 1988), pp. 203-222; “Mexican and American Land Policy: A Conflict of Cultures,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 75 (Fall/Winter 1993), pp. 237-262; “California’s Constitutional Conventions Create Our Courts,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 33-54; Raymond L. Sullivan & Gordon Bakken, “Interview of Justice Raymond L. Sullivan,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 161-192; “Looking Back: The Court and California Law in 1897,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 121-145; “RECLAIM and Pollution Credit Trading: Aiming the Spotlight on the ‘Energy Crisis’ Profiteers Who Are Leaving the Public in the Dark,” University of West Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 33 (2001), pp. 175-190 [co-authored with Marielle Ocean Leeds]; “Becoming Progressive: The California Supreme Court, 1880-1910,” Historian, Vol. 64, No. 3/4 (Spring-Summer 2002), 551-565.

[11] Wakefield Taylor & Gordon M. Bakken, “Conversations with the Hon. Wakefield Taylor, Presiding Justice (retired), California Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division Two,” conducted August 19, 2002 in Martinez, California (San Francisco: California Judicial Center Library, 2006); Stanley Mosk & (co-interviewers) Margaret Levy & Gordon Morris Bakken, “Conversations with Justice Stanley Mosk,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 175-226; Bernard Witkin & Gordon Bakken, “Conversations with Bernard Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 109-135.

[12] Fritz & Bakken, p. 211.

[13] Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870-1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981); Lawrence M. Friedman, “San Benito 1890: Legal Snapshot of a County,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 3 (February 1975), pp. 687-701; Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, “A Tale of Two Courts: Litigation in Alameda and San Benito Counties,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 267-301; Lawrence M. Friedman, “Plea Bargaining in Historical Perspective,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Winter 1979), pp. 247-259; Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, “The Processing of Felonies in the Superior Court of Alameda County 1880-1974,” Law & History Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 413-436; Lawrence M. Friedman & Mark Savage, “Taking Care: The Law of Conservatorship in California,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 61 (1988), pp. 273-290; Lawrence M. Friedman & Thomas D. Russell, “More Civil Wrongs: Personal Injury Litigation, 1901-1910,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 34, No. 3 (July 1990), pp. 295-314; Lawrence M. Friedman & Paul Tabor, “A Pacific Rim: Crime and Punishment in Santa Clara County, 1922,” Law & History Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Spring 1992), pp. 131-152; Lawrence M. Friedman & June O. Starr, “Losing It in California: Conservatorship and the Social Organization of Aging,” Washington University Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 4 (January 1995), pp. 1501-1529; Lawrence M. Friedman, “The O. J. Simpson Trial and American Criminal Justice,” Bot Bandhit Law Journal, Vol. 52, § 1 (March 1996), pp. 3-11 (Thai law journal); Lawrence M. Friedman, Joanna L. Grossman & Chris Guthrie, “Guardians: A Research Note,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 40, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 146-166 (more Alameda County research); Lawrence M. Friedman & Paul W. Davies, “California Death Trip,” Indiana Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 1 (2003), pp. 17-32 (illuminates history of California law regarding coroners); Lawrence M. Friedman, Christopher J. Walker & Ben Hernandez-Stern, “The Inheritance Process in San Bernardino County, California, 1964: A Research Note,” Houston Law Review, Vol. 43 (2007), pp. 1445-1473 (estate law and probate proceedings); Scott J. Shackelford & Lawrence M. Friedman, “Legally Incompetent: A Research Note,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 49, No. 3 (July 2007), pp. 321-342; see also Richard Lempert, “More Tales of Two Courts: Exploring Changes in the ‘Dispute Settlement Function’ of Trial Courts,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 13, No. 1 (Autumn 1978), pp. 91-138.

[14] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 210-211.

[15] Gordon M. Bakken, “Admiralty Law in Nineteenth-Century California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter 1976), pp. 499-514; Christian G. Fritz, “Judicial Style in California’s Federal Admiralty Court: Ogden Hoffman and the First Ten Years, 1851-1861,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Fall 1982), pp. 1-25.

[16] Admiralty Law in Action: Selected Cases from the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (San Francisco: Admiralty Bar History Committee of the United States District Court for the Northern District of California Historical Society, 1984); William Denman, Chinese Crews and the Wrecking of the “Rio,” No. 12368: In the District Court of the United States in and for the Northern District of California, in Admiralty, in the Matter of the Petition of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, Owners of the American Steamship, “City of Rio De Janeiro,” for Limitation of Liability (San Francisco: Star Press, J.H. Barry, 1903); Wallace L. Kaapcke, Carole Hicke & James O. M. Tingle, “General Civil Practice”: A Varied and Exciting Life at Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1990) (includes discussion of attorney Kaapcke’s practice of admiralty law during WWII); Richard Cahan et al., The Court That Tamed the West: From the Gold Rush to the Tech Boom (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2013) (contains a chapter on admiralty); Christian G. Fritz, “The Judicial Business of a Nineteenth-Century Federal Trial Court: The Northern District of California, 1851-1891,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992), pp. 217-251 (includes analysis and detailed tables dealing with the court’s private admiralty docket). More general accounts of California’s maritime history also are available; see also, e.g., James P. Delgado, To California by Sea: A Maritime History of the California Gold Rush (Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press, 1990); James H. Hitchman, A Maritime History of the Pacific Coast, 1540-1980 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1990). See also Adam P. Murray, “California Falls Into the Sea: Pacific Merchant Shipping Assoc. v. Goldstene and State Authority to Regulate Beyond the Territorial Sea,” University of San Francisco Maritime Law Journal, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2014/2015), pp. 1-36 (legal history of California regulations and litigation regarding ships at sea beyond California’s territorial waters).

[17] Fritz & Bakken, p. 217.

[18] Sheila M. Skjeie, California and the 15th Amendment: A Study of Racism (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Sacramento, 1973); Paul Finkelman, “Law of Slavery and Freedom in California, 1848-1860,” California Western Law Review, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring 1981), pp. 437-464.

[19] Rudolph M. Lapp, Mallette Dean & James E. Beard, Archy Lee: A California Fugitive Slave Case (San Francisco: Book Club of California, 1969); Rudolph M. Lapp, Blacks in Gold Rush California (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977/1995); Rudolph M. Lapp, “Negro Rights Activities in Gold Rush California,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 45 (March 1966), pp. 3-20; Rudolph M. Lapp, “The Negro in Gold Rush California,” Journal of Negro History, Vol. 49, No. 2 (April 1964), pp. 81-98; Ray R. Albin, “The Perkins Case: The Ordeal of Three Slaves in Gold Rush California,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (December 1988), pp. 215-227; Howard H. Bell, “Negroes in California, 1849-1859,” Phylon, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2nd Quarter, 1967), pp. 151-160; Stacey L. Smith, Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); Stacey L. Smith, “Remaking Slavery in a Free State: Masters and Slaves in Gold Rush California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1 (February 2011), pp. 28-63; Delores Hayden, “Biddy Mason’s Los Angeles 1856-1891,” California History, Vol. 68, No. 3 (Fall 1989), pp. 86-99; see also Sylvia Alden Roberts, Mining for Freedom: Black History Meets the California Gold Rush (Bloomington: iUniverse, 2008); Jerry Stanley, Hurry Freedom: African Americans in Gold Rush California (New York: Crown Publishing, 2000) (award-nominated book for young adult readers, also informative for adult readers); George Nicholson & William Murray Jr., “A Conversation with Abraham Lincoln: The Third Appellate District at the State Fair,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2013), pp. 22-24, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Abraham-Lincoln-Presentation-2013-Newsletter-Fall-Winter.pdf; “Let Freedom Ring!” (on the exhibit at the 2013 California State Fair by the Third Appellate District), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 1-9, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-Let-Freedom-Ring.pdf; Frances M. Jones, “Creating a Chronology of Freedom: ‘Let Freedom Ring!’ Exhibit, First Presented in 2013, Gets a New Life,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 10-12, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-Creating-Chronology-of-Freedom.pdf.

[20] D. Michael Bottoms, An Aristocracy of Color: Race and Reconstruction in California and the West, 1850-1890 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013); Donald Michael Bottoms, Jr., “An Aristocracy of Color”: Race and Reconstruction in Post-Gold Rush California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 2005); Jeanette Davis Mantilla, “Hush, Hush, Miss Charlotte”: A Quarter-Century of Civil Rights Activism by the Black Community of San Francisco, 1850-1875 (doctoral dissertation, History, Ohio State University, 2000); Philip M. Montesano, Some Aspects of the Free Negro Question in San Francisco, 1849-1870 (master’s thesis, History, University of San Francisco, 1967); A. Odell Thurman, “The Negro in California before 1890,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 19, No. 4 (1975), pp. 321-346 (Part 1 of 3); A. Odell Thurman, “The Negro in California before 1890,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 20, No. 1 (1976), pp. 67-72 (Part 2 of 3); A. Odell Thurman, “The Negro in California before 1890,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 20, No. 2 (1976), pp. 177-188 (Part 3 of 3); A. Odell Thurman, The Negro in California Before 1890 (master’s thesis, History, College of the Pacific, 1945) (also reportedly published by R & E Research Associates, 1945); Susan Bragg, “Knowledge Is Power: Sacramento Blacks and the Public Schools, 1854-1860,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 214-221; Frank H. Goodyear, “‘Beneath the Shadow of Her Flag’: Philip A. Bell’s ‘The Elevator’ and the Struggle for Enfranchisement, 1865-1870,” California History, Vol. 78, No. 1 (1999), pp. 26-42.

[21] Allen E. Broussard & Gabrielle Morris, Allen E. Broussard: A California Supreme Court Justice Looks at Law & Society, 1964-1996 (Berkeley: California State Archives Regional Oral History Office), available at http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt0v19n4dr&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text; Allen Broussard & Gabrielle Morris, “Oral History Interview with Justice Allen Broussard,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 155-277; James Haskins, Cecil Poole: A Life in the Law (Pasadena: Ninth Circuit Historical Society, 2003) (first African-American judge on the Ninth Circuit as well as the first African-American judge of the Northern District of California) (award-winning book for young adult readers, also informative for adult readers); “Oral History: Justice Bernard S. Jefferson,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 14 (Winter 1987), pp. 225-287 (Justice of California Court of Appeal, Second District); Lawrence P. Crouchett, William Byron Rumford: The Life and Public Services of a California Legislator (El Cerrito, California: Downey Place Publishing House, 1984) (chiefly a political biography of a lawmaker, but includes coverage of Rumford Act regarding fair housing, plus later Proposition 14 and litigation over effort to repeal the Rumford Act); Lawrence Paul Crouchett, “Symbol for an Era: Assemblyman W. Byron Rumford,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 12-23; Jeffrey M. Elliot, “The Congressional Black Caucus: An Interview with Yvonne Brathwaite Burke,” Negro History Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 1 (January 1977), pp. 650-652 (1956-1977); Brenda F. Harbin, “Black Women Pioneers in the Law,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1987), pp. 6-8 (includes Annie Virginia Stephens Coker (later Pendleton), the first African-American woman attorney in California); William “Bert” Ritchey, Leonard Knight, & Robert Carlton, “A Talk with Bert Ritchey,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 42, No. 2 (June 1996), pp. 86-107 (African-American high school football star, policeman, and lawyer); Shirley Ann Moore, “African-Americans Fight Racism in Early California,” transcription from Symposium, “Civil and Uncivil Rights in California: The Early Legal History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 10-13, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Civil-and-Uncivil-Rights-Excerpt-CSCHS-2009-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf; Frances M. Jones, “ ‘. . . And Justice for All’: Celebrating 50 Years of Service by California African-American Justices, 1961-2011,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2011) pp. 8-11, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2011-Newsletter-Fall-And-Justice-For-All.pdf.

[22] Josh Sides, “‘You Understand My Condition’: The Civil Rights Congress in the Los Angeles African-American Community, 1946-1952,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (May 1998), pp. 233-257; Andrea Marie Kathleen Gill, “A Decent Home in a Suitable Environment”: The Struggles to Desegregate Public Housing in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2010); http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.giffalseAdam Daniel Morrison, Religious Legitimacy and the Nation of Islam: In re Ferguson and Muslim Inmates’ Religious Rights in the 1950s and 1960s (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2014); Frederick Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?: The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam,” Journal of Negro History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 182-196; Monique W. Morris, “Affirmative Action at the Crossroads: Colorblind Racism and the Decline of African Americans in Public Contracting,” Souls: A Critical Journal of Black Politics, Culture & Society, Vol. 9, No. 3 (July/September 2007), pp. 235-242; David Covin, “Social Movement Theory in the Examination of Mobilization in a Black Community: The 1991 Sacramento Redistricting Project,” National Political Science Review, Vol. 6, (July 1997), pp. 94-109 (1970-1991).

[23] Robert L. Allen, The Port Chicago Mutiny: The Story of the Largest Mass Mutiny Trial in U.S. Navy History (New York: Warner, 1989); Steve Sheinkin, The Port Chicago 50: Disaster, Mutiny, and the Fight for Civil Rights (New York: Roaring Brook Press, 2014) (award-winning book for young adult readers, also informative for adult readers); Paul Moreno, Direct Action and Fair Employment: The Hughes Case,” Western Legal History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (Winter-Spring 1995), pp. 1-34; Josh Sides, Battle on the Home Front: African American Shipyard Workers in World War II Los Angeles,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 3 (1996), pp. 250-263; Charles Wollenberg, James vs. Marinship: Trouble on the New Black Frontier,” California History, Vol. 60, No. 3 (Fall 1981), pp. 262-279; William H. Harris, “Federal Intervention in Union Discrimination: FEPC and West Coast Shipyards during World War II,” Labor History, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Summer 1981), pp. 325-347.

[24] James H. Johnson, Jr. & Walter C. Farrell, Jr., “The Fire This Time: The Genesis of the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992,” North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 5 (June 1993), pp. 1403-1420; Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995); “Law Enforcement: The Thin Thread, California History, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2015), pp. 4-10 (excerpt from the Governor’s Commission’s report on the 1965 Watts Riots); James Lasley, Los Angeles Police Department Meltdown: The Fall of the Professional-Reform Model of Policing (Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012); Lou Cannon, Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Randall Sullivan, LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implications of Death Row Records’ Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal (New York: Grove Press, 2002); Matthew B. Gordon, The Thin Blue Line: An In-Depth Look at the Policing Practices of the Los Angeles Police Department (self-published by author, 2011); Jesse Russell & Ronald Cohn, Rampart Scandal (Book on Demand, 2012); Laurie L. Levenson, “Unnerving the Judges: Judicial Responsibility for the Rampart Scandal,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2001), pp. 787-828.

[25] Victoria Saker Woeste, The Farmer’s Benevolent Trust: Law and Agricultural Cooperation in Industrial America, 1865-1945 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998) (focused on California, including Sun-Maid raisins); Victoria Alice Saker, Benevolent Monopoly: The Legal Transformation of Agricultural Cooperation, 1890-1943 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1990); Victoria A. Saker, “Creating an Agricultural Trust: Law and Cooperation in California, 1898-1922,” Law & History Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1992), pp. 93-130; Victoria Saker Woeste, “California Lawyer: Aaron Sapiro and the Progressive-Era Vision of Law as Public Service,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 449-465; Grace H. Larsen & Henry E. Erdman, “Aaron Sapiro: Genius of Farm Co-operative Promotion,” Western States Jewish History (Winter 2005), Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 161-177 (reprint from Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 2 (September 1962), pp. 242-268); Grace Larsen, “A Progressive in Agriculture: Harris Weinstock,” Agricultural History, Vol. 32, No. 3 (June 1958), pp. 187-193; Clyde E. Nef, The Fruits of Their Labors: A History of the California Raisin Industry Under Federal and State Marketing Orders (Clovis, CA: Malcolm Media Press, 1998).

[26] Angus H. McDonald, The Shadowy Law: An Account of the Efforts to Prevent the Subversion or Repeal of the Family Farm Irrigation Law (?: ?, 1982); Howard Seftel,  “Government Regulation and the Rise of the California Fruit Industry: The Entrepreneurial Attack on Fruit Pests, 1880-1920,” Business History Review,  Vol. 59, No. 3 (1985), pp. 369-402; R. H. Allen, “The Spanish Land Grant System as an Influence in the Agricultural Development of California,” Agricultural History, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1935), pp. 127-142; Rebecca Conard, The Conservation of Local Autonomy: California’s Agricultural Land Policies, 1900-1966 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1984) (discusses emergence of California Land Conservation Act of 1965 and Property Tax Assessment Reform Act of 1966); Richard Mendelson, From Demon to Darling: A Legal History of Wine in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009); Ralph Burton Hutchinson, The California Wine Industry (doctoral dissertation, Economics, University of California at Los Angeles, 1969); Dov M. Grunschlag, “Administering Federal Programs of Production Adjustment,” Agricultural History, Vol. 49, No. 1 (January 1975), pp. 131-149; Daniel A. Sumner & Norbert L. W. Wilson, “Creation and Distribution of Economic Rents by Regulation: Development and Evolution of Milk Marketing Orders in California,” Agricultural History, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 198-210.

[27] Fritz & Bakken, p. 208; William N. Davis, Jr., “Research Uses of County Court Records, 1850-1879: And Incidental Intimate Glimpses of California Life and Society, Part I,” California Historical Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 3 (Fall 1973), pp. 241-266; William N. Davis, Jr., “Research Uses of County Court Records, 1850-1879: And Incidental Intimate Glimpses of California Life and Society, Part II,” California Historical Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Winter 1973), pp. 338-365; David L. Snyder, Records of the Supreme Court of California (Sacramento: California State Archives, 1970); see also Snyder’s 1970 Inventory of the Supreme Court of California Records, now available through the Online Archive of California at http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf529003pg/entire_text/.

[28] Gordon M. Bakken & Committee on History of Law in California of The State Bar of California, California Legal History Manuscripts in the Huntington Library: A Guide (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1989) (general editors included Christian G. Fritz along with Kenneth D. Crews & Laurene Wu McClain); Gordon M. Bakken, Lawrence M. Friedman, Christian G. Fritz, David J. Langum & Harry N. Scheiber, “Western Legal History: Where Are We and Where Do We Go from Here,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 115-143 (panel discussion featuring many distinguished California legal historians); Lawrence A. Harper, Guide to Material on the History of Law in California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1956); Richard W. Crawford, “The Records of Local Government and California History,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 21-25; Karl Feichtmeir, “Defending the Bill of Rights: The ACLU Archives at CHS,” California History, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter 1979/1980), pp. 362-364; Doyce B. Nunis, “Legal History in Southern California, a Review Essay,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3 (1990), pp. 67-77; Peter L. Reich, Sources for Judging Judges: State Supreme Court Archives in the Southwest,” Western Legal History, Vol. 10, No. 1/2 (1997), pp. 79-83; Norman E. Tutorow, “Source Materials for Historical Research in the Los Angeles Federal Records Center,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (December 1971), pp. 333-344; Nadine Ishitani Hata, The Evolution of Historic Preservationism in California, 1940-1976 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1983); L. Tobe Liebert, “Researching California Ballot Measures,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 90, No. 1 (Winter 1998), pp. 27-50; Charles F. Wilkinson, “The Law of the American West: A Critical Bibliography of the Nonlegal Sources,” Michigan Law Review, Vol. 85, No. 5/6 (April/May 1987), pp. 953-1011; Anna Naruta, Activating Legal Protections for Archaeological Remains of Historic Chinatown Sites: Lessons Learned from Oakland, California,Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 119-124; Sucheng Chan, Using California Archives for Research in Chinese-American History,Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 1 (1983), pp. 49-55; Anne Hiller Clark, “Shaw Historical Library Resources on the Tule Lake Relocation and Segregation Center,” Journal of the Shaw Historical Library, Vol. 19 (October 2005), pp. 187-188; see also Preservation of the Tule Lake Relocation and Segregation Center Collection, 1976-2009, available at http://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv25973; Peter T. Suzuki, “The University of California Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study: A Prolegomenon,” Dialectical Anthropology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1986), pp. 189-213; Lydia E. Wilson, “Here Comes the Judge! Who Is It? A Selective Review of Biographical and Directory Resources of the Judiciary,” Legal Reference Services Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2000), pp. 105-109; Chet Orloff et al., “The Spoken Word: Oral History in the Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1988), pp. 271-284 (includes useful tips on how to conduct oral history interviews and how to approach oral history); Waverly B. Lowell, “Pollution, Production, and Power: Natural Resources, Society, and Technology,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 40-46; Maureen A. Jung, “Documenting Nineteenth-Century Quartz Mining in Northern California,” American Archivist, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Summer 1990), pp.  406-418; Myra K. Saunders & Jennifer Lentz, “Chapter 5 — California Legal History Revisited: Researching the Spanish, Mexican, and Early American Periods,” in Michael Chiorazzi & Marguerite Most, eds., Prestatehood Legal Materials: A Fifty-State Research Guide, Including New York City and the District of Columbia (New York: Routledge, 2013). The records of the California Supreme Court Historical Society are housed in San Francisco at the California Judicial Center Library, Special Collections and Archives; an online finding aid is available at http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8gm88sq/entire_text/.

[29] Michael M. Brescia, “Agrarian Lifeways and Judicial Transitions for Hispanic Families in Anglo California: Sources for Legal History in the Autry National Center of the American West,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 387-405; William Benemann, “Nine Treasures: California Legal History Research in the Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 251-276; John F. Burns & Nancy Lenoil, “The First California Statute: Legal History and the California State Archives,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 443-476; Justin M. Edgar, Travis L. Emick & Marlene Bubrick, “Buried Treasures: California Legal History Research at UC Hastings College of the Law Library,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 287-302; Peter L. Reich, “California Legal History Manuscripts in the Huntington Library: An Update,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 323-336; Rachael G. Samberg, “Preserving Legal History in State Trial Court Records: Institutional Opportunities and the Stanford Law School Library Collection,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 321-345; Selma Moidel Smith, “A Retrospective of the Committee on History of Law in California,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 153-169. The overview of the holdings of the Special Collections department at UCLA’s Young Research Library remains to be written. 

[30] David L. McFadden, “Legal Research for Historians,” Western Legal History, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2 (1997), pp. 3-30; Larisa K. Miller, “From Courtroom to Research Room: Studying the West in Federal Court Records,” Western Legal History, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2 (1997), pp. 31-57; Claire Prechtel-Kluskens, “The Lives and Careers of Judges and Other Employees in the Federal Judicial System: Some Pointers on Research,” Western Legal History, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2 (1997), pp. 59-78; John R. Wunder, “What’s Old About the New Western History? Part 3: Law,” Western Legal History, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2 (1997), pp. 85-116; Gordon Morris Bakken, “Western Legal History: The State of the Field,” Western Legal History, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 3-29; Rebecca L. Wendt, “Balancing Privacy and the Right to Know: Newly Opened Records at the California State Archives,” Western Legal History, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 31-43; Conor Michael Casey, “Legal History through Labor’s Prism: Collection Highlights of the Labor Archives & Research Center, SFSU,” Western Legal History, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 45-62; Gwen E. Granados, “The Federal Government and Citizenship: Archival Resources at the National Archives in Laguna Niguel,” Western Legal History, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 63-94 (includes examples regarding Japanese American internment, Native American citizenship, etc.); Bruce Ragsdale, “Historical Resources from the Federal Judicial Center,” Western Legal History, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 95-97.

[31] Archival sources at the California Judicial Center Library have been the subject of several articles in the California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (each available at http://www.cschs.org/publications/cschs-newsletter): Frances M. Jones, “The Stanley Mosk Papers” (Fall/Winter 2008), pp. 8-11; Frances M. Jones, “Chief Justice Rose Bird’s Chambers Furnishings Donated” (Spring/Summer 2011), pp. 8-9; Frances M. Jones, “Succession in the California Supreme Court: From 1880, When the Seven-Member Court First Convened, to Present” (Spring/Summer 2014), pp. 19-21; Martha R. Noble & Noah D. Pollaczek, “Creating a Repository for California Judicial History: Special Collections & Archives at the California Judicial Center Library,” (Spring/Summer 2015), pp. 10-15. Additionally, holdings of the California State Archives have been featured in the California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (each available at http://www.cschs.org/publications/cschs-newsletter): Laren Metzer, “State Archives Digitizes Constitutional Convention Papers” (Fall/Winter 2008), pp. 22–23; Sebastian A. Nelson, “Nineteenth-Century Supreme Court Resources in the California State Archives” (Spring/Summer 2013), pp. 17–19; Sebastian A. Nelson, “Trademarks and Washing Powder in Old San Francisco: California Law Was the First to Allow Registration of Trademarks” (Spring/Summer 2014), pp. 24-25; Sebastian A. Nelson, “Scales, Swords, and Squares: The Seals of the Supreme Court of California,” (Spring/Summer 2015), pp. 16-17).

[32] Stefano Bloch, “The Illegal Face of Wall Space: Grafiti-Murals on the Sunset Boulevard Retaining Walls,” Radical History Review, No. 113 (Spring 2012), pp. 110-126; Hunter Drohojowska, “The Pasadena Case,” Art in America, Vol. 69, No. 5 (May 1981), pp. 11-17 (discusses 1980-81 litigation over attempted sale of part of Norton Simon Museum’s contemporary art collection, plus history of museum, 1924-1975); James D. Savage, “Populism, Decentralization, and Arts Policy in California: The Jerry Brown Years and Afterward,” Administration & Society, Vol. 20, No. 4 (February 1989), pp. 446-465. In 1974, Prof. Monroe Price at UCLA School of Law started an organization called Advocates for the Arts, giving law students interested in art law an opportunity to provide pro bono legal assistance to fledgling artists or art projects. University of California, University Bulletin, Vol. 23, No. 1 (July 1, 1974), p. 192. The organization appears to have existed at least until 1980, but the location of any remaining records is unknown.

[33] Sonia Emily Wallovits, The Filipinos in California (San Francisco: R and E Associates, 1972); Estella Habal, San Francisco’s International Hotel: Mobilizing the Filipino American Community in the Anti-Eviction Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007) (interesting exploration of landlord-tenant relations in charged political context involving foreign corporations, labor unions, etc.); Susan Evangelista, “California’s Third Oriental Wave: A Sociohistorical Analysis,” Philippine Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1 (First Quarter 1983), pp. 37-57; Leti Volpp, “American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 33 (Summer 2000), pp. 795-835.

[34] Richard S. Kim, “A Conversation with Chol Soo Lee and K.W. Lee,” Amerasia Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2005), pp. 76-108 (murder case and wrongful conviction of a Korean immigrant); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

[35] Bruce La Brack, The Sikhs of Northern California, 1904-1975 (New York: AMS Press, 1988); Lucy Elizabeth Salyer, Guarding the “White Man’s Frontier”: Courts, Politics, and the Regulation of Immigration, 1891-1924 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1989) (focuses on Chinese immigrants, but also covers Japanese and East Indian immigration); Vinay Lal, “Sikh Kirpans in California Schools: The Social Construction of Symbols, Legal Pluralism, and the Politics of Diversity,” Amerasia Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1996), pp. 57-89; Karen Leonard, “Punjabi Farmers and California’s Alien Land Law,” Agricultural History, Vol. 59, No. 4 (October 1985), pp. 549-562; Matthew Erin Plowman, The Anglo-Irish Factors in the Indo-German Conspiracy in San Francisco during WWI, 1913-1921 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1999) (covers major World War I conspiracy trial in San Francisco with international diplomatic repercussions); Karl Hoover, “The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913-1918,” German Studies Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (May 1985), pp. 245-261; Stevie R. Ruiz, Sexual Racism and the Limits of Justice: A Case Study of Intimacy and Violence in the Imperial Valley, 1910-1925 (master’s thesis, Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2010) (concerns miscegenation and other interracial relations between Punjabis, Latinos, and other ethnicities in the Imperial Valley).

[36] Marcus Kent, Political Economic Racism: California’s Policy Regarding its Asian Immigrants, 1848-1943 (master’s thesis, History, University of Central Oklahoma, 2011); Henry Yu, “Los Angeles and American Studies in a Pacific World of Migrations,” American Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3 (September 2004), pp. 531-543; Patrick Ettinger, “‘We Sometimes Wonder What They Will Spring on Us Next’: Immigrants and Border Enforcement in the American West, 1882-1930,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer 2006), pp. 159-181; Charlotte Brooks, Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Neil Gotanda, “Critical Legal Studies, Critical Race Theory and Asian American Studies,” Amerasia Journal, Vol. 21, No. 1/2 (1995), pp. 127; Frank W. Van Nuys, “A Progressive Confronts the Race Question: Chester Rowell, the California Alien Land Act of 1913, and the Contradictions of Early Twentieth-Century Racial Thought,” California History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 2-13; Theodore Saloutos, “The Immigrant in Pacific Coast Agriculture, 1880-1940,” Agricultural History, Vol. 49, No. 1 (January 1975), pp. 182-201; Herbert P. LePore, Anti-Asian Exclusion in the United States During the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries: The History Leading to the Immigration Act of 1924 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2013) (discusses Chinese and Japanese immigrants in California); Carolyn La, “Beyond the Bashing: Realities of Asian Immigration in California,” California Politics & Policy: A Journal of the” Pat” Brown Institute of Public Affairs, California State University, Los Angeles (1995); Sharon S. Lee, “The De-Minoritization of Asian Americans: A Historical Examination of the Representations of Asian Americans in Affirmative Action Admissions Policies at the University of California,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2008), pp. 129-152.

[37] Robert Barde & Gustavo J. Bobonis, “Detention at Angel Island,” Social Science History, Vol. 30, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 103-136; Brian McGinty, “Angel Island: The Half-Closed Door,” American History Illustrated, Vol. 25, No. 4 (September/October 1990), pp. 50-52; Maria Sakovich, “When the ‘Enemy’ Landed at Angel Island,” Prologue, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Summer 2009), pp. 26-33.

[38] Jorge A. Vargas, “The Pantoja Map of 1782 and the Port of San Diego: Some Answers Regarding the International Boundary in the San Diego–Tijuana Region,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 46, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 118-127; Jorge A. Vargas, “Is The International Boundary Between The United States And Mexico Wrongly Demarcated? An Academic Inquiry Into Certain Diplomatic, Legal, And Technical Considerations Regarding The Boundary In The San Diego-Tijuana Region,” California Western International Law Journal, Vol. 30 (Spring 2000), pp. 215-275; Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen, “The Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco and the Smuggling of Chinese Immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1882-1930,” Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 37-61; Eiichiro Azuma, “Japanese Immigrant Settler Colonialism in the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands and the U.S. Racial-Imperialist Politics of the Hemispheric ‘Yellow Peril’,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 2 (May 2014), pp. 255-276; Brian Dervin Dillon, Richard H. Dillon & John Dervin Yi An Dillon, “California, U.S.A. and the Birth of the Mexican Revolution,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 94 (Summer 2013), pp. 6-31; Grace Peña Delgado, “Common Punishments for Common Crimes: The Early Mann Act and Sexual Control at the US-Mexico Borderlands,” Password, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Spring 2014), pp. 5-27 (1910-1916); Catherine Christensen, “Mujeres Públicas: American Prostitutes in Baja California, 1910–1930,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 2 (May 2013), pp. 215-247 (cross-border migration of prostitution was substantially driven by Progressive-era crackdown on prostitution in (Alta) California cities); S. Deborah Kang, “Implementation: How the Borderlands Redefined Federal Immigration Law and Policy in California, Arizona, and Texas, 1917-1924,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 245-285; Benny J. Andres, Jr., “Invisible Borders: Repatriation and Colonization of Mexican Migrant Workers along the California Borderlands during the 1930s,” California History, Vol. 88, No. 4 (2011), pp. 5-21; Oscar J. Martinez, “Border Conflict, Border Fences, and the ‘Tortilla Curtain’ Incident of 1978-1979,” Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Autumn 2008), pp. 263-278 (concerns history of US-Mexico border fence near San Diego as well as El Paso from 1920s onward); Samaniego López & Marco Antonio, “Empresas de extranjeros oficialmente mexicanas en la frontera: Significado e implicaciones en torno a la cuenca internacional río Colorado [Foreign Companies on the Mexican Border: Significance and Implications Regarding the International Colorado River Basin],” Mexican Studies / Estudios Mexicanos, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Winter 2015), pp. 48-87; Roberto Delgadillo Hernández, Coloniality and Border(ed) Violence: San Diego, San Ysidro and the U-S/Mexico Border (doctoral dissertation, Ethnic Studies, University of California, Berkeley, 2010); Nick Johnstone, “International Trade, Transfrontier Pollution, and Environmental Cooperation: A Case Study of the Mexican-American Border Region,” Natural Resources Journal, Volume 35, No. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 33-62 (discusses transboundary air and water pollution and control efforts and initiatives in San Diego County); Peter L. Reich, “The Historical, Comparative, and Convergence Trifecta in International Water Law: A Mexico-U.S. Example,” Environmental Law Reporter, Vol. 43 (2013), pp. 10509-10513 (history and contemporary litigation over transborder water resources affected by the All-American Canal); Peter L. Reich, “The All-American Canal and the Civil-Common Law Divide,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 185-198; Peter L. Reich, The Law of the United States-Mexico Border: Cases and Materials (forthcoming, Carolina Academic Press, 2016); “Water Issues in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Fall 2000) (special edition). For additional studies that concern California not solely but substantially, see also Douglas S. Massey, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Free Trade (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002); Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the “Illegal Alien” and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002); Kelly Lytle Hernandez, MIGRA! A History of the U.S. Border Patrol (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010).

[39] James W. Hulse, “The California-Nevada Boundary: History of a Conflict — Part I,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer 1980), pp. 87-109; James W. Hulse, “The California-Nevada Boundary: History of a Conflict — Part II,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 157-78; ; Cardinal L. Goodwin, “The Question of the Eastern Boundary of California in the Convention of 1849,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 16 (January 1913), pp. 227-258.

[40] Roberta M. McDow, “California’s Hundred Year Debate! To Divide or Not to Divide?,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 10, No. 4 (1966), pp. 22-33.

[41] Edward Leo Lyman, “Larger than Texas: Proposals to Combine California and Mormon Deseret as One State,” California History, Vol. 80, No. 1 (Spring 2001), pp. 18-33.

[42] “The State of Jefferson: Not Just a Jest,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Summer 1994), p. 14; Richard Rheinhardt, “The Short, Happy History of the State of Jefferson,” American West, Vol. 9, No. 3 (May 1972), pp. 36- 41.

[43] Rockwell D. Hunt, The Genesis of California’s First Constitution (1846-1849) (doctoral dissertation, History, Johns Hopkins University, 1895; reprinted, New York: Johnson Reprint Corp., 1973); Cardinal Goodwin, The Establishment of State Government in California, 1846-1850 (New York: Macmillan, 1914), available digitally at https://archive.org/details/establishmentst01goodgoog; J. Ross Browne, ed., Report of the Debates in the Convention of California, on the Formation of the State Constitution, in September and October, 1849 (Washington, DC: J.T. Towers, 1850), available digitally at https://archive.org/details/reportofdebatesi00cali; William H. Ellison, “Constitution Making in the Land of Gold,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 18, No. 3 (August 1947), pp. 319-330; J.N. Bowman, “The Original Constitution of California of 1849,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3 (September 1949), pp. 193-197; Homer D. Crotty, “The California Constitutional Convention of 1849,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3 (September 1949), pp. 155-166; Donald E. Hargis, “Native Californians in the Constitutional Convention of 1849,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1 (March 1954), pp. 3-13 (which notably concerned Mexican Californios, not California Indians); Donald E. Hargis, “Southerners in the California Constitutional Convention: 1849,” Southern Speech Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3 (March 1954), pp. 193-204; Donald E. Hargis, “Women’s Rights: California 1849,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (December 1955), pp. 320-334.

[44] Carl Swisher, Motivation and Political Technique in the California Constitutional Convention, 1878-1879 (Claremont: Pomona College, 1930); Sarah L. Sharp, Social Criticism in California during the Gilded Age (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 1979); Noel Sargent, “The California Constitutional Convention of 1878-1879,” California Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 1 (November 1917), pp. 1-22; Kenneth M. Johnson, “California’s Constitution of 1878: An Unpaid Debt,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 2 (June 1970), pp. 135-142.

[45] Leon T. David, “Our California Constitutions: Retrospections in the Bicentennial Year,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. (Summer 1976), pp. 697-760.

[46] Angela L. Stogner, Racializing California Society: Constitutional Conventions, Supreme Court Land Decisions, and the Transplantation of Whiteness (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 2006); Harry N. Scheiber, “Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Historical Perspective on the 1879 California Constitution,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Fall 1989), pp. 35-80; Gordon M. Bakken, “Constitutional Convention Debates in the West: Racism, Religion, and Gender,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1990), pp. 213-244; Sally M. Furay, “The Genesis of Sail’er Inn in the California Constitution,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 153-158 (suspect classifications under Equal Protection clause); Felicia Kornbluh, “Turning Back the Clock: California Constitutionalists, Hearthstone Originalism, and Brown v. Board,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 287-320.

[47] Tani Cantil-Sakauye, “The Truly Independent Nature of the California Constitution,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 15-16, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-Truly-Independent-Constitution.pdf; Woodrow James Hansen, The Search for Authority in California (Oakland, CA: Biobooks, 1960); Bayrd Still, “California’s First Constitution: A Reflection of the Political Philosophy of the Frontier,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September 1935), pp. 221-234; José-Daniel M. Paramés, “California’s ‘Liberal Moment’: The 1849 Constitution and the Rule of Law,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 477-530; Rosina A. Lozano, “Translating California: Official Spanish Usage in California’s Constitutional Conventions and State Legislature, 1848-1894,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 321-356; Myra K. Saunders, “California Legal History: The California Constitution of 1849,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 90, No. 3 (Summer 1998), pp. 447-480; Christian G. Fritz, “More than ‘Shreds and Patches’: California’s First Bill of Rights,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1989); Gordon Morris Bakken, California’s Constitutional Conventions Create Our Courts,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 33-54; R. Jeffrey Lustig, “Private Rights and Public Purposes: California’s Second Constitution Reconsidered,” California History, Vol. 87, No. 3 (2010), pp. 46-64; Arthur Rolston, “Capital, Corporations, and Their Discontents in Making California’s Constitutions, 1849-1911,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (November 2011), pp. 521-556; David Alan Johnson, Founding of the Far West: California, Oregon, and Nevada, 1840-1890 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992) (focuses on writing early constitutions in each state); falseJohn McLaren, Hamar Foster, & Chet Orloff, eds., Law for the Elephant, Law for the Beaver: Essays in the Legal History of the North American West (Regina, Sask.: Canadian Plains Research Center; Pasadena, CA: Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society, 1992) (not focused on California, but includes a chapter on Constitutionalism in the western states); Stephen M. Griffin, “California Constitutionalism: Trust in Government and Direct Democracy,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law, Vol. 11 (February 2009), pp. 551-595; Christian G. Fritz, “Rethinking the American Constitutional Tradition: National Dimensions in the Formation of State Constitutions,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 103-127; Christian G. Fritz, “The American Constitutional Tradition Revisited: Preliminary Observations On State Constitution-Making In The Nineteenth-Century West,” Rutgers Law Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp.  945-998; Stanley Mosk, “State Constitutionalism: Both Liberal and Conservative,” California Legal History, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 155-169; Harry N. Scheiber, ed., Law and California Society: One Hundred Years of the State Constitution (San Diego: UC San Diego and the San Diego Union, 1980); Bernard L. Hyink, “California Revises Its Constitution,” Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 3 (September 1969), pp. 637-654; David A. Carrillo & Danny Y. Chou, “California Constitutional Law: Separation of Powers,” University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Winter 2011), pp. 655-688; David A. Carrillo & Shane G. Smith, “California Constitutional Law: the Religion Clauses,” University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Winter 2011), pp. 689-778; Jennifer Friesen, “Should California’s Constitutional Guarantees of Individual Rights Apply against Private Actors,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Fall 1989), pp. 111-138; George Deukmejian & Clifford K. Thompson, Jr., “All Sail and No Anchor — Judicial Review under the California Constitution,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer 1979), pp. 975-1010; Ira Reiner & George Glenn Size, “The Law through a Looking Glass: Our Supreme Court and the Use and Abuse of the California Declaration of Rights,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3 (April 1992), pp. 1183-1286; Harold W. Horowitz, “The Autonomy of the University of California under the State Constitution,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 1 (October 1977), pp. 23-45; Caitlin M. Scully, “Autonomy and Accountability: The University of California and the State Constitution,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5 (July 1987), pp. 927-956; California Constitution Revision Commission, Proposed Revision of the California Constitution (Sacramento: The Commission, various dates, 1960s-1970s); Pat Ooley, Inventory of the Working Papers of the 1878-1879 Constitutional Convention (Sacramento: California State Archives, Office of the Secretary of State, 1993/2008), available at http://archives.cdn.sos.ca.gov/collections/1879/archive/1879-finding-aid.pdf.

[48] Joseph R. Grodin, Calvin R. Massey & Richard B. Cunningham, The California State Constitution: A Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Joseph R. Grodin, Darien Shanske & Michael B. Salerno, The California State Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015); Joseph R. Grodin, “Liberty and Equality under the California Constitution,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 167-224; Joseph R. Grodin, “Freedom of Expression under the California Constitution,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 187-225; Joseph R. Grodin, “The California State Constitution And Its Independent Declaration of Rights,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 13-14, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-CA-State-Constitution.pdf; Joseph R. Grodin, “The California Supreme Court and State Constitutional Rights: The Early Years,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 31 (Winter 2004), pp. 141-161; Matthew O. Tobriner & Joseph R. Grodin, “The Individual and the Public Servic Enterprise in the New Industrial State,” California Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 5 (November 1967), pp. 1247-1283; Joseph R. Grodin, “Judicial Elections: The California Experience,” Judicature, Vol. 70, No. 6 (April/May 1987), pp. 365-369. For additional sources regarding the California Constitution and related topics and issues such as American state constitutionalism generally and government, politics, elections, public funding, and taxation in California, see also the bibliography in Grodin, Shanske & Salerno, The California State Constitution, 2nd ed., at pp. 535-541.

[49] Stephen Crane Foster, El Quacheno: How I Want to Help Make the Constitution of California — Stirring Historical Incidents (Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop, 1949); Merrill G. Burlingame, “The Contribution of Iowa to the Formation of the State Government of California in 1849,” Iowa Journal of History & Politics, Vol. 30 (April 1932), pp. 182-218; Cardinal L. Goodwin, “The Question of the Eastern Boundary of California in the Convention of 1849,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 16 (January 1913), pp. 227-258; James McHall Jones, Two Letters of James McHall Jones, Delegate to the California Constitutional Convention, 1849 (Carmel, CA: Thomas W. Norris, 1948); Mary Agnes Oyster, Gwin in the California Constitutional Convention of 1849 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1929); Emmet Seawell, “The Constitution of 1849,” in Proceedings of the State Bar of California at its Second Annual Meeting, at Del Monte, California, October 10, 11, 12, 1929 (Sacramento: ?, 1930), at pp. 83-94; William J. Shaw, The Constitutional Convention: A Letter on the History and True Meaning of Section 2, Article 10, of the Constitution of this State (San Francisco: ?, 1858); Francis J. Lippitt, Reminiscences of Francis J. Lippitt, Written for His Family, His Near Relatives and Intimate Friends (Providence, RI, 1902) (Lippitt was a delegate to the 1849 convention); Speech of William J. Shaw, on the Necessity of Immediate Constitutional Reform, Delivered in the Senate of California, Feb 7, 1856 (Sacramento: ?, 1856); Samuel H. Willey, The Transition Period of California from a Province of Mexico in 1846 to a State of the American Union in 1850 (San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray Co., 1901); Rockwell D. Hunt, Legal Status of California, 1846-49 (Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1898); Dudley T. Moorhead, “Sectionalism and the California Constitution of 1879,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 12, No. 3 (September 1943), pp. 287-293; D. G. Waldron & Thomas J. Vivian, Biographical Sketches of the Delegates to the Constitutional Convention to Frame a New Constitution for the State of California (San Francisco: Francis & Valentine, 1878); William F. White, Suggested Constitution for the State of California (San Francisco, 1878); Herbert Morton Levy, The Northern California Press and the Constitution of 1879 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1952); Constitution Revision: History and Perspective (Sacramento: Forum on Government Reform, 1996); Elizabeth A. Capell, Constitutional Officers, Agencies, Boards, and Commissions in California State Government, 1849 to 1975 (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, 1977); Elizabeth A. Capell, Constitutional Officers, Agencies, Boards, and Commissions in California State Government (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, 1981); Wiley W. Mather, Administrative Reorganization in California: A Tentative Plan for Constitutional Reorganization (Ontario, CA: Trustees of Chaffey Junior College, 1929); Ernest A. Engelbert & John G. Gunnell, Constitutional Revision in California: An Analysis Prepared for the Citizens Legislative Advisory Commission (Sacramento: The Commission, 1961); Albert S. Rodda, California’s Constitutional Structure and Responsible Representative Government — Earl Warren Memorial Symposium (Sacramento: Center for California Studies, California State University Sacramento, 1992); Law and California Society: 100 Years of the State Constitution (San Diego: San Diego Union, 1999); R. LaVally, California’s Laws of the Century: 200 Significant Statutes and Constitutional Amendments of the 20th Century (Sacramento: California Senate Office of Research, 1999); Eugene C. Lee, The Revision of California’s Constitution: A Brief Summary (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California, 1990);  Anne B. Fisher, The Story of California’s Constitution and State Laws (Palo Alto, CA: Pacific Books, 1953); Carl I. Wheat, The California Constitutional Conventions of 1878 and 1935: Some Parallels — Economic, Political and Otherwise (?: ?, 1934); Material Relating to the Proposed Constitutional Amendments of the State of California in 1908 (Berkeley & San Francisco: ?, 1908); Charles Aiken, “The Movement for Revision of the California Constitution; the State Constitutional Commission,” American Political Science Review, Vol. 25 (1931), pp. 337-342; Alonzo L. Baker, Problems in State Constitutional Revision, with Special Reference to California (Stockton, CA: University of the Pacific, 1964); “California’s Constitutional Amendomania,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 1 (1949), pp. 279-288; Peter T. Conmy, The Constitutional Beginnings of California (San Francisco: Dolores Press, 1959); Paul Goda, “The Historical Background of California’s Constitutional Provisions Prohibiting Aid to Sectarian Schools,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 46 (1967), pp. 149-171; Edward W. Harrington, The Public School System and the Second Constitution of California (doctoral dissertation, History, Stanford University, 1933); Herman Belz, “Popular Sovereignty, The Right of Revolution, and California Statehood,” Nexus, Vol. 6 (Spring 2001), pp. 3-22; Gordon Lloyd, “Nature and Convention in the Creation of the 1849 California Constitution,” Nexus, Vol. 6 (Spring 2001), pp. 23-47.

[50] Daniel J. Garr, “Power and Priorities: Church-State Boundary Disputes in Spanish California,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1978/1979), pp. 364-375 (1775-1800).

[51] Howard T. Lee, The Laws of the State of California as Affecting Church Property: An Historical Study (doctoral dissertation, Canon Law, Catholic University of America, 1960).

[52] Harry B. Morrison, “The Archbishop’s Claim: The History of the Legal Claim of the Catholic Church before the Federal Courts to the Property of the California Missions,” Jurist, Vol. 47, No. 2 (1987), pp. 394-422; Francis J. Weber, “John Thomas Doyle,  Pious Fund Historiographer,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1967), pp. 297-303 (discusses Irish-American attorney who helped the Catholic Church to litigate regarding the status of church property after possession of California passed to Anglo-Americans); Jesús C. Romero, “El Fondo Piadoso de las Californias [The Pious Fund of the Californias],” Memoria de la Academia Nacional de Historia y Geografia, Vol. 13, No. 1 (1957), pp. 5-31.

[53] falseAlan Walter Nielsen, Salmi Morse’s “Passion,” 1879-1884: The History and Consequences of a Theatrical Obsession

http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif

(doctoral dissertation, History, City University of New York, 1989) (America’s first passion play, staged in San Francisco, was legally suppressed, raising First Amendment issues); John Arthur Horner, The San Francisco Passion Play of 1879 (master’s thesis, Theater Arts, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1989).

[54] William Issel & Mary Anne Wold, “Catholics and the Campaign for Racial Justice in San Francisco From Pearl Harbor to Proposition 14,” American Catholic Studies, Vol. 119, No. 3 (Fall 2008), pp. 21-43 (California Catholics were active supporters of fair housing among other policy issues); William Issel, “Faith-Based Activism in American Cities: The Case of the San Francisco Catholic Action Cadre,” Journal of Church & State, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Summer 2008), pp. 519-540; Joshua Paddison, “Anti-Catholicism and Race in Post-Civil War San Francisco,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (November 2009), pp. 505-544 (Protestant hostility toward Catholic Irish immigrants helped trigger virulent Irish anti-Chinese hostility as the Irish sought to prove and perform their whiteness and Christianity); William Issel, For Both Cross and Flag: Catholic Action, Anti-Catholicism, and National Security Politics in World War II San Francisco (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009) (Italian American attorney and devout Catholic Sylvester Andriano was suspected of pro-Mussolini disloyalty and was relocated from San Francisco).

[55] Miroslava Chávez-García, States of Delinquency: Race and Science in the Making of California’s Juvenile Justice System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012); Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) (research focuses on Oakland and Los Angeles); Mary Odem, “Single Mothers, Delinquent Daughters, and the Juvenile Court in Early 20th Century Los Angeles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Autumn 1991), pp. 27-43; Steven Schlossman, The California Experience in American Juvenile Justice: Some Historical Perspectives (Sacramento: Dept. of Justice, Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services, 1989); Laura Mihailoff, Protecting Our Children: A History of the California Youth Authority and Juvenile Justice, 1938-1968 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2005); falseI. P. Tompkins, A History of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County (master’s thesis, History, University of Southern California, 1936); Janis Appier, “‘We’re Blocking Youth’s Path to Crime’: The Los Angeles Coordinating Councils during the Great Depression,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 31, No. 2 (January 2005), pp. 190-218; Edwin M. Lemert, The Juvenile Court System: Social Action and Legal Change (New Brunswick, NJ: AldineTransaction, 2010) (analyzes changes in the law and in the administration of justice affecting juvenile offenders in California in the 1950s and 1960s); Beatriz Jiminez, A Policy Analysis of the California Gang Violence and Juvenile Crime Prevention Act of 1998 (master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 2012) (Proposition 21 of 1998).

[56] Andrew Bridge, Hope’s Boy: A Memoir (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2008) (written from a child’s perspective, does not focus on law, but describes the lived experiences of a boy growing up within the Los Angeles County dependency and foster care system); Alan Akira Watahara, California’s Foster Care-Dependency System: Forgotten Children in a Bureaucracy of Care (doctoral dissertation, Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, 1987).

[57] “Children, Indian and White,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 11-13 (concerns an incident in the 19th century); Tom Lidot, Rose-Margaret Orrantia & Miryam J. Choca, “Continuum of Readiness for Collaboration, ICWA Compliance, and Reducing Disproportionality,” Child Welfare, Vol. 91, No. 3 (May/June 2012), pp. 65-87 (gives history of California dependency authorities’ interaction with the federal Indian Child Welfare Act and racial disparities in the state dependency system); James Bell & Nicole Lim, “Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2005), pp. 626-650.

[58] Irving G. Hendrick, “From Indifference to Imperative Duty: Educating Children in Early California,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 226-249; Sindhu Phadke, Licensing of Child Care in California, 1911-1961 (doctoral dissertation, Social Work, University of Southern California, 1963); falseAlexander S. Bennett, The Discovery and Treatment of Juvenile Drug Use in Post-World War II Los Angeles (doctoral dissertation, History, Carnegie Mellon University, 2009); Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: Free Press, 1985); Sharon Smith, “The Medical Emancipation of Minors: A California History,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2000), pp. 637-641; Beatriz Jiminez, A Policy Analysis of the California Gang Violence and Juvenile Crime Prevention Act of 1998 (master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 2012) (Proposition 21 of 1998); Elaine Won, “Protecting Our Children: The California Public School Vaccination Mandate Debate,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 471-503.

[59] Fritz & Bakken, p. 215.

[60] Elmer C. Sandmeyer, The Anti-Chinese Movement in California (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1939 [republished 1975]); William J. Courtney, San Francisco Anti-Chinese Ordinances, 1850-1900 (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1974); Hudson N. Janisch, The Chinese, the Courts, and the Constitution: A Study of the Legal Issues Raised by Chinese Immigration to the United States, 1850-1902 (doctoral dissertation, Law, University of Chicago, 1971); Nelson G. Dong, The Chinese and the Anti-Chinese Movement: The Judicial Response in California, 1850-1886 (unpublished seminar paper, Yale Law School, 1974); Gunther Barth, Bitter Strength: A History of the Chinese in the United States, 1850-1870 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1964).

[61] Charles J. McClain, Jr., “The Chinese Struggle for Civil Rights in Nineteenth Century America: The First Phase, 1850-1870,” California Law Review, Vol. 72, No. 4 (July 1984): pp. 529-568; Charles J. McClain, Jr., The Chinese Struggle for Civil Rights in 19th Century America: The Unusual Case of Baldwin v. Franks,” Law & History Review, Vol. 3 (Fall 1985), pp. 349-373.

[62] Charles J. McClain, Jr., In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (focuses on law and litigation regarding California anti-Chinese laws, federal exclusion laws, laundry litigation, school segregation, residential segregation, and medical segregation/discrimination); Charles J. McClain, Jr., ed., Chinese Immigrants and American Law (New York: Garland, 1994) (contains three of McClain’s articles along with eleven from other scholars addressing legal aspects of the Chinese immigrant experience, usually in the California context); Charles J. McClain, In Re Lee Sing: The First Residential-Segregation Case,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1990), pp. 179-196 (1890 case); Charles McClain, “Of Medicine, Race, and American Law: The Bubonic Plague Outbreak of 1900,” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 13 (1988), pp. 447-513. See also, not specifically focused on Chinese-American legal history, Charles McClain, “California Carpetbagger: The Career of Henry Dibble,” Quinnipiac Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2010), pp. 885-968; Charles J. McClain, “The California Supreme Court, 1940-1964: The Gibson Era,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 3-102; Charles McClain, “Racial Minorities and the Schools: A Look at the Early Decisions of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 55-62.

[63] John R. Wunder & Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Chinese and California: A Torturous Legal Relationship,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 195-216; Richard P. Cole & Gabriel J. Chin, “Emerging from the Margins of Historical Consciousness: Chinese Immigrants and the History of American Law,” Law & History Review, Vol. 17 (Summer 1999), pp. 325-264; Mark T. Kanazawa, “Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 3 (September 2005), pp. 779-805; William Speer, An answer to the common objections to Chinese testimony: and an earnest appeal to the Legislature of California for their protection by our law (San Francisco: Chinese Mission House, 1857); Chiou-Ling Yeh, “The Chinese ‘Are a Race That Cannot Be Believed’: Jury Impaneling and Prejudice in Nineteenth-Century California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2011), pp. 1-26; Robert F. Heizer, Civil Rights in California in the 1850’s: A Case History,” Kroeber Anthropological Society Papers, No. 31 (1964), pp. 129-137; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Chinese Tongs, Homicide, and Justice in Nineteenth-Century California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2000), pp. 205-238; John Hayakawa Torok, “Reconstruction and Racial Nativism: Chinese Immigrants and the Debates on the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments and Civil Rights Laws,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 3 (January 1966), pp. 55-102 (focuses on federal law and lawmaking, but also addresses Californian context); David C. Frederick, “How Immigration and the Ninth Circuit Grew the West: A Historical Perspective,” Western Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2001), pp. 29-36 (focuses especially on Chinese immigrants’cases); Scott Zesch, “Prelude to a Massacre: Chinese Los Angeles in 1870-1871,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 109–158; Paul R. Spitzzerri, “‘Shall Law Stand for Naught?’: The Los Angeles Chinese Massacre of 1871 at Trial,” California Legal History, Vol. 3 (2008), pp. 185-224; Roman J. Hoyos, “Building the New Supremacy: California’s Chinese Question and the Fate of Reconstruction,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 321-354; Christian G. Fritz, “A Nineteenth Century Habeas Corpus Mill’: The Chinese Before the Federal Courts in California,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 32, No. 4 (October 1988), pp. 347-372; Linda C. A. Przybyszewski, Judge Lorenzo Sawyer and the Chinese: Civil Rights Decisions in the Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1988), pp. 23-56; Shane Michael Fisher, From “Gold Mountain” to a “Mountain of Hate”: Exploring Chinese Resistance against Discrimination in California, 1850-1892 (master’s thesis, History, University of Oregon, 1999); Michael Several, “The Chinese and the ‘Redlands Plan’: Ethnic Cleansing, the Rule of Law, Economic Self-Interest, and Financial Restraint,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 93, No. 4 (Winter 2011-2012), pp. 407-458; Mikelis Beitiks, “‘Devilishly Uncomfortable’: In the Matter of Sic — The California Supreme Court Strikes a Balance Between Race, Drugs and Government in 1880s California,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 229-250; Michele Shover, “Chico Women: Nemesis of a Rural Town’s Anti-Chinese Campaigns, 1876-1886,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (December 1988), pp. 228-243; Michele Shover, “Fighting Back: The Chinese Influence on Chico Law and Politics, 1880-1886,” California History, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Winter 1995/1996), pp. 408-421; Frank P. Barajas, Chinese Exclusion in the United States, 1868-1892 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fresno, 1991); Sophie Huntington, “In Our Midst: The Chinese Expulsion from Eureka, California” (student research paper, May 1999), available at http://scholarworks.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/131575/Huntington_Sophie_Barnum_f.pdf?sequence=1; Kevin J. Mullen, Chinatown Squad: Policing the Dragon From the Gold Rush to the 21st Century (San Francisco: Noir Publications, 2008); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008), pp. 30-43 (1895-1910); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 2: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 71 (Fall 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 3: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 72 (Winter 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 4: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008); Diana L. Ahmad, The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007); Jeffrey L. Bleich, Benjamin J. Horwich & Joshua S. Meltzer, “Righting a Historic Wrong: The Posthumous Admission of Hong Yen Chang to the California Bar,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2015), pp. 1-4, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2015-Newsletter-Spring-Righting-a-Wrong.pdf; Lani Ah Tye Farkas, “Bury My Bones in America: A Family History of Hong Yen Chang,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2015), pp. 5-7, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2015-Newsletter-Spring-Bury-My-Bones-in-America.pdf.

[64] Andrew Gyory, Closing the Gate: Race, Politics, and the Chinese Exclusion Act (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998) (mostly a political history covering the nation not just California and focused more at the federal level, but follows the enactment of key pieces of legislation, and California figures prominently); Jean Pfaelzer, Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans (New York: Random House, 2007) (law not primary focus but interwoven; focus on California, including lynchings, massacres, intimidation, special discrimination against Chinese women suspected of being prostitutes, etc., including key litigation through the end of the 1800s); David L. Anderson, “The Diplomacy of Discrimination: Chinese Exclusion, 1876-1882,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (1978), pp. 32-45; Patricia Cloud & David W. Galenson, Chinese Immigration and Contract Labor in the Late Nineteenth Century,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1987), pp. 22-42; Ramon D. Chacon, “The Beginning of Racial Segregation: The Chinese in West Fresno and Chinatown’s Role as Red Light District, 1870s-1920s,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Winter 1988), pp. 371-398; Phil Sanders & Laura Sanders, “The Quiet Rebellion: Chinese Miners Accepted in Orleans Despite 1885 Expulsion,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer 1998), pp. 11-19; Alan Lufkin, “The Chinese and the Salmon Canneries,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 9-11; Murray Kent Lee, Geographic Factors that Affected the Growth of San Diego’s Chinatown Relative to Los Angeles and San Francisco (master’s thesis, Geography, George Washington University, 2014); Everett Wong, The Exclusion Movement and the Chinese Community in San Francisco (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1954); Joshua Paddison, “Anti-Catholicism and Race in Post-Civil War San Francisco,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (November 2009), pp. 505-544 (Protestant hostility toward Catholic Irish immigrants helped trigger virulent Irish anti-Chinese hostility as the Irish sought to prove and perform their whiteness and Christianity); John McLaren, Hamar Foster, & Chet Orloff, eds., Law for the Elephant, Law for the Beaver: Essays in the Legal History of the North American West (Regina, Sask.: Canadian Plains Research Center; Pasadena, CA: Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society, 1992) (not focused on California, but includes a chapter on anti-Chinese violence in western states, 1850-1910); Roger Daniels, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988).

[65] Lucy E. Salyer, Laws Harsh As Tigers: Chinese Immigrants and the Shaping of Modern Immigration Law (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995); falseLucy Elizabeth Salyer, Guarding the “White Man’s Frontier”: Courts, Politics, and the Regulation of Immigration, 1891-1924 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1989) (focuses on Chinese immigrants, but also covers Japanese and East Indian immigration); Lucy Salyer, “Captives of the Law: Judicial Enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Laws, 1891-1905,” Journal of American History, Vol. 76, No. 1 (June 1989), pp. 91-117; Sucheng Chan, ed., Entry Denied: Exclusion and the Chinese Community in America, 1882-1943 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991) (collection of essays, roughly half focused on law and law enforcement, from treaty rights to enforcement of exclusion acts to particular treatment of Chinese women); Kitty Calavita, “Collisions at the Intersection of Gender, Race, and Class: Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Laws,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 40 (June 2006), pp. 249-278; Kitty Calavita, “The Paradoxes of Race, Class, Identity, and ‘Passing’: Enforcing the Chinese Exclusion Acts, 1882-1910,” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 25 (Winter 2000), pp. 1-36; Ellen D. Katz, “The Six Companies and the Geary Act: A Case Study in Nineteenth-Century Civil Disobedience and Civil Rights Litigation,” Western Legal History, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1995), pp. 227-271; Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen, “The Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco and the Smuggling of Chinese Immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1882-1930,” Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 37-61; Paul Yin, “The Narratives of Chinese-American Litigation during the Chinese Exclusion Era,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 19 (2012), pp. 145-169; Emily Ryo, “Through the Back Door: Applying Theories of Legal Compliance to Illegal Immigration during the Chinese Exclusion Era,” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 31 (Winter 2006), pp. 109-141; Todd Stevens, “Tender Ties: Husbands’ Rights and Racial Exclusion in Chinese Marriage Cases, 1882-1924,” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 27 (Spring 2002), pp. 271-301; Jeffrey Scott McIllwain, Bureaucracy, Corruption, and Organized Crime: Enforcing Chinese Exclusion in San Diego, 1897-1902,” Western Legal History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2004), pp. 83-128.

[66] Estelle T. Lau, Paper Families: Identity, Immigration Administration, and Chinese Exclusion (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006) (focus is national rather than on California, but includes useful discussion of particular litigation regarding Exclusion Acts as well as on the administrative and regulatory dimensions of immigration restriction); Erika Lee, At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003) (focus is national rather than on California, though California and especially San Francisco figure prominently; details various aspects of fight over Chinese exclusion, including illegal immigration/border crossing and efforts to combat it); Erika Lee, At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1998); Erika Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example: Race, Immigration, and American Gatekeeping, 1882-1924,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 21 (Spring 2001); Robert Eric Barde, Immigration at the Golden Gate: Passenger Ships, Exclusion, and Angel Island (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008); Sen Hu & Jielin Dong, The Rocky Road to Liberty: A Documented History of Chinese Immigration and Exclusion (Saratoga, CA: Javvin Press, 2010); Him Mark Lai, “Island of Immortals: Chinese Immigrants and the Angel Island Immigration Station,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (1978), pp. 88-103; Judy Yung, “We Were Real, So There Was No Need to Be Afraid,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (2012), pp. 19-26; Ting Guo, Interpreting in a Different Legal Culture: A Study of Chinese Interpreters at Angel Island Station, 1910-1940 (master’s thesis, History, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2006).

[67] Gregory Y. Mark, “A Chinese Laundryman Fights Back: Case of In Re Byron Mark,Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 58-79 (1936 case); Sucheng Chan, “Chinese American Entrepreneur: The California Career of Chin Lung,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 73-86; Him Mark Lai & Russell Jeung, “Guilds, Unions, and Garment Factories,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (2008), pp. 1-10; Colleen Fong, “Establishing and Maintaining a Family in the Shadow of Chinese Exclusion,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (2013), pp. 39-52; Sue Fawn Chung, The Chinese American Citizens Alliance: An Effort in Assimilation, 1895–1965,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 30-57; Gordan C. Phillips, The Chinese in Sonoma County, California, 1900-1930: The Aftermath of Exclusion (master’s thesis, History, Sonoma State University, 2015); Symposium, “Civil and Uncivil Rights in California: The Early Legal History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009) (including, on Chinese Americans: Charles J. McClain, “Race, Gender, and the Loyalty Oath in Early California,” pp. 17-20; Jean Pfaelzer, “The Chinese Rewrite the Letter of the Law,” pp. 22-25; Robert Chao Romero, “Mexican and Chinese Rights in Early California,” pp. 26-28), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Civil-and-Uncivil-Rights-Excerpt-CSCHS-2009-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf.

[68] Charlotte Brooks, “The War on Grant Avenue: Business Competition and Ethnic Rivalry in San Francisco’s Chinatown, 1937-1942,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May 2011), pp. 311-330; Joan S. Wang, “The Double Burdens of Immigrant Nationalism: The Relationship between Chinese and Japanese in the American West, 1880s-1920s,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 27 No. 2 (Winter 2008), pp. 28-58 (discusses intergroup competition in response to exclusionary laws and policies).

[69] Delbert E. Wong & Marshall Wong, “Judge Delbert Wong: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2003), pp. 26-38; Arthur Gilbert, “My Friend Elwood Lui,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 22-24, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2012-Newsletter-Spring-My-Friend-Elwood-Lui.pdf; Connie Zheng, “Chinese American Heroes — Attorneys,” available at http://www.chineseamericanheroes.org/history/May%204-1898-CAH%20Attorneys%20-%20historic%20v3-dtc.pdf (provides brief history of California’s first Chinese-American attorney, You Chung Hong, along with other Chinese-American “firsts” in the law); Christina Lim & Sheldon Lim, “VFW Chinatown Eastbay Post #3956: A Story of the Fight for Non-Quota Immigration in the Postwar Period,” Amerasia Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1998), pp. 59-85; Cindy I-Fen Cheng, “Out of Chinatown and into the Suburbs: Chinese Americans and the Politics of Cultural Citizenship in Early Cold War America,” American Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 4 (December 2006), pp. 1067-1090; Charlotte Brooks, Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Charlotte Brooks, “Sing Sheng vs. Southwood: Residential Integration in Cold War California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (August 2004), pp. 463-494; Mae M. Ngai, “Legacies of Exclusion: Illegal Chinese Immigration during the Cold War Years,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Fall 1998), pp. 3-35 (includes litigation and administrative hearings).

[70] Nyan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Joan B. Trauner, “The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco, 1870-1905,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 70-87; Haiming Liu,The Resilience of Ethnic Culture: Chinese Herbalists in the American Medical Profession,” Journal of Asian American Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 1998), pp. 173-191; Emily S. Wu, “History of Traditional Chinese Medicine in California,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (2012), pp. 11-17 (1972-2012; includes discussion of laws and licensing regarding acupuncturists).

[71] George Anthony Peffer, If They Don’t Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999); George Anthony Peffer, “From under the Sojourner’s Shadow: A Historiographical Study of Chinese Female Immigration to America, 1852-1882,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Spring 1992), pp. 41-67; Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994); Katy Lain, Transaction Null and Void”: The Peculiar Citizenship Fight of Emma Wong Sing,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 96, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 405-432 (1898-1931); Judy Yung, “The Social Awakening of Chinese American Women as Reported in Chung Sai Yat Po, 1900-1911,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 80-102; Judy Yung, Unbinding the Feet, Unbinding their Lives: Social Change for Chinese Women in San Francisco, 1902-1945 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1990).

[72] Joyce Kuo, “Excluded, Segregated and Forgotten: A Historical View of the Discrimination against Chinese Americans in Public Schools,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 32-48; Joyce Kuo, “Excluded, Segregated and Forgotten: A Historical View of the Discrimination against Chinese Americans in Public Schools,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 5 (January 1998), pp. 181-212.

[73] Sucheng Chan, Using California Archives for Research in Chinese American History,Annals of the Chinese Historical Society of the Pacific Northwest, Vol. 1 (1983), pp. 49-55; Anna Naruta, Activating Legal Protections for Archaeological Remains of Historic Chinatown Sites: Lessons Learned from Oakland, California,Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 119-124.

[74] Fritz & Bakken, p. 207.

[75] Arnold Roth, The California State Supreme Court, 1860-1879: A Legal History (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1973); Arnold Roth, The California State Supreme Court, 1850-1859 (master’s thesis, History, University of Southern California, 1969).

[76] George Cosgrave, Early California Justice, The History of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California, 1849-1944 (San Francisco: Grabhorn Press, 1948); Kermit L. Hall, “Mere Party and the Magic Mirror: California’s First Lower Federal Court Appointments,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 32 (March 1981), pp. 819-837; Christian G. Fritz, Michael Griffith & Janet M. Hunter, eds., A Judicial Odyssey: Federal Court in Santa Clara, San Benito, Santa Cruz, and Monterey Counties (San Jose: San Jose Federal Court Advisory Committee, 1985); Carl Baar, When Judges Lobby: Congress and Court Administration (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, University of Chicago, 1969) (concerns establishment of federal court in San Jose); Christian G. Fritz, San Francisco’s First Federal Court: Ogden Hoffman and the Northern District of California, 1851-1891 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1986).

[77] William Wirt Blume, “California Courts in Historical Perspective,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (November 1970), pp. 121-196; Alden Ames, “The Origin and Jurisdiction of the Municipal Courts in California,” California Law Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (January 1933), pp. 117-128; Carl R. Pagter, Robert McCloskey & Mitchell Reinis, “The California Small Claims Court,” California Law Review, Vol. 52, No. 4 (October 1964), pp. 876-898; Carleton W. Kenyon, A Guide to Early California Court Organization, Practice Acts and Rules, with the Text of California Supreme Court Rules, 1850-1853 (Sacramento: California State Library, Law Library, Paper No. 21, 1968); Paul R. Murray, The Justice of the Peace in California (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, Stanford University, 1953).

[78] Christian G. Fritz, Federal Justice: The California Court of Ogden Hoffman, 1851-1891 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Christian G. Fritz, “Judge Ogden Hoffman and the Northern District of California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1988), pp. 99-110; Christian G. Fritz, “Judicial Style in California’s Federal Admiralty Court: Ogden Hoffman and the First Ten Years, 1851-1861,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Fall 1982), pp. 1-25; Christian G. Fritz, “The Judicial Business of a Nineteenth-Century Federal Trial Court: The Northern District of California, 1851-1891,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992), pp. 217-251; Christian G. Fritz, “A Nineteenth Century Habeas Corpus Mill’: The Chinese Before the Federal Courts in California,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 32, No. 4 (October 1988), pp. 347-372. See also Christian G. Fritz, “Rethinking the American Constitutional Tradition: National Dimensions in the Formation of State Constitutions,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 103-127; Christian G. Fritz, “The American Constitutional Tradition Revisited: Preliminary Observations On State Constitution-Making In The Nineteenth-Century West,” Rutgers Law Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp.  945-998; Christian G. Fritz, “More than ‘Shreds and Patches’: California’s First Bill of Rights,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1989); Christian G. Fritz, “Politics and the Courts: The Struggle over Land in San Francisco, 1846-1866,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Winter 1986), pp. 127-164.

[79] Gordon Morris Bakken, “The Courts, the Legal Profession, and the Development of Law in Early California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 74-95; Gordon Morris Bakken, “Looking Back: The Court and California Law in 1897,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 121-146; Gordon Morris Bakken, California’s Constitutional Conventions Create our Courts,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 33-54.

[80] Gordon Morris Bakken, “Looking Back: The Court and California Law in 1897,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 121-146; Gordon M. Bakken, “Becoming Progressive: The California Supreme Court, 1880-1910,” Historian, Vol. 64, No. 3/4 (Spring-Summer 2002), 551-565; Charles J. McClain, “The California Supreme Court, 1940-1964: The Gibson Era,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 3-102; Lucy Salyer, “A Progressive Judiciary: The California Supreme Court and Judicial Reform in the Progressive Era,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 103-120.

[81] Edmund G. Brown, Sr., “Appointments to the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 109-118; Edmund Ursin, “California Supreme Court and Judicial Lawmaking: The Jurisprudence of the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 383-392; Donald R. Wright, “The Argument of an Appeal before the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 89-98; Evan R. Youngstrom, “Judicial Lawmaking, Public Policy, and the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 393-422.

[82] Robert H. Kroninger, “The Court’s First Year: Colorful and Chaotic,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 139-144; Harry N. Scheiber, “California — Laboratory of Legal Innovation,” Experience: Magazine of the Senior Lawyers Division, American Bar Association, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Winter 2001) (on California’s leading role in judicial, legislative, and voter-initiative lawmaking, at the request of editor Selma Moidel Smith), pp. 4-7; “California — Laboratory of Legal Innovation” (transcriptions of talks by Kathryn M. Werdegar, Joseph R. Grodin, Robert F. Williams, Gerald F. Uelmen, Elwood Lui, and Jake Dear at panel program sponsored by California Supreme Court Historical Society, California State Bar Annual Meeting, Monterey, Oct. 7, 2006), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2006, Supplement), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CSCHS-Monterey-2006.pdf; Jake Dear & Edward W. Jessen, “‘Followed Rates’ and Leading State Cases, 1940–2005,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 41 (2007), pp. 683-711 (using data on “followed rates” to conclude “that the California Supreme Court has long been, and continues to be, the most followed state supreme court”); Jake Dear, “Historic Sites of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 63-94; Kermit L. Hall, “Dissent on the California Supreme Court, 18501920,” Social Science History, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Spring 1987), pp. 63-83; Charles McClain, “Racial Minorities and the Schools: A Look at the Early Decisions of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 55-62; Charles W. McCurdy, Prelude to Civil War: A Snapshot of the California Supreme Court at Work in 1858,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 3-32; Bruce R. Bringhurst, “The California Supreme Court and the Progressive Railroad Commission, 1913-1923,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Summer 1975), pp. 179-201; Victor E. Schwartz, “Judicial Adoption of Comparative Negligence — The Supreme Court of California Takes a Historic Stand,” Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 281-291; Kathryn Mickle Werdegar, “Living With Direct Democracy: The California Supreme Court and the Initiative Power — 100 Years of Accommodation,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 143-163; Robert M. Yonkers, On the Reputation of the California, Michigan and New Jersey Supreme Courts (master’s thesis, Political Science, Wayne State University, 2014); John Henry Merryman, “The Authority of Authority: What the California Supreme Court Cited in 1950,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 6 (July 1954), pp. 613-673; Gayle Vogt, Education Decision Making: The Influence of the Political and Social Environment on the Justices of the California Supreme Court, 1954-1982 (doctoral dissertation, Education, Claremont Graduate School, 1985); Malcolm Tuft, “The California Supreme Court and I: A Reminiscence,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 275-282; Peter Belton & Germaine LaBerge, “Peter Belton Oral History” (edited and with notes by Laura McCreery; “Introduction” by Jake Dear), California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 1-120 (long-serving judicial attorney for the California Supreme Court); The California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (serial publication available at http://www.cschs.org/publications/cschs-newsletter); Ira Reiner & George Glenn Size, “The Law through a Looking Glass: Our Supreme Court and the Use and Abuse of the California Declaration of Rights,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 23, No. 3 (April 1992), pp. 1183-1286. For some contemporary discussion of the acrimonious reconfirmation election of 1986 that unseated Chief Justice Rose Bird and two of her associate justices, see Phillip E. Johnson, Backgrounder: The Civil Cases. Four Representative Decisions of the California Supreme Court (Santa Monica: The Supreme Court Project, 1986) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986), available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/226; Phillip E. Johnson, The Court on Trial: The California Judicial Election of 1986 (Santa Monica: The Supreme Court Project, 1985) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986); Independent Citizens’ Committee to Keep Politics Out of The Court, “The Court on Trial:” An Analysis of Phillip Johnson’s Attack on the California Supreme Court (Golden Gate University School of Law Digital Commons, California Agencies Collection, Paper 223, 1986) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986), available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/223; see also Judges (Rose Bird).

[83] George Cosgrave, “Early California Justice: The History of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California 1849-1895,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1989), pp. 191-231; Christian G. Fritz, “The Judicial Business of a Nineteenth-Century Federal Trial Court: The Northern District of California, 1851-1891,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992), pp. 217-251; Christian G. Fritz, “A Nineteenth Century Habeas Corpus Mill’: The Chinese Before the Federal Courts in California,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 32, No. 4 (October 1988), pp. 347-372; David C. Frederick, “How Immigration and the Ninth Circuit Grew the West: A Historical Perspective,” Western Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2001), pp. 29-36 (focuses especially on Chinese immigrants’cases).

[84] David C. Frederick, Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the American West, 1891-1941 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (of course not exclusively about California, but many key episodes, including western railroad construction and operation, Chinese exclusion, the Hetch Hetchy battle, and the Colorado River Compact, do substantially focus on California); Bradley B. Williams, “When California’s Southern District Became Central: A Brief Look at the Historical Context of the Central District in 1966,” Southwestern University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2007), pp. 175-190; Vaughn R. Walker, “Significant Events from the Northern District of California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), pp. 61-65; John T. McGreevy, “The Northern District of California and the Vietnam Draft,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Summer 1989), pp. 255-280; James Ware & Brian Davy, “History, Content, Application and Influence of the Northern District of California’s Patent Local Rules,” Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (2008-2009), pp. 965-1032; J. Clifford Wallace, “Historical Reflections on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 257-264; Stephen L. Wasby, “The Loma Prieta Earthquake and the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals,” Western Legal History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1998), pp. 185-213.

[85] Gordon Morris Bakken, “The Courts, the Legal Profession, and the Development of Law in Early California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 74-95; David M. Gold, “Reforming the Civil Jury in the Nineteenth-Century West: Jury Size and Unanimity of Verdicts,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2002), pp. 137-164; Paul R. Spitzzeri, “On a Case-by-Case Basis: Ethnicity and Los Angeles Courts, 1850-1875,” California History, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 26-39; John J. Stanley, Bearers of the Burden: Justices of the Peace, Their Courts and the Law in Orange County, California, 1870-1907,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 1 (1992), pp. 37-67; Mark Thomas, Wielding the Gavel: The Story of the Courts of San Benito County from 1874 through 1994 (San Jose, CA: Alma Press, 1996); John G. Edmonds & Spring Denser, The Early Courts of San Mateo County. (San Mateo, CA: self-published, 1986); William W. Morrow, Historical Introduction to California Jurisprudence (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1921); Orrin K. McMurray, Seventy-Five Years of California Jurisprudence (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, 1925).

[86] Striving for Justice, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow: A History of the California Courts of Appeal on the Occasion of Their Centennial Celebration (San Francisco: Administrative Office of the Courts, Office of Communications, 2005); Larry L. es, Committed to Justice: The Rise of Judicial Administration in California (San Francisco: Administrative Office of the California Courts, 2002); Harry N. Scheiber, “Innovation, Resistance, and Change: A History of Judicial Reform and the California Courts, 1960-1990,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 66 (July 1993), pp. 2049-2120; Preble Stolz & Kathleen Gunn, “The California Judicial Council: The Beginnings of an Institutional History,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 11, No. 4 (July 1980), pp. 877-906; Judicial Council of California Advisory Committee on Gender Bias in the Courts, “Achieving Equal Justice for Women and Men in the Courts,” Women & Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2011), pp. 76-15 ff. (74 total pages) (1987-1990; executive summary of Advisory Committee’s 1990 report suggesting reforms in various potential problem areas); Michael C. Campbell, “The Emergence of Penal Extremism in California: A Dynamic View of Institutional Structures and Political Processes,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 48 (June 2014), pp. 377-405; Kerry R. Bensinger, “From Public Charity to Social Justice: The Role of the Court in California’s General Relief Program,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1988), pp. 497-541; Russell J. Hanlon, “From the Agliano Era into the Cottle Era: A Review of the Opinions of the California Court of Appeal for the Sixth Appellate District in Civil Cases Decided in 1991 through 1993,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 26 (1994), pp. 1-84; William J. Howatt, Jr., Law, Justice and Courts in San Diego: A Glimpse of History (?: ?, 2002); George Deukmejian & Clifford K. Thompson, Jr., “All Sail and No Anchor — Judicial Review under the California Constitution,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Summer 1979), pp. 975-1010; Robert A. Seligson & John S. Warnlof, “The Use of Unreported Cases in California,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 24, No. 1 (November 1972), pp. 37-54 (traces the historical practice). For an example of a county court historical website, see, e.g., The Superior Court of California, County of Los Angeles, Historical Perspective, available at http://www.lacourt.org/generalinfo/aboutthecourt/GI_AC004.aspx.

[87] Harold W. Kennedy & James W. Briggs, “Historical and Legal Aspects of the California Grand Jury System,” California Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 2 (May 1955), pp. 265-281; Louis M. Aragon, “The Federal and California Grand Jury Systems: Historical Function, Procedural Differences and Move to Reform,” Criminal Justice Journal, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Fall 1981), pp. 95-112; Michael Vitiello & J. Clark Kelso, “Reform of California’s Grand Jury System,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 2 (January 2002), pp. 513-607.

[88] Miroslava Chávez-García, States of Delinquency: Race and Science in the Making of California’s Juvenile Justice System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012); Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) (research focuses on Oakland and Los Angeles); Mary Odem, “Single Mothers, Delinquent Daughters, and the Juvenile Court in Early 20th Century Los Angeles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Autumn 1991), pp. 27-43; Laura Mihailoff, Protecting Our Children: A History of the California Youth Authority and Juvenile Justice, 1938-1968 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2005); falseI. P. Tompkins, A History of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County (master’s thesis, History, University of Southern California, 1936); Janis Appier, “‘We’re Blocking Youth’s Path to Crime’: The Los Angeles Coordinating Councils during the Great Depression,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 31, No. 2 (January 2005), pp. 190-218; Beatriz Jiminez, A Policy Analysis of the California Gang Violence and Juvenile Crime Prevention Act of 1998 (master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 2012) (Proposition 21 of 1998).

[89] See, e.g., Jerome Farris, “The Ninth Circuit — Most Maligned Circuit in the Country — Fact or Fiction,” Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 58, No. 4 (1997-1998), pp. 1465-1472; Carl Tobias, “Natural Resources and the White Commission Report,” Oregon Law Review, Vol. 79, No. 3 (Fall 2000), pp. 619-646 (concerns plans to split Ninth Circuit, noting complaints of California judges’ domination of Pacific Northwest); Carl Tobias, “Congress Considers Bill to Split Ninth Circuit,” Judicature, Vol. 79, No. 4 (January-February 1996). There are many other statements regarding a proposed split, many of them written by Ninth Circuit judges themselves.

[90] Larry L. Sipes, Committed to Justice: The Rise of Judicial Administration in California (San Francisco: Administrative Office of the California Courts, 2002); William E. Davis & Terry Nafisi, “William E. Davis: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2002), pp. 167-187 (court administrator — Circuit Executive of the Ninth Circuit); “Frank McGuire, New Clerk/Administrator of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2013), pp. 15-16, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2013-Newsletter-Spring-Frank-McGuire-Appointed.pdf.

[91] Sara Mayeux, “The Case of the Black-Gloved Rapist: Defining the Public Defender’s Role in the California Courts, 1913-1948,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 217-239; Laurence A. Benner, “The California Public Defender: Its Origins, Evolution and Decline,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 173-215 (1893 to 2010); Pamela J. Franks, “Federal Defender Organizations in the Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 21-33; “Clara Foltz and the Role of the Public Defender,” (April 21, 2011 public program by the Women Lawyers Association of Los Angeles, co-sponsored by the California Supreme Court Historical Society), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2011), pp. 12-30 (transcriptions of talks: L.A. County Public Defender Ronald L. Brown, “Opening Remarks,” p. 13; Arthur L. Alarcón, “Welcome,” pp. 13-15; Lee Smalley Edmon, “Greetings,” p. 15; Barbara Babcock, “Clara Foltz and the Public Defender,” pp. 16-19; Myrna Raeder, “Public Defense and the Women’s Movement,” pp. 19-22; Samantha Buckingham, “Prosecutorial Misconduct in the Modern Age,” pp. 23-27; Carlton F. Gunn, “Public Defense and the Legislative Process,” pp. 27-31), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Clara-Foltz-Presentation-2011-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf.

[92] Peter Belton & Germaine LaBerge, “Peter Belton Oral History” (edited and with notes by Laura McCreery; “Introduction” by Jake Dear), California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 1-120 (long-serving judicial attorney for the California Supreme Court); Malcolm Tuft, “The California Supreme Court and I: A Reminiscence,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 275-282; Ramona Martinez, “California Reports, Volume One: The Backstory to a Constitutional First,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2012), pp. 13-16 (on the first volume of California Reports), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2012-Newsletter-Fall-CA-Reports-Vol-1.pdf; Ting Guo, Interpreting in a Different Legal Culture: A Study of Chinese Interpreters at Angel Island Station, 1910-1940 (master’s thesis, History, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2006) (court interpreters are featured); Karen Kaer, “The Story of Wallace K. Strong,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 30, No. 6 (November/December 1982), pp. 7-10 (longtime Humboldt County court reporter); Edward W. Jessen, “Headnotes About the Reporters, 1850–1990” (of the California Supreme Court), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2007), pp. 1, 5-8, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2007-Newsletter-Headnotes-about-Reporters.pdf.

[93] Ray McDevitt, ed., Courthouses of California: An Illustrated History (Berkeley: Heyday Books and the California Historical Society Press, 2001); Ray McDevitt, “ ‘The Commonwealth’ — A Lost Art” (on the original mural in the courtroom of California Supreme Court), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2011), pp. 2-6, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2011-Newsletter-Spring-The-Commonwealth.pdf; Mark Thompson, “The Little Old Courthouse from Pasadena,” California Lawyer, Vol. 8, No. 6 (1988), pp. 24-25; “Remarks of Judge W.W. Morrow at opening of the United States Post Office and court house, August 29, 1905,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, Nos. 1/2 (2005), pp. 29-35; Margaret McKeown, “Introduction,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, Nos. 1/2 (2005), pp. 1-13; William Deverell, “A Sense of the Time,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, Nos. 1/2 (2005), pp. 53-60; August G. Headman, “An Architect’s View of the San Francisco Courthouse,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, Nos. 1/2 (2005), pp. 23-28; Francis J. Dyer, “A Post Office That’s a Palace: Details Concerning the Magnificent Structure Uncle Sam has Built in San Francisco,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, Nos. 1/2 (2005), pp. 15-21; Stephen J. Farneth, “ ‘A Post Office That’s a Palace’: U.S. Court of Appeals and Post Office Building,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp. 57-77; J. Clifford Wallace, “The Seventh and Mission Courthouse: Past, Present, Future,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Fall 1992), pp. 3-6; Elizabeth R. Feffer, “A House for Equal Justice: The Los Angeles County Courthouse and Architect Paul Williams,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2014), pp. 15-18, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Spring-Paul-Williams.pdf.

[94] See, e.g., “Richard H. Chambers U.S. Court of Appeals, Pasadena, CA — Building Overview,” available at http://www.gsa.gov/portal/ext/html/site/hb/category/25431/actionParameter/exploreByBuilding/buildingId/825; Federal Judicial Center, History of the Federal Judiciary website, Historic Federal Courthouses, available at http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj; Ninth Circuit Judicial Historical Society website, available at http://www.njchs.org/; United States District Court, Northern District of California, About the Court (historical website), available at http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/about; Court History, Official Homepage of the Historical Society for the United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, available at http://courthistory.tripod.com; California Supreme Court Historical Society website, available at http://www.cschs.org/history/; Gerald Brown, “California Court of Appeal, 4th District, Division One History,” available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2763.htm; Striving for Justice: Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow (exhibit on the history of the California Court of Appeal and the Third District), available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/documents/exhibitpanels.pdf; Temples of Justice (historic California courthouses), available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/4563.htm.

[95] Clare V. McKanna, Jr., Race and Homicide in Nineteenth-Century California (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2002); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., The Trial of “Indian Joe”: Race and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “The Origins of San Quentin, 1851-1880,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 49-54; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Ethnics and San Quentin Prison Registers: A Comment on Methodology,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Spring 1985), pp. 477-482; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Chinese Tongs, Homicide, and Justice in Nineteenth-Century California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2000), pp. 205-238; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “The Treatment of Indian Murderers in San Diego, 1850-1900,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter 1990); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “An Old Town ‘Gunfight’: The Homicide Trial of Cave Johnson Couts, 1866,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Fall 1998); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Enclaves of Violence in Nineteenth-Century California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (August 2004), pp. 391-423; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego, 1900-1930,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 44-65; John R. Wunder & Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Chinese and California: A Torturous Legal Relationship,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 195-216.

[96] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 211-213.

[97] Michael Griffith, Law Enforcement and Urban Growth: Oakland, California, 1850-1910 (doctoral dissertation History, University of California, Berkeley, 1981); Ronald C. Woolsey, “Crime and Punishment: Los Angeles County, 1850-1856,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Spring 1979), pp. 79-98; Roger D. McGrath, Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

[98] Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, The Roots of Justice: Crime and Punishment in Alameda County, California, 1870-1910 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1981).

[99] Lawrence M. Friedman, “Plea Bargaining in Historical Perspective,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 13, No. 2 (Winter 1979), pp. 247-259; Lawrence M. Friedman & Robert V. Percival, “The Processing of Felonies in the Superior Court of Alameda County 1880-1974,” Law & History Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (Summer 1987), pp. 413-436; Lawrence M. Friedman & Paul Tabor, “A Pacific Rim: Crime and Punishment in Santa Clara County, 1922,” Law & History Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Spring 1992), pp. 131-152; Lawrence M. Friedman, “The O. J. Simpson Trial and American Criminal Justice,” Bot Bandhit Law Journal, Vol. 52, § 1 (March 1996), pp. 3-11 (Thai law journal).

[100] Kevin J. Mullen, “Murder in Mexican San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 79 (Fall 2009), pp. 36-39 (1821-1831); Kevin Mullen, “Crime, Politics, and Punishment in Mexican San Francisco,” Califomians, Vol. 7, No. 5 (January/February 1990), pp. 46-55; Brian T. McCormack, “Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 16, No. 3 (September 2007), pp. 391-415; Kevin J. Mullen, Dangerous Strangers: Minority Newcomers and Criminal Violence in the Urban West, 1850-2000 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Kevin J. Mullen, Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1989); William B. Secrest, California Desperadoes: Stories of Early California Outlaws in Their Own Words (Clovis, CA: Word Dancer Press, 2000); William D. Carrigan & Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Ruth Tone, “Victim’s Rights on the Frontier,” Journal of the West, Vol. 26, No. 4 (October 1987), pp. 52-57 (includes discussion of California along with other states); falseMark James Connolly, Social Deviance in the Shadows of the Presidio: Crime and Punishment in Santa Barbara County, California, 1850-1900 (Hispanic; Chinese; Black) (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1987); falseHenry P. Thayer, A Man for Breakfast: Crime and Violence in Inyo during the 1870s (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 2004); Hank Thayer, “‘A Man for Breakfast: Crime and Violence in Inyo County during the 1870s,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Enclaves of Violence in Nineteenth-Century California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (August 2004), pp. 391-423; Jeffrey Scott McIllwain, Bureaucracy, Corruption, and Organized Crime: Enforcing Chinese Exclusion in San Diego, 1897-1902,” Western Legal History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2004), pp. 83-128; Lyle A. Dale,The Police and Crime in Late-Nineteenth-and Early Twentieth Century San Luis Obispo County, California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 202-223; James R. Smith & W. Lane Rogers, The California Snatch Racket: Kidnappings during the Prohibition and Depression Eras (Fresno: Quill Drive Books, 2010); Janis Appier, “‘We’re Blocking Youth’s Path to Crime’: The Los Angeles Coordinating Councils during the Great Depression,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 31, No. 2 (January 2005), pp. 190-218; Miguel A. Mendez, “California’s Implausible Crime of Assault,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 391-448; John W. Poulos, “The Judicial Process and Substantive Criminal Law: The Legacy of Roger Traynor,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 2 (January 1996), pp. 429-544; Richard A. Beck, Harold Brackman & Selma Lesser, A Measure of Justice: An Empirical Study of Changes in the California Penal Code, 1955-1971 (New York: Academic Press, 1977);  Walter L. Gordon, Political, Ideological, and Institutional Aspects of Comprehensive Criminal Law Reform in California, 1960-1975 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1981); Claude S. Fischer, “The Spread of Violent Crime from City to Countryside, 1955 to 1975,” Rural Sociology, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Fall 1980), pp. 416-434; Ronald A. Harris & J. Fred Springer, Plea Bargaining as a Game: An Empirical Analysis of Negotiated Sentencing Decisions,” Policy Studies Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (November 1984), pp. 245-258.

[101] Gordon Morris Bakken & Brenda Farrington, Women Who Kill Men: California Courts, Gender, and the Press (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009) (covers notorious cases from the 1800s through the 1950s); Carol Haber, The Trials of Laura Fair: Sex, Murder, and Insanity in the Victorian West (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013) (sensational 1870 San Francisco murder); Linda S. Parker, “Murderous Women and Mild Justice: A Look at Female Violence in Pre-1910 San Diego, San Luis Obispo and Tuolumne Counties,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 22-49; Kathleen A. Cairns, The Enigma Woman: The Death Sentence of Nellie May Madison (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007); Kathleen Cairns, “‘Enigma Woman’ Nellie Madison: Femme Fatales & Noir Fiction,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 54, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 14-25 (1934-1943); Kathleen A. Cairns, Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

[102] Clare V. McKanna, Jr., Race and Homicide in Nineteenth-Century California (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2002); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “The Treatment of Indian Murderers in San Diego, 1850-1900,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter 1990); Kevin J. Mullen, “Murder in Mexican San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 79 (Fall 2009), pp. 36-39 (1821-1831); Brian T. McCormack, “Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 16, No. 3 (September 2007), pp. 391-415; Sheila O’Hare, Irene Berry, & Jesse Silva, Legal Executions in California: A Comprehensive Registry, 1851-2005 (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2012); Timothy Lee Miller, Evolving Justice: The History of the Superior Court of San Bernardino County, California — A Look at Homicide, Race, Gender, Justice, Legal Culture and Administrative Development, 1850-1930 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1999); Johnny D. Boggs, Great Murder Trials of the Old West (Plano: Republic of Texas Press, 2003); Theodore Hamm, Rebel and a Cause: Caryl Chessman and the Politics of the Death Penalty in Postwar California, 1948-1974 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); see also chapter in Ethan Rarick, California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) regarding Chessman and the death penalty; Miguel A. Méndez, The California Supreme Court and the Felony Murder Rule: A Sisyphean Challenge?,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 241-286; Alan Rogers, “State Constitutionalism and the Death Penalty,” Journal of Policy History, Vol. 20, No. 1 (January 2008), pp. 143-156 (discusses California and Massachusetts); William B. Secrest, “Isaiah W. Lees,” American West, Vol. 17, No. 5 (1980), pp. 28-33 (investigation leading to first death sentence execution in Anglo California in the 1800s); James M. Sintic, “Last Hanging in Humboldt County,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 32, No. 5 (September/October 1984), pp. 10-15; Mitchell Keiter, “How Evolving Social Values Have Shaped (And Reshaped) California Criminal Law,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 393-442; Eric H. Monkkonen, “Homicide in Los Angeles, 1827-2002,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Autumn 2005), pp. 167-183; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “An Old Town ‘Gunfight’: The Homicide Trial of Cave Johnson Couts, 1866,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Fall 1998); Phil Brigandi & John W. Robinson, “The Killing of Juan Diego: From Murder to Mythology,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 40, Nos. 1/2 (Winter 1994); Harry Farrell, Swift Justice: Murder and Vengeance in a California Town (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992) (1933 San Jose lynching of two suspects after murder of Brooke Hart); Suzanne Mounts, “Malice Aforethought in California: A History of Legislative Abdication and Judicial Vacillation,” University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring 1999), pp. 313-378; Tobias Freestone, “Elementary, My Dear Watson: The Evolution to Strict Liability Murder Thirty Years after People v. Watson,” Whittier Law Review, Vol. 33 (Fall 2001), pp. 243-273; Naida Olsen Gipson, “The Coyote Flat Murders,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 24-25; Victor Edmund Villaseñor, “Juan Corona: A Man and a Community: Contemporary History,” Aztlan, Vol. 3, No. 2 (September 1972), pp. 233-255 (case of a serial murderer of Hispanic workers in Yuba City, 1971); John W. Poulos, “Capital Punishment, the Legal Process, and the Emergence of the Lucas Court in California,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Winter 1990), pp. 157-332; John W. Poulos, “The Lucas Court and Capital Punishment: The Original Understanding of the Special Circumstances,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (1990), pp. 333-471; Richard S. Kim, “A Conversation with Chol Soo Lee and K.W. Lee,” Amerasia Journal, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2005), pp. 76-108 (murder case and wrongful conviction of a Korean immigrant); Stephen Reinhardt, “The Supreme Court, the Death Penalty, and the Harris Case,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 102, No. 1 (October 1992), pp. 205-224; Stephen Reinhardt, “The Anatomy of an Execution: Fairness vs. ‘Process’,” New York University Law Review, Vol. 74, No. 2 (May 1999), pp. 313-353 (discusses 1998 execution of Thomas Thompson for murder in California); Jerome B. Falk, “The Death Penalty Litigation: Hill v. Nelson Remembered, Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 1988); Mitchell Keiter, “Fifty Years of the Washington-Gilbert Provocative Act Doctrine: Time for an Early Retirement?,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 163-202; Leslie Abramson & Richard Flaste, The Defense Is Ready: Life in the Trenches of Criminal Law (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997) (biography of a high-profile criminal defense attorney specializing in homicide and death penalty cases, including those of the Menendez brothers, Jeremy Strohmeyer, and Phil Spector, among others); Kelsey Hollander, “The Death Penalty Debate: Comparing the United States Supreme  Court’s Interpretation of the Eighth Amendment to that of the California Supreme Court and a Prediction of the Supreme Court’s Ruling in Glossip v. Gross,California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 417-436.

[103] See, e.g., Darnell M. Hunt, O.J. Simpson Facts and Fictions: News Rituals in the Construction of Reality (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jerrianne Hayslett, Anatomy of a Trial: Public Loss, Lessons Learned from the People vs. O. J. Simpson (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008); “Symposium — People v. Simpson: Perspectives on the Implications for the Criminal Justice System,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 4 (May 1996); “Symposium — O.J. Simpson and the Criminal Justice System on Trial,” University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 4 (1996); Lawrence M. Friedman, “The O. J. Simpson Trial and American Criminal Justice,” Bot Bandhit Law Journal, Vol. 52, § 1 (March 1996), pp. 3-11 (Thai law journal); Gilbert Geis & Leigh B. Bienen, Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998) (includes Chapter 6, “O.J. Simpson (1994): Can the Rich Buy Reasonable Doubt?,” commenting at length on legal aspects of case and including suggestions for further reading); Peter Charles Hoffer, “Invisible Worlds and Criminal Trials The Cases of John Proctor and O. J. Simpson,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (July 1997), pp. 287-314; see also Notorious Cases.

[104] Eduardo Obregón Pagán, Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Frank P. Barajas, “The Defense Committees of Sleepy Lagoon,” Aztlan, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 33-62; Carlos Larralde, “Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 117-160; Elizabeth R. Escobedo, “The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 133-156. The papers of the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee are held at UCLA’s Young Research Library, Special Collections department.

[105] Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Chinese Tongs, Homicide, and Justice in Nineteenth-Century California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (2000), pp. 205-238; Paul R. Spitzzerri, “‘Shall Law Stand for Naught?’: The Los Angeles Chinese Massacre of 1871 at Trial,” California Legal History, Vol. 3 (2008), pp. 185-224; Diana L. Ahmad, The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007). See also the various writings of Kevin J. Mullen regarding the policing of San Francisco’s Chinatown in the 19th century, under the heading Police & Law Enforcement.

[106] Douglas William Kieso, The California Three Strikes Law: The Undemocratic Production of Injustice (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, 2003); falseDouglas W. Kieso, Unjust Sentencing and the California Three Strikes Law (El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, 2005); falseStacey L. Barnes, A Policy Analysis of the Three Strikes Law: History, Expectations, and Racial Disparity in Sentencing (master’s thesis, Political Science, Southern University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, 2010); Jennifer Edwards Walsh, Dismissing Strikes “in the Furtherance of Justice”: An Analysis of Prosecutorial and Judicial Discretion under the California Three-Strikes Law (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, Claremont Graduate University, 2000);http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif Michael George Webb, Three-Strikes Law: The Impact of Four Critical Issues (doctoral dissertation, Public Administration, University of La Verne, 1999); James A. Ardaiz, “California’s Three Strikes Law: History, Expectations, Consequences,” McGeorge Law Review, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2000), pp. 1-36; Elsa Y. Chen, “Impacts of ‘Three Strikes and You’re Out’ on Crime Trends in California and Throughout the United States,” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, Vol. 24, No. 4 (November 2008), pp. 345-370; Naomi Harlin Goodno, “Career Criminals Targeted: The Verdict is in, California’s Three Strikes Law Proves Effective,” Golden Gate University Law Review, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Winter 2007), pp. 461-485; Linda S. Beres & Thomas D. Griffith, “Did Three Strikes Cause the Recent Drop in California Crime: An Analysis of the California Attorney General’s Report,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 32, No. 1 (January 1996), pp. 101-132.

[107] Jacqueline Baker-Barnhart, The Fair but Frail: Prostitution in San Francisco, 1849-1900 (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986); Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994); Brenda Elaine Pillors, The Criminalization of Prostitution in the United States: The Case of San Francisco, 1854-1919 (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, 1982); Linda S. Parker, “Statutory Change and Ethnicity in Sex Crimes in Four California Counties, 1880-1920,” Western Legal History, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1993), pp. 69-91 (review of 265 sex crime prosecutions shows differential treatment of people of color relative to Anglos); Lynn M. Hudson, “‘Strong Animal Passions’ in the Gilded Age: Race, Sex, and a Senator on Trial,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 9, No. 1/2 (January/April 2000), pp. 62-84 (Senator William Sharon case, San Francisco, 1882-1892); H. Mark Wild, “Red Light Kaleidoscope: Prostitution and Ethnoracial Relations in Los Angeles, 1880-1940,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 28, No. 6 (September 2002), pp. 720-742 (1880-1940); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego, 1900-1930,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 44-65; Grace Peña Delgado, “Common Punishments for Common Crimes: The Early Mann Act and Sexual Control at the US-Mexico Borderlands,” Password, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Spring 2014), pp. 5-27 (1910-1916); Catherine Christensen, “Mujeres Públicas: American Prostitutes in Baja California, 1910–1930,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 2 (May 2013), pp. 215-247 (cross-border migration of prostitution was substantially driven by Progressive-era crackdown on prostitution in (Alta) California cities); Jennifer Teresa Mayer, An Historical Analysis and Comparison of California’s Involuntary Civil Commitment Law and Sexually Violent Predator Law

http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif

(master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 1999); Chrysanthi Settlage Leon, Compulsion and Control: Sex Crime and Criminal Justice Policy in California, 1930-2007 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2007);http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif Bonni Kay Cermak, In the Interest of Justice: Legal Narratives of Sex, Gender, Race and Rape in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles, 1920-1960 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Oregon, 2005); Bonnie Cermak, “An Average Male of His Type,” California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 121-141 (discusses construction of statutory rape in 1940s California in a racial context); Amanda H. Littauer, “The B-Girl Evil: Bureaucracy, Sexuality, and the Menace of Barroom Vice in Postwar California,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 12, No. 2 (April 2003), pp. 171-204 (concerns San Francisco liquor laws, and enterprising prostitutes preying on drunks, etc., 1950-1959); Josh Sides, “Excavating the Postwar Sex District in San Francisco,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2006), pp. 355-379  (evolution of sex district and of definition of obscenity, etc.); Mark Benson Deloach, A Toulmin Analysis of Miller v. California (master’s thesis, Communication, University of North Texas, 1986) (concerns Miller v. California, 413 U.S. 15 (1973), the landmark obscenity case); Lou Ann Wieand, Judgments of Dangerousness: An Analysis of Mental Hospital Decisions to Release Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders (doctoral dissertation, Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 1983); Kay Leslie Levine, Prosecution, Politics and Pregnancy: Enforcing Statutory Rape in California (doctoral dissertation, Jurisprudence and Social Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 2003) (covers 1990s-); Yonatan Moskowitz, “Not in My Digital Backyard: Proposition 35 and California's Sex Offender Username Registry,” Stanford Law & Policy Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2013), pp. 571-580 (provides history of Californians Against Sexual Exploitation (CASE) Act and state sex offender laws); Lauren Williams, “California’s Anti-Revenge Porn Legislation: Good Intentions, Unconstitutional Result,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 297-338.

[108] Gilman Marston Ostrander, The Prohibition Movement in California, 1848-1933 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957); Clifford Walker, One Eye Closed, the Other Red: The California Bootlegging Years (Barstow, CA: Back Door Publishing, 1999); Richard Mendelson, From Demon to Darling: A Legal History of Wine in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009); Lin Weber, Prohibition in the Napa Valley: Castles Under Siege (Mt. Pleasant, SC: The History Press, 2013); Jonathan Mayer, “The Vine Vote: Why California Went Dry,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 355-390; Kenneth D. Rose, “Wettest in the West: San Francisco & Prohibition in 1924,” California History, Vol. 65, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 284-295 (resistance to and lax enforcement of Prohibition laws in Frisco). Regarding later legal treatment of intoxication, see Peter Goodman & Richard Idell, “The Public Inebriate and the Police in California: The Perils of Piece-Meal Reform,” Golden Gate University Law Review, Vol. 5 (1974-1975), pp. 259-303 (chiefly concerns 1960s-1970s).

[109] Ramon D. Chacon, “The Beginning of Racial Segregation: The Chinese in West Fresno and Chinatown’s Role as Red Light District, 1870s-1920s,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Winter 1988), pp. 371-398; Vickey Kalambakal, “The Battle of Santa Monica Bay,” American History, Vol. 37, No. 1 (April 2002), p. 36 (1939 crackdown on off-shore gambling ships; these gambling ships were featured in Raymond Chandler’s second novel, Farewell, My Lovely (1940)); W. J. “Hap” Waters, “Down Memory Lane,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 19, No. 2 (March/April 1971), p. 4 (illegal gambling in Humboldt County); Christopher M. Sterba, “Taming the Wild West in the Late 1940s,” California History, Vol. 92, No. 1 (Spring 2015), pp. 27-52 (concerns cleaning up gambling and other vice in the Bay Area community of El Cerrito).

[110] Roberta Anne Hobson, End of Her Rope: The Creation of “the Fair Prisoner” and “the Degenerate” through Binary Opposition in San Diego Courtrooms, 1885-1910 (master’s thesis, History, San Diego State University, 1998); falseIon Puschila, Women on a Frontier in Transition: 1880s Criminal and Civil Actions in the Superior Court of San Bernardino (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1999).

[111] Kate Sproul & Rebecca LaVally, California’s Response to Domestic Violence: A History of Policy Issues and Legislative Actions to Combat Domestic Violence in California (Sacramento: California Senate Office of Research, 2003); Tatia Jordan, “The Efficacy of the California Stalking Law: Surveying Its Evolution, Extracting Insights from Domestic Violence Cases,” Hastings Women’s Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 363-383.

[112] James Bell & Nicole Lim, “Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2005), pp. 626-650; Beatriz Jiminez, A Policy Analysis of the California Gang Violence and Juvenile Crime Prevention Act of 1998 (master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 2012) (Proposition 21 of 1998). There must be many other sources concerning the history and legal aspects of California gangs, but if so, they mostly didn’t come up in the database searches for this bibliography. There is a lot of material about gangs in general, but not necessarily specifically about California gangs and legal history. As with other topics involving the law, many studies of gangs are, of course, likely to be present-oriented rather than historical in nature, in fields such as sociology, social work, criminology, law, etc. Searches regarding particular notable California street and/or prison gangs, such as the Bloods, the Crips, the Mexican Mafia, the Hell’s Angels, the Aryan Brotherhood, etc., might or might not be more fruitful specifically regarding California legal history. A general Internet search sometimes may also produce articles or reports from foundations, think tanks, or other nonprofit organizations; see, e.g., Judith Greene & Kevin Pranis, Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies — A Justice Policy Institute Report (Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute, July 2007), available at http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/07-07_rep_gangwars_gc-ps-ac-jj.pdf (accessed September 9, 2015) (includes a useful brief chapter on the history of Los Angeles gangs).

[113] Carole E. Goldberg & Timothy Carr Seward, Planting Tail Feathers: Tribal Survival and Public Law 280 (Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 1997) (focuses on California impacts of 1953 federal law that has caused jurisdictional confusion regarding reservations, state courts, and law enforcement); Carole Goldberg-Ambrose, “Public Law 280 and the Problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 44 (June 1997), pp. 1405-1448; “Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2005), pp. 626-650; see also Douglas Turner, The Impact of Tribal Police Development on Rural California Sheriff’s Departments (Sacramento, November 2001), available at http://lib.post.ca.gov/lib-documents/cc/31-Turner-j.pdf.

[114] Richard R. Powell, Compromises of Conflicting Claims: A Century of California Law, 1760-1860 (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1977); Gordon M. Bakken, The Development of Law in Frontier California: Civil Law and Society, 1850-1890 (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985); William W. Blume, “Adoption in California of the Field Code of Civil Procedure: A Chapter in American Legal History,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 17, No. 4 (May 1966), pp. 701-726; Edwin W. Young, “The Adoption of the Common Law in California,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 4 (October 1960), pp. 355-363.

[115] Peter Decker, Fortunes and Failures: White-Collar Mobility in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978); Roger W. Lotchin, San Francisco, 1846-1856: From Hamlet to City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974; reprinted, Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997).

[116] Theodore Grivas, Military Government in California, 1846-1850 (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1963); Richard Griswold del Castillo, The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo: A Legacy of Conflict (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990) (covers other southwestern states/territories along with California, but discussion of Treaty and its aftermath often concerns California, from Californios’ 19th-century land disputes to various, sometimes innovative or surprising uses of the Treaty in litigation during the 20th century); Gordon M. Bakken, “Mexican and American Land Policy: A Conflict of Cultures,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 75 (Fall/Winter 1993), pp. 237-262; Albert L. Hurtado, “Empires, Frontiers, Filibusters, and Pioneers: The Transnational World of John Sutter,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 77, No. 1 (February 2008), pp. 19-47; Mary Lee Spence and Donald Jackson, eds., The Expeditions of John Charles Frémont. Vol. 2, The Bear Flag Revolt and the Court-Martial (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973); Myra K. Saunders, “California Legal History: The Legal System under the United States Military Government, 1846-1849,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 88, No. 4 (Fall 1996), pp. 488-522; Paul Bryan Gray, A Clamor for Equality: Emergence and Exile of Californio Activist Francisco P. Ramírez (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2012); Paul Bryan Gray, “Francisco P. Ramírez: A Short Biography,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 20-38 (1837-1908); Nicolás Kanellos, “‘El Clamor Público’: Resisting the American Empire,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 10-18; Armando Miguélez & Cynthia Giambruno, “Excerpt: ‘Crime, like a Tremulous Flash of Lightning... Shows Us Where We Can Find Safety....’,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 18-19; see also generally the special edition of California History concerning Ramírez and his newspaper, Vol. 84, No. 2, El Clamor Público (Winter 2006/2007); Myra K. Saunders & Jennifer Lentz, “Chapter 5 — California Legal History Revisited: Researching the Spanish, Mexican, and Early American Periods,” in Michael Chiorazzi & Marguerite Most, eds., Prestatehood Legal Materials: A Fifty-State Research Guide, Including New York City and the District of Columbia (New York: Routledge, 2013). For additional earlier discussions of this period, see Joseph Ellison, “The Struggle for Civil Government in California, 1846-1850,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 1 (March 1931), pp. 2-26; Joseph Ellison, “The Struggle for Civil Government in California, 1846-1850,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 2 (June 1931), pp. 129-164; Joseph Ellison, “The Struggle for Civil Government in California, 1846-1850 (Concluded),” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 3 (September 1931), pp. 220-244; Bayrd Still, “California’s First Constitution: A Reflection of the Political Philosophy of the Frontier,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September 1935), pp. 221-234; Samuel H. Willey, The Transition Period of California from a Province of Mexico in 1846 to a State of the American Union in 1850 (San Francisco: Whitaker & Ray Co., 1901); Richard Morefield &Antonio Franco Coronel, The Mexican Adaptation in American California, 1846-1875 (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1971); Rockwell D. Hunt, Legal Status of California, 1846-49 (Philadelphia: American Academy of Political and Social Science, 1898); Christopher David Ruiz Cameron, “One Hundred Fifty Years of Solitude: Reflections on the End of the History Academy’s Dominance of Scholarship on the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,” Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe, Vol. 25, No. 1 (January/April 2000), pp. 1-22; Robert Chao Romero, “Mexican and Chinese Rights in Early California,” transcription from Symposium, “Civil and Uncivil Rights in California: The Early Legal History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 26-28, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Civil-and-Uncivil-Rights-Excerpt-CSCHS-2009-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf.

[117] Manuel Ruiz, Jr., Mexican American Legal Heritage in the Southwest (Los Angeles: Self-published by author, 1972) (addresses various legal topics, mostly in the California context); Peter L. Reich, “Dismantling the Pueblo: Hispanic Municipal Land Rights in California Since 1850,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October 2001), pp. 353-370 (discusses Anglo judges’ ignoring of pueblo/public land traditions of Spain and Mexico and giving municipalities absolute power to alienate formerly and traditionally public land); Walter Loewy, “The Spanish Community of Acquests and Gains and Its Adoption and Modification by the State of California,” California Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 1912), pp. 32-45 (concerns origins of community property law in California and other U.S. states); R. H. Allen, “The Spanish Land Grant System as an Influence in the Agricultural Development of California,” Agricultural History, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1935), pp. 127-142; Dion G. Dyer, “California Beach Access: The Mexican Law and the Public Trust,” Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1972), pp. 571-612.

[118] David J. Langum, Law and Community on the Mexican California Frontier: Anglo-American Expatriates and the Clash of Legal Traditions, 1821-1846 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987) (prelude to the long 19th-century Californios land disputes); David J. Langum, “Sin, Sex, and Separation in Mexican California: Her Law of Domestic Relations,” Californians, Vol. 5 (May 1987); Harlan Hague & David J. Langum, Thomas O. Larkin: A Life of Patriotism and Profit in Old California (University of Oklahoma Press, 1990); David J. Langum, Sr., Quite Contrary: The Litigious Life of Mary Bennett Love (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2014); see also David J. Langum, “The Legal System of Spanish California: A Preliminary Study,” Western Legal History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1994), pp. 1-23 (1769-1822).

[119] John Phillip Reid, Law for the Elephant: Property and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1980) (concerns the operation of law, legal principles, frontier justice among Californians-to-be on the Oregon Trail and associated trails); John Phillip Reid, Policing the Elephant: Crime, Punishment and Social Behavior on the Overland Trail (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1997); John Phillip Reid, “Binding the Elephant: Contracts and Legal Obligations on the Overland Trail,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 21, No. 4 (October 1977), pp. 285-315; John Phillip Reid, “Tied to the Elephant: Organization and Obligation on the Overland Trail,” University of Puget Sound Law Review, Vol. 1 (1977), pp. 139-159; John Phillip Reid, “Punishing the Elephant: Malfeasance and Organized Criminality on the Overland Trail,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 47, No. 1 (Spring 1997), pp. 2-21; see also James M. Tompkins, “The Law of the Land: What the Emigrants Knew that Historians Need to Know about Claiming Land at the End of the Oregon Trail,” Overland Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3 (Fall 2001), pp. 82-112.

[120] Gordon Morris Bakken, Practicing Law in Frontier California (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Ken Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West: 1850–1935 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006); Carl Fredric Herbold, A Legal History of California, 1846-1872: From Chaos to Codification by Ursurpation (?: ?, 1968); William J. Palmer & Paul P. Selvin, The Development of Law in California (St. Paul: West Publishing Co., 1983); Chester March Cate, The First California Laws Printed in English (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1925); Orrin Kip McMurray, Legal and Political Development of the Pacific Coast States (San Francisco: ?, 1915); Lindley Bynum, Laws for the Better Government of California, 1848 (San Francisco, CA: Pacific Historical Review, 1933); Noel C. Stevenson, “‘The Glorious Uncertainty of the Law,’ 1846-1851,” Journal of the State Bar of California, Vol. 18, No. 5 (1953), pp. 374-380; Ronald C. Woolsey, “Pioneer Views and Frontier Themes: Benjamin Hayes, Horace Bell, and the Southern California Experience,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 3 (September 1990), pp. 255-274; Frank M. Stewart, “Early California Impeachment Proceedings,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 24, No. 3 (August 1955), pp. 261-274; Leon R. Yankwich, “Social Attitudes as Reflected in Early California Law,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 10 (February 1958), pp. 250-270; Sucheng Chan, “A People of Exceptional Character: Ethnic Diversity, Nativism, and Racism in the California Gold Rush,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 44-85; Mark A. Eifler, “Taming the Wilderness Within: Order and Opportunity in Gold Rush Sacramento, 1849-1850,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Winter 2000/2001), pp. 192-207; Admiralty case files of the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, 1850-1900 (Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Administration, 1985); Robert J. Chandler, “An Uncertain Influence: The Role of the Federal Government in California, 1846-1880,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), 224-271; falseBarry Goode, “The American Conquest of Alta California and the Instinct for Justice: The ‘First’ Jury Trial in California,” California History, Vol. 90, No. 2 (2013), pp. 4-23; David M. Gold, “Reforming the Civil Jury in the Nineteenth-Century West: Jury Size and Unanimity of Verdicts,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 2 (2002), pp. 137-164; Arnold Rojos, “California Pastorale: Of Bandidos, Vaqueros, Love, and Law,” Califomians, Vol. 8 (September/October 1990); Ronald C. Woolsey, “An Outlaw as Outcast: Juan Flores,” Californians, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1994); Ronald C. Woolsey, “Conflicting Cultures and Law and Order in Frontier Southern California,” Californians, Vol. 8, No. 5 (1991), pp. 38-47; Stacey L. Smith, Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013); Robert Denning, “A Fragile Machine: California Senator John Conness,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 4 (2008), pp. 26-73 (early Anglo California; Conness was unusually progressive for his times regarding the rights of African Americans and Chinese immigrants, and later suffered for it politically); William H. R. Wood, The California Law Journal and Literary Review (San Francisco: Commercial Steam Presses, 1862-1863).

[121] Mark T. Kanazawa, “Taxation with (?): Representation: The Political Economy of Public Finance in Antebellum California,” Research in Economic History, Vol. 26 (2009), pp. 205-233; Mark T. Kanazawa, “Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 3 (September 2005), pp. 779-805.

[122] Bartholomew Lee, “The 1850 Petition to Adopt the Civil Law: Competing High-Stakes Rules of Decision in Gold Rush California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2010), pp. 181-208; Bartholomew Lee, “The Civil Law and Field’s Civil Code in Common-Law California – A Note on What Might Have Been,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 1 (1992), pp. 13-36; Lewis Grossman, “Codification and the California Mentality,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 45, No. 2 (March 1994), pp. 617-640; Arthur Rolston, “An Uncommon Common Law: Codification and the Development of California Law, 1849-1874,” California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 143-163; Rosamond Parma, The History of the Adoption of the Codes of California (New York: H.W. Wilson, 1929; Chicago: American Association of Law Libraries, 1928); Rosamond Parma, “The History of the Adoption of the Codes of California,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (January 1929), pp. 8-21; Maurice E. Harrison, The First Half Century of the California Civil Code ([Los Angeles?]: ?, 1921), also published as Maurice E. Harrison, “The First Half-Century of the California Civil Code,” California Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 3 (March 1922), pp. 185-201; California State Assembly, California Statutes and Amendments to the Codes, 1850-1901: Historical Archives of Assembly Journals, Histories and Indexes, and Statutes (Sacramento: California State Assembly, Office of the Chief Clerk, 2008).

[123] Edward Leo Lyman, “The Beginnings of Anglo-American Local Government in California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 199-223; Judson A. Grenier, “‘Officialdom’: California State Government, 1849-1879,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 137-168; Owen Cochran Coy, The Genesis of California Counties (Sacramento: California State Printing Office, 1923).

[124] John F. Burns & Richard J. Orsi, eds., Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003) (a collection of articles also published in a special edition of California History regarding early Anglo California: California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4, Taming the Elephant: Politics, Government, and Law in Pioneer California (2003) (special edition on early Californian legal history; in particular, the footnotes in the various articles point toward other useful sources on diverse topics that may or may not appear in this bibliography)); contents of the book/journal edition include: John F. Burns, “Taming the Elephant: An Introduction to California’s Statehood and Constitutional Era,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 1-26; Roger D. McGrath, “A Violent Birth: Disorder, Crime, and Law Enforcement, 1849-1890,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 27-73; Gordon Morris Bakken, “The Courts, the Legal Profession, and the Development of Law in Early California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 74-95; Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, “‘We Feel the Want of Protection’: The Politics of Law and Race in California, 1848-1878,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 96-125; Joshua Paddison, “Capturing California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 126-136; Judson A. Grenier, “‘Officialdom’: California State Government, 1849-1879,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 137-168; Donna C. Schuele, “‘None Could Deny the Eloquence of This Lady’: Women, Law, and Government in California, 1850-1890,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 169-198; Edward Leo Lyman, “The Beginnings of Anglo-American Local Government in California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 199-223; Robert J. Chandler, “An Uncertain Influence: The Role of the Federal Government in California, 1846-1880,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), 224-271.

[125] Fritz & Bakken, p. 205; Thomas G. Barnes, Hastings College of the Law: The First Century (San Francisco: Hastings College of the Law Press, 1978); J. Pearce Mitchell, Stanford University, 1916-1941 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1958); Marion Kirkwood & William Owens, A Brief History of the Stanford Law School (Stanford Law School pamphlet, 1961); William W. Ferrier, Origin and Development of the University of California (Berkeley: Sather Gate Book Shop, 1930); Sandra Pearl Epstein, Law at Berkeley: The History of Boalt Hall (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1979); Robert Stevens, Law School: Legal Education in American from the 1850s to the 1980s (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983).

[126] Brian Pusser, Burning Down the House: Politics, Governance, and Affirmative Action at the University of California (Albany: State University of New York Press, 2004); Claudia Emilia Lavenant, Equal by Fiat: The Dismantling of Affirmative Action at the University of California (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, 2003); Sharon S. Lee, “The De-Minoritization of Asian Americans: A Historical Examination of the Representations of Asian Americans in Affirmative Action Admissions Policies at the University of California,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2008), pp. 129-152; Richard Delgado & Jean Stefanic, “California’s Racial History and Constitutional Rationales for Race-Conscious Decision Making in Higher Education,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 47, No. 6 (August 2000), pp. 1521-1614.

[127] Andrea Guerrero, Silence at Boalt Hall: The Dismantling of Affirmative Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) (discusses development of affirmative action policy at Berkeley’s law school in the shadow of the California Civil Rights Initiative/Proposition 209 (Nov. 5, 1996)); Helen H. Hyun, The End of Race: Maintaining Diversity at U.C. Law Schools in a Post-Affirmative Action Era (doctoral dissertation, Education, Harvard University, 2000); Albert Y. Muratsuchi, “Race Class, and UCLA School of Law Admissions, 1967-1994,” Chicano-Latino Law Review, Vol. 16 (1995), pp. 90-140.

[128] Alfred A. Slocum, ed., Allan Bakke versus Regents of the University of California, Yolo County, California Superior Court, California State Supreme Court (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, Inc., 1978, for the Council on Legal Education Opportunity) (massive, six-volume, roughly 3,000-page compilation of the case record and legal filings in the Bakke case); Bernard Schwartz, Behind Bakke: Affirmative Action and the Supreme Court (New York: New York University Press, 1988) (focused on behind-the-scenes machinations within the U.S. Supreme Court regarding the case, rather than on California law per se, after an introduction regarding the origins of the case); Allan P. Sindler, Bakke, DeFunis, and Minority Admissions: The Quest for Equal Opportunity (New York: Longman, 1978) (half the book is about DeFunis, a case involving law school admissions from Washington State; most discussion of Bakke is at the Supreme Court level, although there is a chapter regarding the case’s passage through the California state court system); Howard Ball, The Bakke Case: Race, Education, and Affirmative Action (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2000) (mostly concerns action at Supreme Court level, with a chapter regarding the state proceedings); Joel Dreyfuss & Charles Lawrence III, The Bakke Case: The Politics of Inequality (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979) (includes several chapters of background on the story of the Bakke case in California, along with other examples regarding the law of affirmative action from California and elsewhere, along with discussion of the case at the Supreme Court level); falseMartha Kelly Carr, Rhetorical Contingency and Affirmative Action: The Paths to Diversity in Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Maryland, College Park, 2010); David W. Bishop, “The Affirmative Action Cases: Bakke, Weber and Fullilove,” Journal of Negro History, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Autumn 1982), pp. 229-244; R. A. Maidment, “The US Supreme Court and Affirmative Action: The Cases of Bakke, Weber and Fullilove,” Journal of American Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3 (December 1981), pp. 341-356; Milfred C. Fierce, “Observations on Bakke: History, Issues, Implications,” Freedomways, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Winter 1978), pp. 9-15; Robert G. Dixon Jr., “Bakke: A Constitutional Analysis,” California Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 1 (January 1979), pp. 69- 86; Roberta Ann Johnson, “Affirmative Action as a Woman’s Issue,” Journal of Political Science, Vol. 17, No. 1/2 (January 1989), pp. 114-126; Daniel N. Lipson, “The Resilience of Affirmative Action in the 1980s: Innovation, Isomorphism, and Institutionalization in University Admissions,” Political Research Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 1 (March 2011), pp. 132-144; Thurgood Marshall, “Justice Thurgood Marshall’s Opinion in the Bakke Case,” Crisis, Vol. 86, No. 2 (February 1979), pp. 45-50 (also available, of course, in legal reporters that include the majority and minority opinions).

[129] Charles Wollenberg, All Deliberate Speed: Segregation and Exclusion in California Schools, 1855-1975 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976) (includes legislation, political activism, administration, and (more rarely) litigation concerning African Americans, Hispanics, Chinese, Japanese, and California Indians from the 19th century onward); Charles McClain, “Racial Minorities and the Schools: A Look at the Early Decisions of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 55-62; Richard R. Valencia, Chicano Students and the Courts: The Mexican American Legal Struggle for Educational Equality (New York: New York University Press, 2008) (includes a large number of California state and federal cases involving educational desegregation and equity, along with many cases from Texas and smaller numbers from other states); Felicia Kornbluh, “Turning Back the Clock: California Constitutionalists, Hearthstone Originalism, and Brown v. Board,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 287-320; falseAnthony Asadullah Samad, Legal and Policy Interpretations of the Fourteenth Amendment in the Post-Brown Era: A 50-year Case Study on the Policy Implementation Challenges of Brown v. Board of Education (doctoral dissertation, History, Claremont Graduate University, 2007) (California featured among three other states); falseBarbara Dean Jacobs, The Los Angeles Unified School District’s Desegregation Case: A Legal History (doctoral dissertation, Education, Pepperdine University, 1989) (covers especially 1849-1945); Donald Glen Cooper, The Controversy over Desegregation in the Los Angeles Unified School District, 1962-1981 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1991); David S. Ettinger, “Quest to Desegregate Los Angeles Schools,” Los Angeles Lawyer, Vol. 26, No. 1 (March 2003), pp. 55-67; falseMark Brilliant, “From Integrating Students to Redistributing Dollars: The Eclipse of School Desegregation by School Finance Equalization in 1970s California,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 229-243; William S. Koski, “Of Fuzzy Standards and Institutional Constraints: A Re-Examination of the Jurisprudential History of Educational Finance Reform Litigation,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 4 (2003), pp. 1185-1298; Christopher R. Lockard, “In the Wake of Williams v. State: The Past, Present, and Future of Education Finance Litigation in California,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 57, No. 2 (2005-2006), pp. 385-422; Rebecca M. Abel, “The Judicial Give and Take: The Right to Equal Educational Opportunity in California,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 203-254; Mark Groen, “From Classroom to Courtroom,” American Educational History Journal, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Fall 2006), pp. 27-33; Rosina A. Lozano, “Brown’s Legacy in the West: Pasadena Unified School District’s Federally Mandated Desegregation,” Southwestern University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2007), pp. 257-290; Julie Salley Gray, “‘To Fight the Good Fight’: The Battle over Control of the Pasadena City Schools, 1969–1979,” Essays in History, Vol. 37 (1995); William Craig Stubblebine & David N. Kennard, “California School Finance: The 1970s Decade,” Public Choice, Vol. 36, No. 3 (1981), pp. 391-412; Emily E. Straus, Death of a Suburban Dream: Race and Schools in Compton, California (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014) (not primarily focused on traditional law and litigation, but provides an in-depth study of the troubled history of a school board and its interactions with local citizens, plus ultimate extraordinary intervention by state authorities).

[130] Gary J. Frank and Susan Vargas, The Legal System as a Tool of Oppression: The Mexican American in California — The Early Years (thesis, Law, Pepperdine School of Law, 1979); Robert R. Alvarez, “The Lemon Grove Incident: The Nation’s First Successful Desegregation Court Case,Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 32, No. 2 (June 1986), pp. 116-135  (1930-1931); David G. Garcia & Tara J. Yosso, “‘Strictly in the Capacity of Servant’: The Interconnection Between Residential and School Segregation in Oxnard, California, 1934-1954,” History of Education Quarterly, Volume 53, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 64–89; Philippa Strum, “‘We Always Tell Our Children They Are Americans’: Mendez v. Westminster and the Beginning of the End of School Segregation,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (November 2014), pp. 307-328; Christopher J. Arriola, Mendez v. Westminster (1946): A Research Pathfinder to Chicano Legal History: With an Emphasis on Equal Protection and Orange County, California (San Jose, CA: Office of the District Attorney, County of Santa Clara, 2000); M. Beatriz Arias, “The Impact of Brown on Latinos: A Study of Transformation of Policy Intentions,” Teachers College Record, Vol. 107, No. 9 (September 2005), pp. 1974-1998; Gilbert G. Gonzalez, “Richard Kluger’s Simple Justice: Race, Class, and United States Imperialism,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 140-148; Ricardo Romo, “Southern California and the Origins of Latino Civil-Rights Activism,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1990), pp. 379-406.

[131] Joyce Kuo, “Excluded, Segregated and Forgotten: A Historical View of the Discrimination against Chinese Americans in Public Schools,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 32-48; Joyce Kuo, “Excluded, Segregated and Forgotten: A Historical View of the Discrimination against Chinese Americans in Public Schools,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 5 (January 1998), pp. 181-212.

[132] S. Rand Berner, Diplomacy Begins at Home: San Francisco, Theodore Roosevelt, and Japan false(master’s thesis, History, San Jose State University, 2007) (concerns 1906 anti-Japanese school segregation order in San Francisco).

[133] Sharon S. Lee, “The De-Minoritization of Asian Americans: A Historical Examination of the Representations of Asian Americans in Affirmative Action Admissions Policies at the University of California,” Asian American Law Journal, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2008), pp. 129-152.

[134] Nicole Blalock-Moore, Piper v. Big Pine School District of Inyo County: Indigenous Schooling and Resistance in the Early Twentieth Century,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 3 (Fall 2012), pp. 346-378.

[135] Susan Bragg, “Knowledge Is Power: Sacramento Blacks and the Public Schools, 1854-1860,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Fall 1996), pp. 214-221.

[136] Joseph R. Brandon, “A Protest against Sectarian Texts in California Schools in 1875,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 20, No. 3 (April 1988), pp. 233-235; Albert L. Hurtado, “False Accusations: Herbert Bolton, Jews, and the Loyalty Oath at Berkeley, 1920-1950,” California History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (2012), pp. 38-56; Bob Blauner, Resisting McCarthyism: To Sign or Not to Sign California’s Loyalty Oath (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009); Paul J. Eisloeffel, “The Cold War and Harry Steinmetz: A Case of Loyalty and Legislation,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1989), pp. 260-276.

[137] Robert K. Barney, “Adele Parot: Beacon of the Dioclesian Lewis School of Gymnastic Expression in the American West,” Canadian Journal of History of Sport & Physical Education, Vol. 5, No. 2 (December 1974), pp. 63-75 (1866 California physical education law); Taylor Chase-Wagniere, Julian Lean & Brittany Shugart, “A History: The Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice,” Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Spring 2013), pp. 297-311 (1993-2009; journal started as a women’s law journal).

[138] Karen Graves, “Presidential Address Political Pawns in an Educational Endgame: Reflections on Bryant, Briggs, and Some Twentieth-Century School Questions,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 1-20; Kathleen Weiler, “The Case of Martha Deane: Sexuality and Power at Cold War UCLA,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter 2007), pp. 470-496 (UCLA dance instructor was accused of lesbianism and was forced to retire in 1955).

[139] John Aubrey Douglas, The California Idea and American Higher Education: 1850 to the 1960 Master Plan (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000); Walter Deane Wiley, Political Interaction of Education and the California Legislature, 1849-1963 (master’s thesis, Education, Claremont Graduate School, 1966); Arthur Dack Hollingshead, History of the Educational Legislation of California (master’s thesis, Education, Stanford University, 1920); Irving G. Hendrick, “From Indifference to Imperative Duty: Educating Children in Early California,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 226-249; Harold Leland Richards, A History of Educational Legislation in California from 1849-1879 (master’s thesis, Education, University of Chicago, Dept. of Education, 1933); Robert A. Sauder, “The Impact of the Agricultural College Act on Land Alienation in California,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 36, No. 1 (February 1984), pp. 28-39;  George William Beattie, County Supervision in California (Publisher unknown, 1894) (concerns laws regarding education and school administration in late 19th-century California); Judith Raftery, “Progressivism Moves into the Schools: Los Angeles, 1905-1918,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 2 (June 1987), pp. 94-103; Allan Crawfurd, “A Short History of the Public Community College Movement in the United States,” Paedagogica Historica, Vol. 10, No. 1 (February 1970), pp. 28-48; Charles L. Whiteside, California Community Colleges’ Paradoxical Fifty Percent Law: Faculty and Management Perspectives (doctoral dissertation, Public Administration, University of La Verne, 2005); Scott Michael Morehead, The Veteran Invasion: The GI Bill and its Impact at San Diego State College, 1945-1950 (master’s thesis, History, San Diego State University, 1996); falseJames C. Duram, “Ambivalence at the Top: California Congressman Charles Gubser and Federal Aid for Classroom Construction during the Eisenhower Presidency,” California History, Vol. 68, No. 1 (1989), pp. 26-35; Gayle Clark Olson, “Campus Cop Talk: The Oral Historian, The Law Enforcement Officer, and the ‘War in Isla Vista,’” Oral History Review, Vol. 10 (January 1982), pp. 1-31 (1954-1980); Jeff Cummins, “An Empirical Analysis of California Budget Gridlock,” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 23-42 (1901- 2008; long background of Prop. 98 (1988) regarding mandatory K-12 education spending); see also J. Edward Kloske, The Killing of Olive Taylor (Point of View Publishing, 2009) (case of a schoolteacher murdered by an irate Greek immigrant parent in Manteca, California in 1932); Elaine Won, “Protecting Our Children: The California Public School Vaccination Mandate Debate,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 471-503.

[140] Kenneth Darwin Fawson, The Scope of Collective Bargaining under the California Educational Employment Relations Act (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of San Francisco, 1982) (traces court and regulatory agency decisions applying the Rodda Act); Darryl Gene Stucker, An Overview of the History of Collective Bargaining and a Detailed Analysis of Scope of Collective Bargaining of Public School Employees (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of San Francisco, 1985) (concerns 1976 Rodda Act); James Glen Willett, Jr., Collective Bargaining in California Public Education under the Rodda Act: The Strike Issue (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of Southern California, 1983; see also Richard M. Englert, California Policies for Teacher Employment Relations, 1930 to 1975: The Gradual Development of a Bargaining Model (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Education Research Association, Toronto, Ontario, March 1978) (listed on the ERIC research database of sources concerning education).

[141] Irving G. Hendrick, “Academic Revolution in California: A History of Events Leading to the Passage and Implementation of the 1961 Fisher Bill on Teacher Certification-Part I,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 2 (June 1967), pp. 127-166; Irving G. Hendrick, “Academic Revolution in California: A History of Events Leading to the Passage and Implementation of the 1961 Fisher Bill on Teacher Certification-Part II,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1967), pp. 253-295; Irving G. Hendrick, “Academic Revolution in California: A History of Events Leading to the Passage and Implementation of the 1961 Fisher Bill on Teacher Certification-Part III,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 4 (December 1967), pp. 359-406; William Phillip De La Torre, The Legislative History of California’s Teacher Evaluation Law: The Stull Act (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1991) (concerns lobbying and political infighting regarding 1971 law changing teacher tenure rules); Kenneth Steven Lane, Professional Licensure in Teaching: A History of California’s Ryan Act of 1970 (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of California, Berkeley, 1979).

[142] Raymond Joseph McHugh, The Development of Social Studies Legislation in California (doctoral dissertation, Education, Stanford University, 1964); Raymond J. McHugh, “A Question of Restraint: The 1963 Legislature and the Social Studies,” California Social Science Review, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1963), pp. 5-9; Joyce P. Fulton, “The Role of Law in the Social Studies Classroom,” California Social Science Review, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1966), pp. 20-22.

[143] Peter Scott Van Houten, The Development of the Constitutional Provisions Pertaining to the University of California in the California Constitutional Convention of 1878-79 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1973); John Aubrey Douglass, “Creating a Fourth Branch of State Government: The University of California and the Constitutional Convention of 1879,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 1 (Spring 1992), pp. 31-72; Harold W. Horowitz, “The Autonomy of the University of California under the State Constitution,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 1 (October 1977), pp. 23-45; Caitlin M. Scully, “Autonomy and Accountability: The University of California and the State Constitution,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 38, No. 5 (July 1987), pp. 927-956; Paul Goda, “The Historical Background of California’s Constitutional Provisions Prohibiting Aid to Sectarian Schools,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 46 (1967), pp. 149-171; Edward W. Harrington, The Public School System and the Second Constitution of California (doctoral dissertation, History, Stanford University, 1933).

[144] Robert Cohen and Reginald E. Zelnik, The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002); Bret Eynon, “Community in Motion: The Free Speech Movement, Civil Rights, and the Roots of the New Left,” Oral History Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 1989), pp. 39-69; Michelle Reeves, “‘Obey the Rules or Get Out’: Ronald Reagan’s 1966 Gubernatorial Campaign and the ‘Trouble in Berkeley’,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2010), pp. 275-305; Michael Rossman & Lynne Hollander, Administrative Pressures and Student Political Activity at the University of California: A Preliminary Report (Publisher unidentified, 1964).

[145] Bob Blauner, Resisting McCarthyism: To Sign or Not to Sign California’s Loyalty Oath (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009); Harry N. Scheiber, “The California Textbook Fight,” Atlantic Monthly (Nov. 1967), pp. 38-47 (a contemporary analysis of censorship efforts by the John Birch Society and other right-wing organizations to influence selection of textbooks for the public schools); David Pierpont Gardner, The California Oath Controversy (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967); David P. Gardner, “By Oath and Association: The California Folly,” Journal of Higher Education, Vol. 40, No. 2 (February 1969), pp. 122-134; Albert L. Hurtado, “False Accusations: Herbert Bolton, Jews, and the Loyalty Oath at Berkeley, 1920-1950,” California History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (2012), pp. 38-56; Charles J. McClain, “Race, Gender, and the Loyalty Oath in Early California,” transcription from Symposium, “Civil and Uncivil Rights in California: The Early Legal History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 17-20, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Civil-and-Uncivil-Rights-Excerpt-CSCHS-2009-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf; Scott Pittman, “Lifting the Veil: Public-Private Surveillance Networks and the Red Scare in California Higher Education,” California History, Vol. 91, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 43-55; falseJames G. Alverson, Jr., The Dilworth Act of 1953 (master’s thesis, Education, University of Southern California, 1962) (concerns statute forcing public school employees being to take anti-communist loyalty oath); Paul J. Eisloeffel, “The Cold War and Harry Steinmetz: A Case of Loyalty and Legislation,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1989), pp. 260-276.

[146] Frank M. Porter & Roland L. McNitt, History of Legal Education in Southern California (Los Angeles: ?, 1929); Julian Beck, The History of Legal Education in Los Angeles County (master’s thesis, History, University of Southern California, 1935);  Mark Thomas, From Promise to Prominence: The Santa Clara University School of Law (Santa Clara, CA: Santa Clara University, 2003); Orrin K. McMurray & Helen Van Gulpen Harris, History of the School of Jurisprudence of the University of California (?: ?, 1940); Rosamond Parma, Law School Changes (?: ?, 1928); Gerald T. McLaughlin, Loyola Law School: A Sense of Purpose and a Sense of Mission (Los Angeles: Loyola Law School Loyola Marymount University, 2000); Celebrating 40 Years of Excellence, Leadership & Community (Davis, CA: UC Davis School of Law, 2006); Graduates of the School of Jurisprudence, 1917 (presumably Berkeley?) (archival item listed on WorldCat); George N. Gafford, Odyssey of a Law School: A Personal History of California Western School of Law, Its Exotic Voyage Past Theosophy, African Gold and an Elks Hall (La Crescenta, CA: Mountain N’ Air Books, 2001); Kenneth J. Vandevelde, A History of the Thomas Jefferson School of Law (San Diego: The California Press, 2012); Alan Ziajka, The University of San Francisco School of Law Century: 100 Years of Educating for Justice (Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company Publishers, 2012); James P. Ballantine, The Battle for Public Accountability: The Legal History of Hastings College of the Law: The Study of an Amphibious Animal (San Francisco: Public Law Research Institute, University of California, Hastings College of the Law, 1989); Beth Hollenberg, Full of Zoom: Barbara Nachtrieb Armstrong, First Woman Professor of Law (1997), available at http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Barbara_Nachtrieb_Armstrong.pdf?paperid=7836003 (Armstrong graduated from Berkeley’s law school in 1915 and became a lecturer there in 1919, followed by numerous other professional accomplishments); Renee Y. Rastorfer, “Thomas S. Dabagh and the Institutional Beginnings of the UCLA Law Library: A Cautionary Tale,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Summer 2003), pp. 347-368; “Dedicated to Dean Scott H. Bice,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 2 (January 2000), pp. 197-220 (several comments in tribute regarding long-time dean of USC law school); Alfredo Mirandé, The Stanford Law Chronicles: Doin’ Time on the Farm (North Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005) (UC Riverside sociology professor’s mid-career experience of attending Stanford Law School). See also Dorothy W. Nelson, “Reflections On Becoming A Judge,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 107-113 (Nelson was the first woman dean of USC Law School, and of any major law school in California or the United States, prior to her appointment to the Ninth Circuit; interviewed by Selma Moidel Smith). See also Gail H. Fruchtman, “The History of the Los Angeles County Law Library,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Fall 1992), pp. 687-706; Benjamin Watson, “Origins of California’s County Law Library System,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 81 (1989), pp. 241-251. See also various articles regarding one of California’s greatest legal scholars: Adam Badawi, “Introduction to the Bernard Witkin Oral History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 95-108; Bernard Witkin & Gordon Bakken, “Conversations with Bernard Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 109-136; Clyde Leland, “The Ineffable Bernie Witkin,” California Lawyer, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1989), pp. 44-50; Raymond L. Sullivan, “Bernard E. Witkin on His 80th Birthday,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 99-102; see also “In Memoriam: Bernard E. Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society website, available at http://www.cschs.org/history/special-sessions/special-sessions-in-memoriam-bernard-e-witkin/.

[147] Herma Hill Kay & Germaine LaBerge, “Oral History of Herma Hill Kay [with curriculum vitae and bibliography]” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 1-211 (first woman dean of University of California, Berkeley Law School; including “Introduction” by Eleanor Swift); Herman Frank Selvin & Anne Brower, The University of California and California Law and Lawyers: 1920-1978 (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1979); Richard C. Maxwell & Thomas Bertonneau, Law School Modernizer: Oral History Transcript (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983 (Maxwell was the second dean of UCLA School of Law from 1958-1969); Harold E. Verrall & Bernard Galm, Fifty Years of Property Law Oral History Transcript (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, 1987) (held in Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles) (Prof. Verrall was one of the original faculty members of UCLA School of Law at its founding in 1949); William L. Prosser, The State Bar of California Survey of Legal Education and Admissions to the Bar: Law School Questionnaire, 1948; William L. Prosser, 1898-1972 — Letters of William Lloyd Prosser to his mother Zerelda Huckeby Prosser, 1948-1958; William L. Prosser, They Shall Not Pass: A Musical Calamity in Two Scenes, 1963 (archival materials; Prosser was dean of Berkeley Law School from 1948-1961); Michael E. Smith, Materials on California Legal History (Berkeley: School of Law, University of California, Berkeley, 1972). In addition to Dean Maxwell and Prof. Verrall, the Young Research Library at UCLA has oral history transcripts of interviews with several other key early participants in the history of the UCLA School of Law, including Dean William D. Warren (1975-1982); the collection of more such interviews is anticipated.

[148] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 206-207.

[149] Carl C. Rister, Oil! Titan of the Southwest (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1949); William E. Morton, Oil and the Community of Coalinga until 1922 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1971); Richard O’Connor, The Oil Barons: Men of Greed and Grandeur (Boston: Little, Brown, 1971); Harold F. Williamson et al., The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Illumination, 1899-1959 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1959); Harold F. Williamson et al., The American Petroleum Industry: The Age of Energy, 1900-1959 (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 1963); W. H. Hutchinson, Oil, Land and Politics: The California Career of Thomas Robert Bard (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1965); Frank J. Taylor & Earl W. Welty, Black Bonanza: How an Oil Hunt Grew into the Union Oil Company of California (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1950); Earl W. Welty & Frank J. Taylor, The 76 Bonanza: The Fabulous Life and Times of the Union Oil Company (Menlo Park, CA: Lane Magazine & Book Co., 1966).

[150] Paul Sabin, Crude Politics: The California Oil Market, 1900-1940 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); falsePaul Eliot Sabin, Petroleum Polity: Law and Politics in the California Oil Economy, 1900-1940http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2000); David C. Frederick, “The Ninth Circuit and Natural-Resource Development in the Early Twentieth Century,” Western Legal History, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1993), pp. 183-215 (California oil disputes among other resource disputes, 1895-1920); Sarah S. Elkind, “Oil in the City: The Fall and Rise of Oil Drilling in Los Angeles,” Journal of American History, Vol. 99, No. 1 (June 2012), pp. 82-90 (1930s-1970s); Malcolm Epley, “Black Gold Harbor,” California Historian, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1967), pp. 113-116 (Long Beach oil & Tidelands litigation, 1930-1956); C. E. Parker, “History, Politics and the Law of the California Tidelands Trust,” Western State University Law Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 1977), pp. 149-198; Edward A. Fitzgerald, “The Tidelands Controversy Revisited,” Environmental Law, Vol. 19 (Winter 1988), pp. 209-255; Barbara Wolcott, David, Goliath and the Beach Cleaning Machine: How a Small Polluted Beach Town Fought an Oil Giant - And Won! (Sterling, VA: Capital Books, 2004) (discusses central coast town of Avila Beach’s litigation against Unocal over toxic pollution).

[151] See, e.g., Margaret Leslie Davis, Dark Side of Fortune: Triumph and Scandal in the Life of Oil Tycoon Edward L. Doheny (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Jules Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle: Oil, Stocks, and Scandal During the Roaring Twenties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Dale R Gardner, “Teapot Dome: Civil Legal Cases that Closed the Scandal,” Journal of the West, Vol. 28, No. 4 (October 1989), pp. 46-51.

[152] Khaled J. Bloom, Murder of a Landscape: The California Farmer-Smelter War, 1897-1916 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010) (concerns copper mines of Shasta County); Connie Y. Chiang, “Monterey-by-the-Smell: Odors and Social Conflict on the California Coastline,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 2 (May 2004), pp. 183-214 (1890-1939); Scott Hamilton Dewey, “‘The Antitrust Case of the Century’: Kenneth F. Hahn and the Fight Against Smog,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 81 (1999), pp. 341-376 (discusses background of 1969 federal antitrust lawsuit filed in Los Angeles against major auto makers for conspiracy to prevent or delay introduction of pollution-control devices on cars); Scott Hamilton Dewey, Don’t Breathe the Air: Air Pollution and U.S. Environmental Politics, 1945-1970 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000) (not primarily focused on law or litigation, but chapters on Los Angeles and California include discussion of and bibliographic references to various local ordinances, state laws, governmental agency actions and decisions, etc. regarding air pollution); James E. Krier & Edmund Ursin, Pollution and Policy: A Case Essay on California and Federal Experience with Motor Vehicle Air Pollution, 1940-1975 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Harold W. Kennedy, “The Legal Aspects of Air Pollution Control with Particular Reference to the County of Los Angeles,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 4 (July 1954), pp. 373- 398, reprinted as Harold W. Kennedy, The History, Legal and Administrative Aspects of Air Pollution Control in the County of Los Angeles: Report Submitted to the Board of Supervisors of the County of Los Angeles (Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, & Welfare, Public Health Service, 1954); Harold W. Kennedy, Legal Support for Los Angeles County’s Strict Air Pollution Control Program (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 1957); Lawrence W. Steinberg, “Rights Under California Law of the Individual Injured by Air Pollution,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 4 (July 1954), pp. 405-414 (lists notable earlier California court opinions on air pollution); Krystal L. Tribbett, RECLAIMing Air, Redefining Democracy: A History of the Regional Clean Air Incentives Market, Environmental Justice, and Risk, 1960 - Present (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 2014); Gordon M. Bakken, “RECLAIM and Pollution Credit Trading: Aiming the Spotlight on the ‘Energy Crisis’ Profiteers Who Are Leaving the Public in the Dark,” University of West Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 33 (2001), pp. 175-190 [co-authored with Marielle Ocean Leeds]; David N. Lucsko, “Of Clunkers and Camaros,” Technology & Culture, Vol. 55, No. 2 (April 2014), pp. 390-428 (history of California law and program to retire older, more polluting autos, 1990-2009); Barry T. Woods, “Environmental Land Use, Indirect Source Controls and California’s South Coast Plan: Is the Day of Attainment Coming?,” Environmental Law, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1993), pp. 1274-1296; regarding the related issue of clean energy, see also Robert W. Righter, “Wind Energy in California: A New Bonanza,” California History, Vol. 73, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 142-155.

[153] David Igler, “When Is a River Not a River? Reclaiming Nature’s Disorder in Lux v. Haggin,” Environmental History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 52-69 (1860-1890); Julie Sze et al., “Defining and Contesting Environmental Justice: Socio-Natures and the Politics of Scale in the Delta,” Antipode, Vol. 41, No. 4 (September 2009), pp. 807-843 (1860-2009); Dave Owen, “Law, Environmental Dynamism, Reliability: The Rise and Fall of CALFED,” Environmental Law, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Fall 2007), pp. 1145-1216 (more regarding Central Valley Project); Elizabeth Ann Rieke, “The Bay-Delta Accord: A Stride toward Sustainability,” University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (1996), pp. 341-370 (concerns application of federal Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act to Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta); Nick Johnstone, “International Trade, Transfrontier Pollution, and Environmental Cooperation: A Case Study of the Mexican-American Border Region,” Natural Resources Journal, Volume 35, No. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 33-62 (discusses transboundary air and water pollution and control efforts and initiatives in San Diego County); Waverly B. Lowell, “Pollution, Production, and Power: Natural Resources, Society, and Technology,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 40-46.

[154] See, e.g., Barbara Wolcott, David, Goliath and the Beach Cleaning Machine: How a Small Polluted Beach Town Fought an Oil Giant - And Won! (Sterling, VA: Capital Books, 2004) (discusses central coast town of Avila Beach’s litigation against Unocal over toxic pollution); Erin Brockovich with Marc Eliot, Take It From Me: Life’s a Struggle But You Can Win (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001) (discusses her role in the litigation against Pacific Gas & Electric treated in the Hollywood movie bearing her name); Maia A. M. Mathias, A History of Legal Victories, 1991-2003: Communities for a Better Environment (master’s thesis, Urban Planning, University of California, Los Angeles, 2004).

[155] Arthur F. McEvoy, The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986) (covers regulation, key litigation, and legal status of Indian fishing rights among other topics); Arthur F. McEvoy, Economy, Law, and Ecology in the California Fisheries to 1925 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 1979); Arthur F. McEvoy, “The Agency of Law in Natural Disaster: A Historical Analysis,” Environmental and Energy Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 6 (Fall 2011), pp. 157-180 (discusses California sardine fisheries and Sacramento Valley floods among other topics); Arthur F. McEvoy & Harry N. Scheiber, “Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and the Policy Process: A Study of the Post-1945 California Sardine Depletion,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 393-406; Stephen Most, “Salmon People: Crisis and Continuity at the Mouth of the Klamath,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 3 (Spring 2007), pp. 5-12, 14-17, 20-22.

[156] Peter S. Alagona, After the Grizzly: Endangered Species and the Politics of Place in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013); Peter S. Alagona, “Biting the Hand New Dilemmas in the History of Predator Control,” Journal of the West, Vol. 50, No. 1 (Winter 2011), pp. 74-82 (predator control, Channel Islands, and Endangered Species Act of 1973); Debra J. Davidson, “Federal Policy in Local Context: The Influence of Local State-Societal Relations on Endangered Species Act Implementation,” Policy Studies Review, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Spring 2001), pp. 212-240 (1990-1999); Lynn E. Dwyer & Dennis D. Murphy, “Fulfilling the Promise: Reconsidering and Reforming the California Endangered Species Act,” Natural Resources Journal, Volume 35, No. 4 (Fall 1995), pp. 735-770; Mark Schoell, “The Marine Mammal Protection Act and Its Role in the Decline of San Diego’s Tuna Fishing Industry,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter 1999); Elizabeth Ann Rieke, “The Bay-Delta Accord: A Stride toward Sustainability,” University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (1996), pp. 341-370 (concerns application of federal Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act to Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta).

[157] Paul Kens, “Public Land, Private Settlers, and The Yosemite Valley Case of 1872,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009),  pp. 373-391; Adam Wesley Dean, “Natural Glory in the Midst of War: The Establishment of Yosemite State Park,” Civil War History, Vol. 56, No. 4 (December 2010), pp. 386-419; Andrew Kirk & Charles Palmer, “When Nature Becomes Culture: The National Register and Yosemite’s Camp 4, A Case Study,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Winter 2006), pp. 496-506; Guy McClellan, “Sierra Sprawl: Yosemite’s Age of Decentralization, 1956-1966,” California History, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2015), pp. 37-54.

[158] James Passanisi, A Lost Cause: The Failure to Save Hetch Hetchy (honors thesis, Government, St. Lawrence University, 2006); Richard Lowitt, “The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, Phase II: The 1913 Senate Debate,” California History, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 190-203; Waverly B. Lowell, “Pollution, Production, and Power: Natural Resources, Society, and Technology,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 40-46; Kendrick A. Clements, “Politics and the Park: San Francisco’s Fight for Hetch Hetchy, 1908-1913,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (May 1979), pp. 185-215; David C. Frederick, Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the American West, 1891-1941 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (includes discussion of the Hetch Hetchy battle); Robert M. Searls, San Francisco Water Rights on the Tuolomne River: Summary of the Laws and the Evidence Establishing the Same, with Bibliography, Tables and References (San Francisco: ?, 1925).

[159] Douglas H. Strong, “The History of Sequoia National Park, 1876-1926: Part I: The Movement to Establish a Park,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 2 (June 1966), pp. 137-167; Douglas H. Strong, “The History of Sequoia National Park, 1876-1926: Part II: The Problems of the Early Years,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 3 (September 1966), pp. 265-288; Lary M. Dilsaver, “Conservation Conflict and the Founding of Kings Canyon National Park,” California History, Vol. 69, No. 2 (Summer 1990), pp. 196-205; John L. Harper, Mineral King: Public Concern with Government Policy (Arcata, CA: Pacifica, 1982) (1900-1980); William O. Douglas, “Mr. Justice Douglas, Dissenting,” Living Wilderness, Vol. 36, No. 118 (1972), pp. 19-29 (his famous Mineral King dissent); John Gherini, Santa Cruz Island: A History of Conflict and Diversity (Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1997) (traces the history of the Santa Cruz Island Land Grant, and perennial litigation over it, from 1839 through the official creation of the new Channel Islands National Park in 1980 and additions to the park’s land holdings during the 1980s and 1990s); Scott A. Frisch & Daniel Wakelee, “Resisting the Pressures of the Present: Channel Islands National Park as a Case Study in Public Policymaking,” Journal of Policy History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (April 2011), pp. 230-250; Shelley Brooks, “Inhabiting the Wild: Land Management and Environmental Politics in Big Sur,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Autumn 2013), pp. 294-317; John Walton, “The Land of the Big Sur: Conservation on the California Coast,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Spring 2007), pp. 44-64; Frank Wheat, California Desert Miracle: The Fight for Desert Parks and Wilderness (San Diego: Sunbelt Publications, 1999) (gives background of the political fight over the federal California Desert Protection Act of 1994). Regarding other proposed national parks in California that never actually happened, see Lary M. Dilsaver, “Not of National Significance: Failed National Park Proposals in California,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 2 (2008), pp. 4-23.

[160] Thomas J. Osborne, “Saving the Golden Shore: Peter Douglas and the California Coastal Commission, 1972–2011,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 96, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 433-464; J. David Breemer, “What Property Rights: The California Coastal Commission’s History of Abusing Land Rights and Some Thoughts on the Underlying Causes,” UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, Vol. 22, No. 2 (2004), pp. 247-300; see also Katherine E. Stone, “Sand Rights: A Legal System to Protect the Shores of the Sea,” Stetson Law Review, Vol. 29 (Winter 2000), pp. 709-732.

[161] Thomas Wellock, “The Battle for Bodega Bay: The Sierra Club and Nuclear Power, 1958-1964,” California History, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Summer 1992), pp. 192-211; Susan R. Schrepfer, “The Nuclear Crucible: Diablo Canyon and the Transformation of the Sierra Club, 1965-1985,” California History, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Summer 1992), pp. 212-237; regarding conservation issues more generally, see also generally the special edition of California History, Vol. 71, No. 2, A Century of Environmental Action: The Sierra Club, 1892-1992 (Summer 1992).

[162] David J. Welch, “Trail Preservation: Twenty-Five Years of Challenge and Achievement,” Overland Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 91-102; Jamee Jordan Patterson, “California Land Use Regulation Post Lucas: The History and Evolution of Nuisance and Public Property Laws Portend Little Impact in California,” UCLA Journal of Environmental Law & Policy, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1993), pp. 175-202; Andrew Wiese, “‘The Giddy Rise of the Environmentalists’: Corporate Real Estate Development and Environmental Politics in San Diego, California, 1968–73,” Environmental History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2014), pp. 28-54; Matthew G. St. Amand & Dwight H. Merriam, “Defensible Moratoria: The Law Before and After the Tahoe-Sierra Decision,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 43 (Summer 2003), pp. 703-743 (reviews California cases on development moratoria among others); Tamara Venit Shelton, “Unmaking Historic Spaces: Urban Progress and the San Francisco Cemetery Debate, 1895-1937,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (2008), pp. 26-47, 69-70; Stephanie S. Pincetl, Transforming California: A Political History of Land Use and Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) (offers general critique of Progressives’ approach to reform and its aftermath covering land use as well as other areas of environmental policy).

[163] Terri Compost, ed., People’s Park: Still Blooming, 1969-2009 (Berkeley: Slingshot Collective, 2009); Jon David Cash, “People’s Park: Birth and Survival,” California History, Vol. 88, No. 1 (2010), pp. 8-29, 53-55; Victor A. Walsh, “Preserving ‘Nature’s Artistry’: Torrey Pines during Its Formative Years as a City and State Park,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 2 (2008), pp. 24-41, 44-49. There must be numerous published resources regarding San Francisco’s Golden Gate Park, but they seem not to have been associated with legal historial issues in the digital databases. The same seems to apply to Griffith Park in Los Angeles.

[164] Richard Widick, Trouble in the Forest: California’s Redwood Timber Wars (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2009); Susan R. Schrepfer, The Fight to Save the Redwoods: A History of Environmental Reform, 1917-1978 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1983); Susan R. Schrepfer, “Conflict in Preservation: The Sierra Club, Save the-Redwoods League, and Redwood National Park,” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 24 (April 1980), pp. 66-77; Susan R. Schrepfer, “Establishing Administrative ‘Standing’: The Sierra Club and the Forest Service, 1897-1956,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 58, No. 1 (February 1989), pp. 55-81; William K. Wyant, Westward in Eden: The Public Lands and the Conservation Movement (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982) (covers Western lands up to Alaska generally, not primarily focused on California or on law or legislation per se, but includes chapters on Teapot Dome/Elk Hills (California Oil) and Redwoods National Park and the timber wars); Darren Frederick Speece, Defending Giants: The Battle over Headwaters Forest and the Transformation of American Environmental Politics, 1850-1999 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Maryland, College Park, 2010); Darren Speece, “From Corporatism to Citizen Oversight: The Legal Fight over California Redwoods, 1970-1996,” Environmental History, Vol. 14, No. 4 (October 2009), pp. 705-736; John G. Miles, “The Redwood Park Question,” Forest History Newsletter, Vol. 11, No. 1 (March 1967), pp. 7-12 (1852-1967); Paul G. Dodds, “Oregon and California Lands: A Peculiar History Produces Environmental Problems,” Environmental Law, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring 1987), pp. 739-766 (timber policies and regulation; complications of earlier land grants); Sean M. Kammer, “The Railroads Must Have Ties: A Legal History of Forest Conservation and the Oregon and California Railroad Land Grant, 1887-1916,” Western Legal History, Vol. 23, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2010), pp. 1-20; Gregory Randall Graves, Anti-Conservation and Federal Forestry in the Progressive Era (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1987) (misuse of land grants in timber country); Henry J. Vaux, “The Regulation of Private Forest Practices in California: A Case in Policy Evolution,” Journal of Forest History, Vol. 30, No. 3 (July 1986), pp. 128-134 (1920-1985); James Michael Bailey, The Politics of Dunes, Redwoods, and Dams: Arizona’s “Brothers Udall” and America’s National Parklands, 1961-1969 (doctoral dissertation, History, Arizona State University, 1999); Peter S. Alagona, “Homes on the Range: Cooperative Conservation and Environmental Change on California’s Privately Owned Hardwood Rangelands,” Environmental History, Vol. 13, No. 2 (April 2008), pp. 325-349. The author/compiler of this bibliography was behind the “redwood curtain” in far nothern Humboldt County during the late 1980s and early 1990s and got to observe some of the timber wars first-hand.

[165] Sarah S. Elkind, How Local Politics Shape Federal Policy: Business, Power, and the Environment in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); Robert Denning, The Creative Society Environmental Policymaking in California, 1967-1974 http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif(doctoral dissertation, History, The Ohio State University, 2011); Austin Remy Troy, Natural Hazard Policy and the Land Market: An Assessment of the Effects of the California Natural Hazard Disclosure Law (doctoral dissertation, Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 2001) (discusses history of insurance laws); Nadine Ishitani Hata, The Evolution of Historic Preservationism in California, 1940-1976 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1983); Howard Plotkin & Roy S. Clarke, Jr., “The Controversial History of the Goose Lake, California, Meteorite,” Earth Sciences History, Vol. 31, No. 2 (2012), pp. 229-246 (1938-1997).

[166] By Harry N. Scheiber: “California Marine Research and the Founding of Modern Fisheries Oceanography: CalCOFI's Early Years, 1947-64,” California Cooperative Oceanic Fisheries Investigations Reports, Vol. 31 (1990), pp. 63-83; “From Science to Law to Management: The Ecosystem Management Concept in Historical Perspective,” Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 24 (1997), pp. 631-652; “Scientific Advising and Oceans Policy: The California Experience, 1945-1975,” National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, Report on Science-Policy Interactions in Ocean Studies (Washington, D.C.: NAS Press, 1992); “Pacific Ocean Resources, Science, and Law of the Sea: Wilbert Chapman and the Pacific Fisheries, 1935-1970,” Ecology Law Quarterly, 13 (1986), pp. 381-534; “Taking Legal Realism Offshore: The Contributions of Joseph Walter Bingham to American Jurisprudence and to the Reform of Ocean Law.” Law and History Review, Vol. 26 (2008), pp. 649-678; “Resource Use under California's Constitution,” Law and California Society, ed. Scheiber (1980), pp. 10-12.

[167] On Prop. 20 and the Coastal Zone law and its administration, see Peverill Squire, The Politics of California Coastal Legislation: The Crucial Year, 1976 (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California Press, 1984); Stanley Scott, Governing California's Coast (Berkeley; Institute of Governmental Studies, University of California Press, 1975) (which is the authoritative work); Melvin Mogulof, Saving the Coast: California's experiment in Intergovernmental Land-use Control (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1975).  On fisheries science and management, see Arthur F. McEvoy, The Fisherman’s Problem: Ecology and Law in the California Fisheries, 1850-1980 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986) (covers regulation, key litigation, and legal status of Indian fishing rights among other topics); Arthur F. McEvoy & Harry N. Scheiber, “Scientists, Entrepreneurs, and the Policy Process: A Study of the Post-1945 California Sardine Depletion,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 44, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 393-406.

[168] Jacobus tenBroek, “California’s Dual System of Family Law: Its Origin, Development, and Present Status — Part I,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 16, No. 2 (March 1964), pp. 257-317; Jacobus tenBroek, “California’s Dual System of Family Law: Its Origin, Development, and Present Status — Part II,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 16, No. 4 (July 1964), pp. 900-981; Jacobus tenBroek, “California’s Dual System of Family Law: Its Origin, Development, and Present Status — Part III,” Stanford Law Review, Vol. 17, No. 4 (April 1965), pp. 614-682.

[169] David J. Langum, “Sin, Sex, and Separation in Mexican California: Her Law of Domestic Relations,” Californians, Vol. 5 (May 1987); Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850–1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982); Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) (research focuses on Oakland and Los Angeles); Mary Odem, “Single Mothers, Delinquent Daughters, and the Juvenile Court in Early 20th Century Los Angeles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Autumn 1991), pp. 27-43; Mandi Rae Urban, “The History of Adult Adoption in California,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2000), pp. 612-616; Sharon Smith, “The Medical Emancipation of Minors: A California History,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2000), pp. 637-641; Sarah Pinkerton, “Custodial Rights of California Mothers and Fathers: A Brief History,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2007), pp. 155-164; Richard McFarlane, “There is No Substitute for a Mother’s Love: The Rise and Fall of the Tender Years Doctrine in California,” California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 165-182 (concerns traditional granting of custody over minor children to women in divorce cases); Kerry R. Bensinger, “From Public Charity to Social Justice: The Role of the Court in California’s General Relief Program,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 21, No. 2 (1988), pp. 497-541; Carlos A. Ball, The Right to Be Parents: LGBT Families and the Transformation of Parenthood (New York: New York University Press, 2012); Susan E. Dalton, We are Family: Understanding the Structural Barriers to the Legal Formation of Lesbian and Gay Families in California (doctoral dissertation, Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999) (addresses history of family law).

[170] Ramon D. Chacon, “The Beginning of Racial Segregation: The Chinese in West Fresno and Chinatown’s Role as Red Light District, 1870s-1920s,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Winter 1988), pp. 371-398; Vickey Kalambakal, “The Battle of Santa Monica Bay,” American History, Vol. 37, No. 1 (April 2002), p. 36 (1939 crackdown on off-shore gambling ships; gambling ships were featured in Raymond Chandler’s second novel, Farewell, My Lovely); James Schwoch, “The Influence of Local History on Popular Fiction: Gambling Ships in Los Angeles, 1933,” Journal of Popular Culture, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1987), pp. 103-111; Roger Dunstan, Gambling in California (California Research Bureau, California State Library, 1997); W. J. “Hap” Waters, “Down Memory Lane,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 19, No. 2 (March/April 1971), p. 4 (illegal gambling in Humboldt County).

[171] Ralph A. Rossum, The Supreme Court and Tribal Gaming: California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011); Ambrose I. Lane, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind America’s Indian Gaming Explosion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995) (discusses Southern Californian Cabazon Band’s experience with gaming); Sioux Harvey, Igniting Tribal Fires: Indian Sovereignty, Gaming, and Incorporation into the World-System, 1946-1996 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1999); Donald C. Caldwell, Indian Gaming in California (master’s thesis, Interdisciplinary Studies, California State University, Long Beach, 2001; Aaron Mitchell Nicholas Peardon,  Jackpot! A Legal History of Indian Gaming in California (master’s thesis, History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2011); James I. Schaap, “The Growth of the Native American Gaming Industry: What Has the Past Provided, and What Does the Future Hold?,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Summer 2010), pp. 365-389; David M. Haugen, Legalized Gambling (Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006) (includes chapter dealing with backlash against Indian gaming in California).

[172] Susan E. Dalton, We are Family: Understanding the Structural Barriers to the Legal Formation of Lesbian and Gay Families in California (doctoral dissertation, Sociology, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1999) (addresses history of family law); Carlos A. Ball, The Right to Be Parents: LGBT Families and the Transformation of Parenthood (New York: New York University Press, 2012); Howard C. Clayton, The Closet and the Cul de Sac: Sex, Politics, and Suburbanization in Postwar California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Michigan, 2010); Christopher Lowen-Engel Agee, The Streets of San Francisco: Blacks, Beats, Homosexuals, and the San Francisco Police Department, 1950-1968 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2005); Christopher Agee, “Gayola: Police Professionalization and the Politics of San Francisco’s Gay Bars, 1950-1968,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 15, No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 462-489; Kathleen Weiler, “The Case of Martha Deane: Sexuality and Power at Cold War UCLA,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter 2007), pp. 470-496 (UCLA dance instructor was accused of lesbianism and was forced to retire in 1955); C. Todd White, Out of Many ... : A Social History of the Homosexual Rights Movement as Originated and Continued in Los Angeles, California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 2005); Karen Graves, “Presidential Address Political Pawns in an Educational Endgame: Reflections on Bryant, Briggs, and Some Twentieth-Century School Questions,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 1-20 (concerns initiative targeting gay teachers); Katherine Turk, “‘Our Militancy is in Our Openness’: Gay Employment Rights Activism in California and the Question of Sexual Orientation in Sex Equality Law,” Law & History Review, Vol. 31, No. 2 (May 2013), pp. 423-469; David A. Reichard, “‘We Can’t Hide and They Are Wrong’: The Society for Homosexual Freedom and the Struggle for Recognition at Sacramento State College, 1969-1971,” Law & History Review, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 2010), pp. 629-674; Whitney Strub, “The Clearly Obscene and the Queerly Obscene: Heteronormativity and Obscenity in Cold War Los Angeles,” American Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2 (June 2008), pp. 373-398; Robert O. Self, “Sex in the City: The Politics of Sexual Liberalism in Los Angeles, 1963-79,” Gender & History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (August 2008), pp. 288-311; Williams Institute, 40 years of LGBT Scholarship at UCLA Law: Celebrating UCLA Law Review’s 1966 Study of Police Harassment of Gay Men (Los Angeles: Williams Institute, UCLA School of Law, 2006).

[173] Clare Sears, Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015); falseClare Sears, “A Dress Not Belonging to His or Her Sex”: Cross-Dressing Law in San Francisco, 1860-1900 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2005); Nan Alamilla Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).

[174] Kenji Yoshino, Speak Now: Marriage Equality on Trial: The Story of Hollingsworth v. Perry (New York: Crown Publishers, 2015) (discussing battle over California’s Proposition 8, passed in 2008 to forbid same-sex marriage, overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2013); Anqi Li, Uses of History in the Press and in Court During California’s Battle Over Proposition 8: Casting Same-Sex Marriage As a Civil Right (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2012); Phillip L. Hammack & Eric P. Windell, “Psychology and the Politics of Same-Sex Desire: An Analysis of Three Cases,” History of Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 3 (August 2011), pp. 220-248 (includes Perry v. Schwarzenegger from California); Jenna Reinbold, “Sacred Institutions and Secular Law: The Faltering Voice of Religion in the Courtroom Debate over Same-Sex Marriage,” Journal of Church & State, Vol. 56, No. 2 (June 2014), pp. 248-268; Douglas Nejaime, “Before Marriage: The Unexplored History of Nonmarital Recognition and its Relationship to Marriage,” California Law Review, Vol. 102 (February 2014), pp. 87-172 (concerns LGBT marriages and domestic unions).

[175] Bruce L. Benson, “Reciprocal Exchange as the Basis for Recognition of Law: Examples from American History,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Fall 1991), pp. 53-82 (discusses justice in Gold Rush mining camps along with San Francisco vigilantism); Karen Clay & Gavin Wright, “Order Without Law? Property Rights During the California Gold Rush,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 42, No. 2 (April 2005), pp. 155-183; William S. Hallagan, Theories of Sharecropping and Share Contracting for California Gold (doctoral dissertation, Economics, University of California, Davis, 1977); William S. Hallagan, “Labor Contracting in Turn of the Century California Agriculture,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 40, No. 4 (December 1980), pp. 757-776; William S. Hallagan, “Share Contracting for California Gold,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 15, No. 2 (April 1978), pp. 196-210; Maureen A. Jung, “Capitalism Comes to the Diggings: From Gold: Rush Adventure to Corporate Enterprise,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 52-77; Andrea G. McDowell, “From Commons to Claims: Property Rights in the California Gold Rush,” Yale Journal of Law & the Humanities, Vol. 14, No. 1 (2002), pp. 1-72; John R. Umbeck, A Theory of Property Rights With Application to the California Gold Rush (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1981) (discusses economic efficiency of mining contracts, property distribution and restriction); John Umbeck, “A Theory of Contract Choice and the California Gold Rush,” Journal of Law & Economics, Vol. 20, No. 2 (October 1977), pp. 421-437; John Umbeck, “The California Gold Rush: A Study of Emerging Property Rights,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 14, No. 3 (June 1977), pp. 197-226; Richard O. Zerbe Jr. & C. Leigh Anderson, “Culture and Fairness in the Development of Institutions in the California Gold Fields,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 61, No. 1 (March 2001), pp. 114. See also, for good measure and for additional historical use of a law and economics approach, Robert C. Ellickson, Order without Law: How Neighbors Settle Disputes (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1991) (discussing cooperation regarding land use in Shasta County, 1970s-1980s); Karen Clay, “Trade without Law: Private-Order Institutions in Mexican California,” Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, Vol. 13, No. 1 (April 1997), pp. 202-231; Karen B. Clay, “Property Rights and Institutions: Congress and the California Land Act of 1851,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (March 1999), pp. 122-142.

[176] Mark T. Kanazawa, Golden Rules: The Origins of California Water Law in the Gold Rush (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015); Mark T. Kanazawa, “Efficiency in Western Water Law: The Development of the California Doctrine, 1850–1911,” Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1998), pp. 159-184); Mark T. Kanazawa, “Investment in Private Water Development: Property Rights and Contractual Opportunism during the California Gold Rush,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 43, No. 2 (April 2006), pp. 357-381; Douglas R. Littlefield, “Water Rights During the California Gold Rush: Conflicts over Economic Points of View,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4 (October 1983), pp. 415-434 (dispute between theories of free water access for miners and commodification for sale by corporate interests).

[177] James J. Rawls, Richard J. Orsi & Marlene Smith-Baranzini, A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Gordon Morris Bakken, The Mining Law of 1872: Past, Politics, and Prospects (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008) (discusses origins of law out of California Gold Rush; Rodman W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969); Donald J. Pisani, “‘I Am Resolved Not to Interfere, but Permit All to Work Freely’: The Gold Rush and American Resource Law,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 123-148 (1848-1886); Ray August, “Gringos v. Mineros: The Hispanic Origins of Western American Mining Laws,” Western Legal History, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 147-175; Patricia Nelson Limerick, “The Gold Rush and the Shaping of the American West,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Spring 1998), pp. 30-41 (discusses California’s impact on the rest of West).

[178] Rudolph M. Lapp, Blacks in Gold Rush California (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977/1995); Rudolph M. Lapp, “Negro Rights Activities in Gold Rush California,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 45 (March 1966), pp. 3-20; Rudolph M. Lapp, “The Negro in Gold Rush California,” Journal of Negro History, Vol. 49, No. 2 (April 1964), pp. 81-98; Ray R. Albin, “The Perkins Case: The Ordeal of Three Slaves in Gold Rush California,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (December 1988), pp. 215-227; Howard H. Bell, “Negroes in California, 1849-1859,” Phylon, Vol. 28, No. 2 (2nd Quarter, 1967), pp. 151-160; Stacey L. Smith, “Remaking Slavery in a Free State: Masters and Slaves in Gold Rush California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 1 (February 2011), pp. 28-63; Sylvia Alden Roberts, Mining for Freedom: Black History Meets the California Gold Rush (Bloomington: iUniverse, 2008); Jerry Stanley, Hurry Freedom: African Americans in Gold Rush California (New York: Crown Publishing, 2000) (award-nominated book for young adult readers, also informative for adult readers).

[179] Sucheng Chan, “A People of Exceptional Character: Ethnic Diversity, Nativism, and Racism in the California Gold Rush,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 44-85; Mark T. Kanazawa, “Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 3 (September 2005), pp. 779-805.

[180] Gordon M. Bakken, “The Impact of the Gold Rush on Law in California,” in Robert W. Blew, ed., Last Nuggets from the California Gold Rush 1849 (Los Angeles: The Westerners Los Angeles Corral, 2001), pp. 83-93; Mark A. Eifler, “Taming the Wilderness Within: Order and Opportunity in Gold Rush Sacramento, 1849-1850,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Winter 2000/2001), pp. 192-207; Bartholomew Lee, “The 1850 Petition to Adopt the Civil Law: Competing High-Stakes Rules of Decision in Gold Rush California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2010), pp. 181-208; Lawrence James Jelinek, “‘Property of Every Kind’: Ranching and Farming during the Gold-Rush Era,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 233-249; Martin Ridge, “Disorder, Crime, and Punishment in the California Gold Rush,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1999), pp. 12-27; J. S. Holliday, “Reverberations of the California Gold Rush,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 1 (1998), pp. 4-15; Karen S. Wilson, “Seeking America in America: The French in the California Gold Rush,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp. 105-140; Christopher Herbert, White Power, Yellow Gold: Colonialism and Identity in the California and British Columbia Gold Rushes, 1848-1871 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Washington, 2012).

[181] Molly Selvin, “The Loeb Firm and the Origins of Entertainment Law Practice in Los Angeles, 1908-1940,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 135-174; Laura Wittern-Keller, Freedom of the Screen: Legal Challenges to State Film Censorship, 1915-1981 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2008) (covers the nation, but Hollywood film industry was an active participant throughout); “Hollywood and the First Amendment,” Constitution, Vol. 4 (Fall 1992), pp. 17-18; Eric Hoyt, “Hollywood and the Income Tax, 1929-1955,” Film History, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2010), pp. 5-21; Richard Ward, “Golden Age, Blue Pencils: the Hal Roach Studios and Three Case Studies of Censorship during Hollywood’s Studio Era,” Media History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (June 2002), pp. 103-119; F. Andrew Hanssen, “Vertical Integration during the Hollywood Studio Era,” Journal of Law & Economics, Vol. 53, No. 3 (August 2010), pp. 519-543; George Majewski, The History and Effects of Vertical Integration in the Motion Picture Industry: A Legal Approach (master’s thesis, Film & Television, University of California, Los Angeles, 1996); Michael Conant, Antitrust in the Motion Picture Industry: Economic and Legal Analysis (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960); John Denvir, Legal Reelism: Movies As Legal Texts (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996); Marty Jones, “Hollywood Scapegoat,” American History, Vol. 39, No. 6 (February 2005), pp. 40-47 (concerns Fatty Arbuckle case and resulting scandal during 1920s); Mary Gelsey Samuelson, The Patriotic Play: Roosevelt, Antitrust, and the War Activities Committee of the Motion Picture Industry (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 2014); Jose Felipe Anderson, “Freedom of Association, the Communist Party, and the Hollywood Ten: The Forgotten First Amendment Legacy of Charles Hamilton Houston,” McGeorge Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 1 (2009), pp. 25-54; David Ray Papke, “Law, Cinema, and Ideology: Hollywood Legal Films of the 1950s,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 48 (2001), pp. 1473-1493; Eric Hoyt, “Writer in the Hole: Desny v. Wilder, Copyright Law, and the Battle over Ideas,” Cinema Journal, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Winter 2011), pp. 21-40 (important 1956 California Supreme Court Case regarding entertainment law and intellectual property in the film industry); Taunya Lovell Banks, “Outsider Citizens: Film Narratives about the Internment of Japanese Americans,” Suffolk University Law Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 (2009), pp. 769-794; Eithne Quinn, “Closing Doors: Hollywood, Affirmative Action, and the Revitalization of Conservative Racial Politics,” Journal of American History, Vol. 99, No. 2 (2012), pp. 466-491; Steven Andreacola, “History: California Civil Code 3344.1,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 12, No. 1 (2001), pp. 592-595 (concerns California law regarding publicity rights in “deceased personalities”); Shannon Flynn Smith, “Virtual Cloning: Transformation or Imitation?: Reforming the Saderup Court’s Transformative Use Test for Rights of Publicity,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 339-381.

[182] Susan K. Wilbur, “The History of Television in Los Angeles, 1931-1952: Part I: The Infant Years,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 59-76; Susan K. Wilbur, “The History of Television in Los Angeles, 1931-1952: Part II: The Boom Years,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Summer 1978), pp. 183-205; Susan K. Wilbur, “The History of Television in Los Angeles, 1931-1952: Part III,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 3 (Fall 1978), pp. 255-285; David J. Gunzerath, “Darn that pay TV!”: A History of STV, Inc.’s Attempt to Establish Subscription Television in California (doctoral dissertation, Communication Studies, University of Iowa, 1997); David H. Ostroff, “A History of STV, Inc. and the 1964 California Vote against Pay Television,” Journal of Broadcasting, Vol. 27, No. 4 (Fall 1983), pp. 371-386.

[183] Paul Bergman & Michael Asimow, Reel Justice: The Courtroom Goes to the Movies (Kansas City: Andrews & McMeel, 1996); Norman Rosenberg, “Hollywood on Trials: Courts and Films, 1930-1960,” Law & History Review, Vol. 12, No. 2 (Fall 1994), pp. 341-368; Laura Krugman Ray, “From the Bench to the Screen: The Woman Judge in Film,” Cleveland State Law Review, Vol. 60, No. 3 (2012), pp. 681-718; Elaine Kuo, “California v. California: Law, Landscape, and the Foundational Fantasies of the Golden State,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 445-468.

[184] Charlotte Brooks, Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009); Charles J. McClain, In Re Lee Sing: The First Residential-Segregation Case,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1990), pp. 179-196 (1890 case); Charlotte Brooks, “Sing Sheng vs. Southwood: Residential Integration in Cold War California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (August 2004), pp. 463-494; Lawrence P. Crouchett, William Byron Rumford: The Life and Public Services of a California Legislator (El Cerrito, California: Downey Place Publishing House, 1984) (covers Rumford Act regarding fair housing, plus later Proposition 14 attempting to repeal the act and subsequent litigation); Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010) (covers initiative fights over fair housing and Prop. 14 among other issues); William Issel & Mary Anne Wold, “Catholics and the Campaign for Racial Justice in San Francisco From Pearl Harbor to Proposition 14,” American Catholic Studies, Vol. 119, No. 3 (Fall 2008), pp. 21-43; Bruce G. Merritt, “Faith and Fair Housing: An Episcopal Parish Church in the 1964 Debate over Proposition 14,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Fall 2013), pp. 284-316; Peter P.F. Radkowski III, “Managing the Invisible Hand of the California Housing Market, 1942-1967,” California Legal History, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 7-72; Stephen E. Barton, “The City’s Wealth and the City’s Limits: Progressive Housing Policy in Berkeley, California, 1976–2011,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 160-178 (rent control, zoning, etc.); Thomas S. Hines, “Housing, Baseball, and Creeping Socialism,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Februay 1982), pp. 123-143 (story of Chavez Ravine in Los Angeles); Frederick A. Lazin & Samuel Aroni, “Federalism, Low Income Housing Policies And The Myth Of Centralized Power,” Policy Studies Review, Vol. 3, No. 1 (August 1983), pp. 62-66.

[185] Andrew Wiese, “‘The Giddy Rise of the Environmentalists’: Corporate Real Estate Development and Environmental Politics in San Diego, California, 1968–73,” Environmental History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2014), pp. 28-54; Matthew G. St. Amand & Dwight H. Merriam, “Defensible Moratoria: The Law Before and After the Tahoe-Sierra Decision,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 43 (Summer 2003), pp. 703-743 (reviews California cases on development moratoria among others); Richard Hu, “To Grow or Control, That is the Question: San Francisco’s Planning Transformation in the 1980s and 1990s,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 141-160; Andrew H. Whittemore, “Requiem for a Growth Machine: Homeowner Preeminence in 1980s Los Angeles,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 124-140.

[186] Don Parson, “The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare: The Significance of the Los Angeles Public Housing War,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (March 2007), pp. 400-417; Don Parson, “The Burke Incident: Political Belief in Los Angeles’ Public Housing during the Domestic Cold War,” Southern California Quarterly, (Spring 2002), pp. 5374 (Communist couple expelled from public housing in 1946); John Donovan, “Freedom . . . Or Progress?,” American Preservation, Vol. 1, No. 3 (1978), pp. 26-34 (Marin houseboats case); Louise Nelson Dyble, “The Defeat of the Golden Gate Authority: A Special District, a Council of Governments, and the Fate of Regional Planning in the San Francisco Bay Area,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2008), pp. 287-308; William C. Baer, “California’s Fair-Share Housing 1967-2004: The Planning Approach,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (February 2008), pp. 48-71; Thomas Shelby Nesslein, The Effects of Rent Controls: An Analytical Reassessment and the Experiences of Berkeley and Santa Monica, California, 1980-1990 (doctoral dissertation, Economics, University of Washington, 1992); William E. Mahan, “The Political Response to Urban Growth: Sacramento and Mayor Marshall R. Beard, 1863-1914,” California History, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Winter 1990/1991), pp. 354-371; Tamara Venit Shelton, “Unmaking Historic Spaces: Urban Progress and the San Francisco Cemetery Debate, 1895-1937,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (2008), pp. 26-47, 69-70; Nico Calavita, Kenneth Grimes & Alan Mallach, “Inclusionary Housing in California and New Jersey: A Comparative Analysis,” Housing Policy Debate, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1997), pp. 109-142; Jesus Hernandez, “Redlining Revisited: Mortgage Lending Patterns in Sacramento, 1930-2004,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2009), pp. 291-313; Stephanie S. Pincetl, Transforming California: A Political History of Land Use and Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003).

[187] This is just one of the umpteen different formulations of Stein’s quip that one finds on the Internet. Hopefully it is the most accurate.

[188] “The State of Jefferson: Not Just a Jest,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 42, No. 2 (Summer 1994), p. 14 (concerns 1960s attempt to carve a new state of “Jefferson” out of coastal northern California and southern Oregon); Richard Rheinhardt, “The Short, Happy History of the State of Jefferson,” American West, Vol. 9, No. 3 (May 1972), pp. 36- 41.

[189] Phil Sanders & Laura Sanders, “The Quiet Rebellion: Chinese Miners Accepted in Orleans Despite 1885 Expulsion,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer 1998), pp. 11-19; Alan Lufkin, “The Chinese and the Salmon Canneries,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 9-11.

[190] James M. Sintic, “Last Hanging in Humboldt County,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 32, No. 5 (September/October 1984), pp. 10-15; Naida Olsen Gipson, “The Coyote Flat Murders,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 24-25.

[191] Jeremiah R. Scott, Jr., “Humboldt County Superior Court Judges, for the First 110 Years, 1879-1990,” Vol. 58, No. 3 (Fall 2010), p. 18; Jim A. Beardsley, “Thomas E. Leavey,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 62, No. 1 (Spring 2014), pp. 20-27; Louella Parsnips, “Switches in the Schoolhouse,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 62, No. 3 (Fall 2014), pp. 35-37; Harriet Tracy DeLong, “Long Road from Ranger to Judge,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 35, No. 4 (July/August 1987), pp. 8-12; Louella Parsnips, “Fletcher the Retcher,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter 2011), pp. 34-35 (local judge gets seasick while marrying a couple on a boat against the families’ will); Catherine Mace, “Hunting Book Records the Years,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Fall 1997), pp. 10-21; Jeremiah R. Scott, Jr., “District Attorneys Reflect Diversity of County,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 47, No. 2 (Summer 1999), pp. 26-34; Karen Kaer, “The Story of Wallace K. Strong,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 30, No. 6 (November/December 1982), pp. 7-10 (longtime Humboldt County court reporter). Like other California localities, early civic leadership in Humboldt County prominently featured judges and lawyers.

[192] “Children, Indian and White,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 11-13; Alan Lufkin, “Indians Saw the Best Years,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 12-14; Suzanne Sevier McBride, “Finding Silva, Survivor of the 1860 Massacres,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Spring 2010), pp. 14-18; Stephen Most, “Salmon People: Crisis and Continuity at the Mouth of the Klamath,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 3 (Spring 2007), pp. 5-12, 14-17, 20-22.

[193] Nan Abrams, “The Greenwalds of Humboldt County: The Emerald Ring and the Case of the Chinese Certificates,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 43 (Winter 2011); W. J. “Hap” Waters, “Down Memory Lane,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 19, No. 2 (March/April 1971), p. 4; Melinda Wilson & Jerry Lesandro, “Milking Cows at Bear River,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Summer 2004), pp. 28-33; Charles Winkler, “Jail Cell Turns Newsroom,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Winter 1996), pp. 16-19; Jack L. Silvey, “Bridges Span Time in Mountain Community,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Winter 1998), pp. 32-39; “Museum to Feature Old Courthouse,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 36, No. 2 (March/April 1988), p. 23; Jessie Faulkner, “A Realtor’s Discovery,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 52, No. 4 (Winter 2004), pp. 14-16; Edward H. Henley, “The Eureka City Police Department: 1874-1994,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter 1994), pp. 36-40; Wallace E. Martin, “Waterfront Yarns,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 24, No. 2 (March/April 1976), p. 3; Louella Parsnips, “Bloomin’ Bicycles,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Winter 2013), pp. 38-42; “Humboldt County Hunt Clubs,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 53, No. 4 (Winter 2005), pp. 10-21; Bob Giroux, “Token Exchange,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring 2005), p. 14 (1882-1920; trade tokens used in Humboldt County plus local impacts of Prohibition); “History Institute Explores Civil Unrest,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 40, No. 5 (September/October 1992), p. 18.

[194] Daniel Cornford, “To Save the Republic: The California Workingmen’s Party in Humboldt County,” California History, Vol. 66 No. 2 (June 1987), pp. 130-142.

[195] Vanessa Ann Gunther, Ambiguous Justice: Native Americans and the Law in Southern California, 1848-1890 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 2006); falseVanessa Ann Gunther, Ambiguous Justice: Native Americans and the Legal System in Southern California, 1848-1890 (doctoral dissertation, University of California, Riverside, 2001); http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gifVanessa Ann Gunther, Red Land - White Law: Native Americans in San Bernardino and Riverside Counties and the Legal System in the Nineteenth Century

http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif

(master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1998); Vanessa Ann Gunther, “Indians and the Criminal Justice System in San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, 1850-1900,” Journal of the West, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Fall 2000), pp. 26-34.

[196] See, e.g., Ralph K. Andrist, The Long Death: The Last Days of the Plains Indians (New York: Macmillan, 1964; reprint edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2000), generally.

[197] Robert F. Heizer & Alan F. Almquist, The Other Californians: Prejudice and Discrimination Under Spain, Mexico, and the United States to 1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971); Francis Guest, “Mission Colonization and Political Control in Spanish California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 97-116 (1700-1799; concerns Spain’s Laws of the Indies regarding indigenous peoples as practiced in Alta California); David Piñera Ramírez, “Commentary on Francis Guest’s Paper “Mission Colonization and Political Control in Spanish California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 117-120; Steven W. Hackel, “The Staff of Leadership: Indian Authority in the Missions of Alta California,” William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 2 (April 1997), pp. 347-376 (discusses Indians as alcaldes (judges) under Spanish & Mexican rule, 1769-1849); Richard L. Carrico, “Spanish Crime and Punishment: The Native American Experience in Colonial San Diego, 1769-1830,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 21-34; Claudio Saunt, “‘My Medicine Is Punishment’: A Case of Torture in Early California, 1775-1776,” EthnoHistory, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Fall 2010), pp. 679-708; James A. Sandos, “Toypurina’s Revolt: Religious Conflict at Mission San Gabriel in 1785,” Boletín: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2007), pp. 4–14; Rose Marie Beebe & Robert M. Senkewicz, transls., “Tesoros De Los Archivos: Revolt at Mission San Gabriel, October 25, 1785 — Judicial Proceedings and Related Documents,” Boletín: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2007); Susan Scafidi, “Native Americans and Civic Identity in Alta California,” North Dakota Law Review, Vol. 75 (1999), pp. 423-448; Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., “The 1811 San Diego Trial of the Mission Indian Nazario,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1991), pp. 47-58; Robert M. Senkewicz, “The End of the 1824 Chumash Revolt in Alta California: Father Vincente Sarría’s Account,” The Americas, Vol. 53 (October 1996), pp. 273-283; C. Alan Hutchinson, “The Mexican Government and the Mission Indians of Upper California, 1821-1835,” The Americas (1965), pp. 335-362.

[198] Brendan C. Lindsay, Murder State: California’s Native American Genocide, 1846-1873 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2012); Benjamin Logan Madley, American Genocide: The California Indian Catastrophe, 1846-1873 (doctoral dissertation, History, Yale University, 2009); Frank H. Baumgardner III, Killing for Land in Early California: Indian Blood at Round Valley, 1856-1863 (New York: Algora Publishing, 2005).

[199] Benjamin Madley, “‘Unholy Traffic in Human Blood and Souls’: Systems of California Indian Servitude under U.S. Rule,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 4 (2014), pp. 626-667; Michael F. Magliari, “Free State Slavery: Bound Indian Labor and Slave Trafficking in California’s Sacramento Valley, 1850–1864,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 81, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 155-192; Michael Magliari, “Free Soil, Unfree Labor: Cave Johnson Couts and the Binding of Indian Workers in California, 1850-1867,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (August 2004), pp. 349-390; Jim Gerber, “The Origin of California’s Export Surplus in Cereals,” Agricultural History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (Autumn 1993), pp. 40-57; Stacey L. Smith, Freedom’s Frontier: California and the Struggle over Unfree Labor, Emancipation, and Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013).

[200] George Harwood Phillips, Indians and Indian Agents: The Origins of the Reservation System in California, 1849-1852 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1997); Robert F. Heizer, ed., Federal Concern about Conditions of California Indians, 1853-1913: Eight Documents (Socorro, New Mexico: Ballena Press, 1979) (includes typewritten copies of reports by federal special agents, etc.); George E. Anderson, W.H. Ellison, and Robert F. Heizer, Treaty Making and Treaty Rejection by the Federal Government in California, 1850-1852 (Socorro, New Mexico: Ballena Press, 1978) (includes typewritten copies of Special Committee Reports and U.S. Senate committee debates, plus two substantial essays contributed by editors); William H. Ellison, The Federal Indian Policy in California, 1846-1860 (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1974) (reprint of Ellison’s thesis at Berkeley from 1913); Robert M. La Follette, Chair, United States Congress, House Committee on Indian Affairs, Mission Indians, State of California (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1886) (report recounts failure of federal government to protect California Indians’ treaty rights); Kevin Adams & Khal Schneider, “‘Washington is a Long Way Off’: The ‘Round Valley War’ and the Limits of Federal Power on a California Indian Reservation,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (November 2011), pp. 557-596; Larisa K. Miller, “The Secret Treaties With California’s Indians,” Prologue, Vol. 45, No. 3/4 (Fall/Winter 2013), pp. 36-43; Kumiko Noguchi, “Tribal Leadership and Native American Political Rule through the Negotiations for Eighteen Unratified Treaties of 1852 in California,” Hikaku Bunka Kenkyu, Vol. 89 (2009), pp. 151-162; Valerie Sherer Mathes, “The California Mission Indian Commission of 1891: The Legacy of Helen Hunt Jackson,” California History, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Winter 1993/1994), pp. 338-359; Ray Raphael, Little White Father: Redick McKee on the California Frontier (Eureka, CA: Humboldt County Historical Society, 1993).

[201] Florence Connolly Shipek, Pushed into the Rocks: Southern California Indian Land Tenure, 1769-1986 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988); Stuart Banner, Possessing the Pacific: Land, Settlers, and Indigenous People from Australia to Alaska (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007) (includes comparative discussion of 19th-century California along with several other zones of Anglophone colonization around the Pacific); Donald R. Beatty, History of the Legal Status of the American Indian with Particular Reference to California (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1974); Ferdinand F. Fernandez, “Except a California Indian: A Study in Legal Discrimination,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 50, No. 2 (June 1968), pp. 161-175; James A. Sandos, “‘Because He Is A Liar and a Thief’: Conquering the Residents of ‘Old’ California, 1850-1880,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 86-112 (discusses Northern and Southern Californian Indians along with Hispanic Californios); Diane Spencer-Hancock, William E. Pritchard & Ina Kaliakin, “Notes to the 1817 Treaty between the Russian American Company and Kashaya Pomo Indians,” California History, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter 1980/1981), pp. 306-313; Kimberly Johnston-Dodds & John L. Burton, Early California Laws and Policies Related to California Indians (Sacramento, CA: California State Library, California Research Bureau, 2002); Molly Crumpton Winter, “Culture-Tectonics: California Statehood and John Rollin Ridge’s Joaquin Murieta,” Western American Literature, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Fall 2008), pp. 259-276 (Ridge, a Cherokee lawyer, fled to California in 1849, where he became both the first Californian novelist and one of the first Native American novelists, among other political and literary activities); James W. Parins, John Rollin Ridge: His Life and Works (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Lori Merish, “Print, Cultural Memory, and John Rollin Ridge’s The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, the Celebrated California Bandit,” Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 31-70; Mark Rifkin, “For the Wrongs of Our Poor Bleeding Country’: Sensation, Class, and Empire in Ridge’s Joaquin Murrieta,” Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Summer 2009), pp. 27-56; Richard L. Carrico, “Wolf Kalisher: Immigrant, Pioneer Merchant and Indian Advocate,” Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 2 (January 1983), pp. 99-106; Kent G. Lightfoot, Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) (provides anthropological/archaeological background to Federal non/recognition decisions regarding tribes); Doug Foster, “Imperfect Justice: The Modoc War Crimes Trial of 1873,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 100, No. 3 (Fall 1999), pp. 246-287.

[202] Frank Gelya & Carole E. Goldberg, Defying the Odds: The Tule River Tribe’s Struggle for Sovereignty in Three Centuries (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010); Carol Goldberg & Duane Champagne, “Ramona Redeemed?: The Rise of Tribal Political Power in California,” Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2002), pp. 43-63; Les W. Field, with Alan Leventhal and Rosemary Cambra, “Mapping Erasure: The Power of Nominative Cartography in the Past and Present of the Muwekma Ohlones of the San Francisco Bay Area,” in Amy E. Den Ouden and Jean M. O’Brien, Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013) (book not primarily focused on California, but essay concerns legal-historical geography of a California tribe); Les W. Field et al., “A Contemporary Ohlone Tribal Revitalization Movement: A Perspective from the Muwekma Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco Bay Area,” California History, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Fall 1992), pp. 412-431; Les W. Field, “Unacknowledged Tribes, Dangerous Knowledge: The Muwekna Ohlone and How Indian Identities Are ‘Known’,” Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 2003), pp. 79-94; Sara-Larus Tolley, Quest for Tribal Acknowledgment: California’s Honey Lake Maidus (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2006) (long history of tribe’s struggle to achieve federal tribal recognition from 1800s through twentieth century); falseSara-Larus Canfield Tolley, Coyote’s Bare Bones: The Politics of Recognition. A Case Study of the Honey Lake Maidu and the Federal Acknowledgment Process (doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley, 2002); Allogan Slagle, “Unfinished Justice: Completing the Restoration and Acknowledgement of California Indian Tribes,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Fall 1989), pp. 325-345; E. Richard Hart, “Federal Recognition of Native American Tribes: The Case of California’s Amah Mutsun,” Western Legal History, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2003), pp. 39-84; Jennifer Sokolove, Sally K. Fairfax & Breena Holland, “Managing Place and Identity: The Marin Coast Miwok Experience,” Geographical Review, Vol. 92, No. 1 (January 2002), pp. 23-44; Tony Cerda, “The Costanoan-Rumsen Carmel Tribe,” Santa Cruz County History Journal, No. 5, Special Edition — Gathering of Voices: The Native Peoples of the California Central Coast, Linda Yamane, ed. (2002), pp. 210-211; Philip Laverty, “The Ohlone/Costanoan-Esselen Nation of Monterey, California: Dispossession, Federal Neglect, and the Bitter Irony of the Federal Acknowledgment Process,” Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 2003), pp. 41-77; Kent G. Lightfoot, Indians, Missionaries, and Merchants: The Legacy of Colonial Encounters on the California Frontiers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) (provides anthropological/archaeological background to Federal non/recognition decisions regarding tribes).

[203] Robert F. Heizer, ed., The California Indians vs the United States of America (HR 4497) (Socorro, N. Mex.: Ballena, 1978) (court documents from 20th century Indian land claims litigation following the federal Indian Claims Commission Act of 1946); M. Annette Jaimes, “The Pit River Indian Land Claim Dispute in Northern California,” Journal of Ethnic Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4 (1987), pp. 47-64; Donald G. Shanahan, Jr., “Compensation for the Loss of the Aboriginal Lands of the California Indians,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 3 (Fall 1975), pp. 297-320; Florence Connolly Shipek, Pushed into the Rocks: Southern California Indian Land Tenure, 1769-1986 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1988); Florence C. Shipek, “Mission Indians and Indians of California Land Claims,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 4 (Fall 1989), pp. 409-420; Robert W. Kenny, History and Proposed Settlement, Claims of California Indians (Sacramento: State Printing Office, 1944); Susan Lynn Sanchez, The Selling of California: The Indians Claims Commission and the Case of the Indians of California v. the United States (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 2003); Ruth Caroline Dyer, The Indians’ Land Title in California: A Case in Federal Equity, 1851-1942 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1944) (later published, San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1975).

[204] Carole E. Goldberg & Timothy Carr Seward, Planting Tail Feathers: Tribal Survival and Public Law 280 (Los Angeles: American Indian Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles, 1997); Carole Goldberg-Ambrose, “Public Law 280 and the Problem of Lawlessness in California Indian Country,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 44 (June 1997), pp. 1405-1448; see also Douglas Turner, The Impact of Tribal Police Development on Rural California Sheriff’s Departments (Sacramento, November 2001), available at http://lib.post.ca.gov/lib-documents/cc/31-Turner-j.pdf.

[205] Ann Caylor, “‘A Promise Long Deferred’: Federal Reclamation on the Colorado River Indian Reservation,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 2 (May 2000), pp. 193-215; Bernard L. Fontana, “The Hopi-Navajo Colony on the Lower Colorado River: A Problem in Ethnohistorical Interpretation,” Ethnohistory, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Spring 1963), pp. 162-182.

[206] Ralph A. Rossum, The Supreme Court and Tribal Gaming: California v. Cabazon Band of Mission Indians (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2011); Ambrose I. Lane, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind America’s Indian Gaming Explosion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995) (discusses Southern Californian Cabazon Band’s experience with gaming); Aaron Mitchell Nicholas Peardon, Jackpot! A Legal History of Indian Gaming in California (master’s thesis, History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2011); Sioux Harvey, Igniting Tribal Fires: Indian Sovereignty, Gaming, and Incorporation into the World-System, 1946-1996 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1999); Donald C. Caldwell, Indian Gaming in California (master’s thesis, Interdisciplinary Studies, California State University, Long Beach, 2001; James I. Schaap, “The Growth of the Native American Gaming Industry: What Has the Past Provided, and What Does the Future Hold?,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Summer 2010), pp. 365-389; David M. Haugen, Legalized Gambling (Detroit: Greenhaven Press, 2006) (includes chapter dealing with backlash against Indian gaming in California).

[207] Nicole Blalock-Moore, Piper v. Big Pine School District of Inyo County: Indigenous Schooling and Resistance in the Early Twentieth Century,” Southern California Quarterly (Fall 2012), Vol. 94, No. 3, pp. 346-378; James Bell & Nicole Lim, “Young Once, Indian Forever: Youth Gangs in Indian Country,” American Indian Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3/4 (Summer/Fall 2005), pp. 626-650; Tom Lidot, Rose-Margaret Orrantia & Miryam J. Choca, “Continuum of Readiness for Collaboration, ICWA Compliance, and Reducing Disproportionality,” Child Welfare, Vol. 91, No. 3 (May/June 2012), pp. 65-87 (gives history of California dependency authorities’ interaction with the federal Indian Child Welfare Act and racial disparities in the state dependency system).

[208] Tanis C. Thorne, “Indian Water Rights in Southern California in the Progressive Era: A Case Study,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 199-228; John F. Dillon, Stories Like a River: The Character of Indian Water Rights and Authority in the Wind River and Klamath-Trinity Basins (doctoral dissertation, American Indian Studies, University of Arizona, 2013); Paul J. White, “Troubled Waters: Timbisha Shoshone, Miners, and Dispossession at Warm Spring,” Industrial Archeology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2006), pp. 4-24 (1870-1950).

[209] Joachim Roschmann, No “Red Atlantis” on the Trinity: The Rejection of the Indian Reorganization Act on the Hoopa Valley Reservation in Northwestern California (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Davis, 1991); Roberta Haines, “U.S. Citizenship and Tribal Membership: A Contest for Political Identity and Rights of Tribal Self-Determination in Southern California,” American Indian Culture & Research Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1997), pp. 211-220; Tony Platt, “The Yokayo vs. The University of California: An Untold Story of Repatriation,” News from Native California, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Winter 2012), pp. 9-14 (litigation arose from anthropologists digging up Indian burial sites during 1990s); Brian Patrick Gleeson, Where the Trails Return: Cultural Influences on Hupa History (master’s thesis, History, San Francisco State University, 2011); Stephen Most, “Salmon People: Crisis and Continuity at the Mouth of the Klamath,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 3 (Spring 2007), pp. 5-12, 14-17, 20-22.

[210] State of California, Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Fair Employment Practices, American Indians in California: Population, Employment, Income, Education (San Francisco, November 1965) (not primarily concerned with law per se, but includes various tables of statistics on California’s indigenous population); State of California, State Advisory Commission on Indian Affairs, Final Report to the Governor and the Legislature (Sacramento (?), California, 1969) (final report of commission first created by California Senate Bill 1007 in 1961; notes defeat of legislation that would have extended commission a further five years; addresses a variety of issues not primarily focused on law but interwoven with it, and includes as appendices various relevant California code sections, plus other official documents related to California Indian affairs from the 1960s).

[211] Vanessa Ann Gunther, “Indians and the Criminal Justice System in San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, 1850-1900,” Journal of the West, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Fall 2000), pp. 26-34; Joel R. Hyer,  “‘It Was My Duty to Protect the Indians,’” Journal of the West, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Fall 2007), pp. 28-39; Richard L. Carrico, “San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 165-184; Richard L. Carrico, Strangers in a Stolen Land: American Indians in San Diego, 1850-1880 (Sacramento: Sierra Oaks Publishing Co., 1987); Richard W. Crawford, “The White Man’s Justice: Native Americans and the Judicial System of San Diego County, 1870-1890,” Western Legal History Vol. 5, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1992), pp. 69-81; Steven M. Karr, “The Warner’s Ranch Indian Removal: Cultural Adaptation, Accommodation, and Continuity,” California History, Vol. 86, No. 4 (2009), pp. 24-84; Diana Bahr, “Cupeño Trail of Tears: Relocation and Urbanization,” American Indian Culture & Research Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1997), pp. 75-82; Tanis C. Thorne, “The Removal of the Indians of El Capitan to Viejas: Confrontation and Change in San Diego Indian Affairs in the 1930s,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 56, No. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2010),  pp. 43-66; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., The Trial of “Indian Joe”: Race and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003) (concerns a murder prosecution in San Diego County).

[212] “Children, Indian and White,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 56, No. 4 (Winter 2008), pp. 11-13; Alan Lufkin, “Indians Saw the Best Years,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 12-14; Suzanne Sevier McBride, “Finding Silva, Survivor of the 1860 Massacres,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Spring 2010), pp. 14-18.

[213] Mansel G. Blackford, The Politics of Business in California, 1890-1920 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977) (covers a wide range of Progressive-era regulation and legislation of business, banks, railroads, insurance, and other industries); Arthur J. Viseltear, “Compulsory Health Insurance in California, 1915-18,” Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 2 (April 1969), pp. 151-182; H. Howard Hassard & Malca Chall, The California Medical Association, Medical Insurance, and the Law, 1935-1992 (Berkeley, CA: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1993); Rickey Hendrickson, “Medical Practice Embattled: Kaiser Permanente, the American Medical Association, and Henry J. Kaiser on the West Coast, 1945-1955,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 60, No. 4 (November 1991), pp. 439-473 (includes early legal battles over rise of HMOs); Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Oral History Project (numerous interviews are mostly with medical doctors and other health scientists and health care professionals who were on Kaiser’s staff, but there are also some interviews with attorneys, available at http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/kaiser/interviews.html); John Alvin Aberle, The History and Economic Aspects of Title Insurance in California (master’s thesis, Business Administration, University of Southern California, 1923); Judson A. Grenier, “Growing Together for a Century: Southern California and the Title Insurance and Trust Company,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Fall/Winter 1993), pp. 351-439; Tilmann J. Röder, From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871-1914: Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2011); “Of Earthquakes, Fires, and Lawsuits: A 1906 Trial in San Francisco,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), 81-150 (Levi Strauss Realty v. Transatlantic Fire Insurance Company (1906); insurer loses for failure to include “act of God” exclusion in policy); Austin Remy Troy, Natural Hazard Policy and the Land Market: An Assessment of the Effects of the California Natural Hazard Disclosure Law (doctoral dissertation, Environmental Science, Policy & Management, University of California, Berkeley, 2001) (discusses history of insurance laws); H. Walter Croskey, “Bad Faith in California: Its History, Development and Current Status,” Bad Faith in California: Its History, Development and Current Status [article]Tort & Insurance Law Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1990-1991), pp. 561-589; “§ 4:7. Why California Law on Cleanup Costs as Damages Is Unique — The History of an Unduly Complicated Case Law,” in Environmental Insurance Litigation: Law & Practice (New York: Thomson Reuters, 2015).

[214] Stephen Fox, The Unknown Internment: An Oral History of the Relocation of Italian Americans during World War II (Boston: Hall, 1990), reprinted and revised, Stephen Fox, UnCivil Liberties: Italian Americans Under Siege During World War II (Boca Raton: Universal-Publishers, 2000); Stephen C. Fox, “General John DeWitt and the Proposed Internment of German and Italian Aliens during World War II,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 4 (November 1988), pp. 407-438; Stephen Fox, “10: The Relocation of Italian Americans in California during World War II*,” Center for Migration Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1993), pp. 199-213; Lawrence Distasi and Sandra Gilbert, Una Storia Segreta: The Secret History of Italian American Evacuation and Internment During World War II (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2001); Rose D. Scherini, “Executive Order 9066 and Italian Americans: The San Francisco Story,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Winter 1991/1992), pp. 366-377; Paula Branca-Santos, “Injustice Ignored: The Internment of Italian-Americans During World War II,” Pace International Law Review, Vol. 13 (Spring 2001), pp. 151-182; Gloria Ricci Lothrop, “Unwelcome in Freedom’s Land: The Impact of World War II on Italian Aliens in Southern California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 507-544; William Issel, For Both Cross and Flag: Catholic Action, Anti-Catholicism, and National Security Politics in World War II San Francisco (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009) (Italian American attorney and devout Catholic Sylvester Andriano was suspected of pro-Mussolini disloyalty and was relocated from San Francisco); John Christgau, “Enemies”: World War II Alien Internment (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1985) (primarily concerns German nationals, but also discusses Italian and Japanese Americans).

[215] Carey McWilliams, What About Our Japanese-Americans? (Public Affairs Committee, American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, May 21, 1944), p. 3.

[216] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 216-217.

[217] Roger Daniels, The Politics of Prejudice: The Anti-Japanese Movement in California and the Struggle for Japanese Exclusion (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962).

[218] Madelon Berkowitz, The California Progressives and Anti-Japanese Agitation (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1966); Thomas A. Bailey, “California, Japan, and the Alien Land Legislation of 1913,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (March 1932), pp. 36-59.

[219] Eugene V. Rostow, “The Japanese American Cases — A Disaster,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 54, No. 3 (June 1945), pp. 489-533; Edward S. Corwin, Total War and the Constitution (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1947); Jacobus tenBroek, Edward N. Barnhart, & Floyd W. Matson, Prejudice, War, and the Constitution (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1954); John Christgau, “Collins versus the World: The Fight to Restore Citizenship to Japanese American Renunciants of World War II,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 54, No. 1 (February 1985), pp. 1-31; Sidney Fine, “Mr. Justice Murphy and the Hirabayashi Case,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 33, No. 2 (May 1964), pp. 195-209; John Christgau, “Enemies”: World War II Alien Internment (Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press, 1985) (mostly concerns internment of German aliens, but includes chapter on Tule Lake, including legal activity (pp. 144-181).

[220] Peter H. Irons, Justice at War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).

[221] Peter Irons, ed., Justice Delayed: The Record of the Japanese American Internment Cases (Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1989) (includes a useful long introductory chapter regarding legal aspects and origins of several key cases — Hirabayashi (Washington), Yasui (Oregon), Korematsu (California) — plus court opinions and briefs for the original cases plus the coram nobis proceedings during the 1980s to undo the earlier decisions); Roger T. Daniels, Prisoners without Trial: Japanese Americans in World War II (New York: Hill and Wang, 1993) (covers story of internment and its aftermath through redress in the 1980s); Roger T. Daniels, The Decision to Relocate the Japanese Americans (New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1975; republished by Robert E. Krieger Publishing Co., 1990) (document reader with an introduction); Roger Daniels, Sandra C. Taylor, and Harry H.L. Kitano, eds., Japanese Americans: From Relocation to Redress (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991) (original edition 1986) (not primarily focused on law or California, but includes a wide range of brief, interesting excerpts from articles on many associated topics); Roger Daniels, Asian America: Chinese and Japanese in the United States since 1850 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988); Roger Daniels, “Incarceration of the Japanese Americans: A Sixty-Year Perspective,” History Teacher, Vol. 35, No. 3 (May 2002), pp. 297-310.

[222] Yuji Ichioka, The Issei: The World of the First Generation Japanese Immigrants, 1885-1924 (New York: Free Press, 1988) (mostly social/political history not legal history, but interwoven with anti-Japanese legislation and its effects on people’s lives, including labor history; later chapters address 1913/1920 Alien Land Acts, 1924 Immigration Act, and the Ozawa citizenship case); Jun Furuya, Gentlemen’s Disagreement: The Controversy between the United States and Japan over the California Alien Land Law of 1913 (doctoral dissertation, Princeton University, 1989); Eldon R. Penrose, California Nativism: Organized Opposition to the Japanese, 1890-1913 (master’s thesis, History, Sacramento State College, 1969); Bruce Allen Castleman, The California Alien Land Laws (master’s thesis, History, University of San Diego, 1993); Virginia Corinne Vyborney, A Preliminary Study of Japanese Land Acquisitions in Stanislaus County, California, 1913-1952 (master’s thesis, History, Stanislaus State University, 1976); Frank F. Chuman, The Bamboo People: The Law and Japanese-Americans (Del Mar, CA: Publisher’s Inc., 1976); Documental History of Law Cases Affecting Japanese in the United States, 1916-1924 (San Francisco: Consulate-General of Japan, 1925; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1978); Yamato Ichihashi, Japanese Immigration; Its Status in California (San Francisco: Marshall Press, 1915) (chiefly concerns demographic and economic statistics, but includes a brief chapter on anti-Japanese agitation and legislation); Sidney L. Gulick, Should Congress Enact Special Laws Affecting Japanese?: A Critical Examination of the “Hearings Before the Committee on Immigration and Naturalization,” Held in California, July 1920 (New York: National Committee on American Japanese Relations, 1922); James B. Kessler & Kan Ori, Anti-Japanese Land Law Controversy in California: A Case Study of Intranational and International Communications As Affected by the Dynamics of American Federalism (Tokyo: Sophia University, 1968); Rebecca B. Gruver, Japanese-American Relations and the Japanese Exclusion Movement, 1900-1934 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1956).

[223] James Harrington Boyd, “Limitations of the Treatymaking Power of the President of the United States with the Concurrance Power of the Senate - Part II - The Application of These Principles to the Controversy with Japan and the California Land Laws,” Central Law Journal, Vol. 86 (March 1918), pp. 188-194; Edwin E. Ferguson, “The California Alien Land Law and the Fourteenth Amendment,” California Law Review, Vol. 35 (1947), pp. 61-90; Dudley O. McGovney, “The Anti-Japanese Land Laws of California and Ten Other States,” California Law Review, Vol. 35 (1947), pp. 7-60; Eiichiro Azuma, “Japanese Immigrant Farmers and California Alien Land Laws: A Study of the Walnut Grove Japanese Community,” California History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 14-29; Eiichiro Azuma, “Japanese Immigrant Settler Colonialism in the U.S.-Mexican Borderlands and the U.S. Racial-Imperialist Politics of the Hemispheric ‘Yellow Peril’,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 2 (May 2014), pp. 255-276; M. Browning Carrott, “Prejudice Goes to Court: The Japanese & the Supreme Court in the 1920s,” California History, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Summer 1983), pp. 122-138; Bruce A. Castleman, “California’s Alien Land Laws,” Western Legal History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1994), pp. 25-68; John A. Gothberg, “Press Reaction to Japanese Land Ownership in California,” Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (December 1970), pp. 667-672; Robert Higgs, “Landless by Law: Japanese Immigrants in California Agriculture to 1941,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 205-225; Yuji Ichioka, “Japanese Immigrant Response to the 1920 California Alien Land Law,” Agricultural History, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Spring 1984), pp. 157-178; Lon Kurashige, “Rethinking Anti-Immigrant Racism: Lessons from the Los Angeles Vote on the 1920 Alien Land Law,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Fall 2013), pp. 265-283; Frank W. Van Nuys, “A Progressive Confronts the Race Question: Chester Rowell, the California Alien Land Act of 1913, and the Contradictions of Early Twentieth-Century Racial Thought,” California History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 2-13; Masao Suzuki, “Important or Impotent? Taking Another Look at the 1920 California Alien Land Law,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 64, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 125-143; Brant T. Lee, “A Racial Trust: The Japanese YWCA and the Alien Land Law,” Asian Pacific American Law Journal, Vol. 7 (Spring 2001), pp. 1-29; Keith Aoki, “No Right to Own: The Early Twentieth-Century Alien Land Laws as a Prelude to Internment,” Boston College Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 1 (December 1998), pp. 37-72; Ronald L. Bell & Jonathan D. Savage, “Our Land is Your Land: Ineffective State Restriction of Alien Land Ownership and the Need for Federal Legislation,” John Marshall Law Review, Vol. 13, No. 3 (Spring 1980), pp. 679-716 (largely concerns California’s Japanese Americans); Paolo E. Coletta, “‘The Most Thankless Task’: Bryan and the California Alien Land Legislation,” Pacific Historical Review Vol. 36, No. 2 (May 1967), pp. 163-187; Charles Wallace Collins, “Will the California Alien Land Law Stand the Test of the Fourteenth Amendment?,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 23 (February 1914), pp. 330-338; Harriette M. Dilla, “The Constitutional Background of the Recent Japanese Anti-Alien Land Bill Controversy,” Michigan Law Review, Vol. 12, No. 7 (1914), pp. 573-584 (note: the Collins and Dilla articles are just two examples of a wider range of contemporary discussions of the issue that may be found in early editions of law journals from the early 20th century).

[224] Izumi Hirobe, Japanese Pride, American Prejudice: Modifying the Exclusion Clause of the 1924 Immigration Act (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001); Lucy Elizabeth Salyer, Guarding the “White Man’s Frontier”: Courts, Politics, and the Regulation of Immigration, 1891-1924 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1989) (focuses on Chinese immigrants, but also covers Japanese and East Indian immigration); S. Rand Berner, Diplomacy Begins at Home: San Francisco, Theodore Roosevelt, and Japan false(master’s thesis, History, San Jose State University, 2007) (concerns 1906 anti-Japanese school segregation order in San Francisco); Valerie J. Matsumoto, “Nikki Sawada Bridges Flynn and What Comes Naturally,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2010), pp. 31-40 (discusses miscegenation laws and anti-miscegenation activism, focusing on wife of radical Harry Bridges); see also Dana B. Young, “The Voyage of the Kanrin Maru to San Francisco, 1860,” California History, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 264-275 (San Francisco first receives first diplomatic mission from Japan).

[225] Charlotte Brooks, “The War on Grant Avenue: Business Competition and Ethnic Rivalry in San Francisco’s Chinatown, 1937-1942,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May 2011), pp. 311-330; Joan S. Wang, “The Double Burdens of Immigrant Nationalism: The Relationship between Chinese and Japanese in the American West, 1880s-1920s,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 27 No. 2 (Winter 2008), pp. 28-58 (discusses intergroup competition in response to exclusionary laws and policies).

[226] Harry N. Scheiber & Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: Martial Law in Hawai'i during World War II (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, release announced for February 1, 2016) (discussing also the impact of Executive Order 9066 on Hawai’ian-born Japanese Americans living in California, California Attorney General Earl Warren’s involvement, and resistance by Hawai’ian and Californian Japanese Americans at the Tule Lake camp); Richard Drinnon, Keeper of Concentration Camps: Dillon S. Myer and American Racism (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987) (covers internment camps both inside and outside California, including Tule Lake and the handling of “troublemakers” there, including resulting legal actions and investigations); Eric L. Muller, American Inquisition: The Hunt for Japanese American Disloyalty in World War II (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007) (includes coverage of various legal or quasi-legal court or administrative proceedings conducted in association with hunting for traitors; focused on the federal government and internment process nationwide, not specifically in California); Tetsuden Kashima, Judgment without Trial: Japanese American Imprisonment during World War II (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003) (focuses on internment, administration of internment process and internment camps nationwide, not primarily about California or traditional legal activities, but valuable for wider story); Abraham Hoffman, “The Conscience of a Public Official: Los Angeles Mayor Fletcher Bowron and Japanese Removal,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2010), pp. 243-274; Lorraine K. Bannai, Enduring Conviction: Fred Korematsu and His Quest for Justice (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2015); Greg Robinson & Toni Robinson, “Korematsu and Beyond: Japanese Americans and the Origins of Strict Scrutiny,” Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 68 (Spring 2005), pp. 29-55; Jonathan M. Justl, “Disastrously Misunderstood: Judicial Deference in the Japanese-American Cases,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 119 (November 2009), pp. 270-315 (mostly not directly concerned with California); “Symposium: The Long Shadow of Korematsu,” Boston College Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 1 (December 1998); Charles Sheehan, “Solicitor General Charles Fahy and Honorable Defense of the Japanese-American Exclusion Cases,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 54, No. 4 (October 2014), pp. 469-520; Peter Irons, “How Solicitor General Charles Fahy Misled the Supreme Court in the Japanese American Internment Cases: A Reply to Charles Sheehan,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 55, No. 2 (April 2015), pp. 208-226.

[227] Brian Masaru Hayashi, Democratizing the Enemy: The Japanese American Internment (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004); Wendy Ng, Japanese American Internment during World War II: A History and Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002) (general nationwide treatment not focused on California or strictly legal aspects, but includes useful information pointing toward other resources); Greg Robinson, A Tragedy of Democracy: Japanese Confinement in North America (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009) (mostly a detailed political history, but includes substantial commentary on related legal issues and proceedings); Greg Robinson, By Order of the President: FDR and the Internment of Japanese Americans (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2001) (interwoven with law; chiefly political/national treatment); Francis Feeley, A Strategy of Dominance: The History of an American Concentration Camp, Pomona California (St. James, NY: Brandywine, 1995); Anne Hiller Clark, “Shaw Historical Library Resources on the Tule Lake Relocation and Segregation Center,” Journal of the Shaw Historical Library, Vol. 19 (October 2005), pp. 187-188; Donald H. Estes & Matthew T. Estes, “Further and Further Away: The Relocation of San Diego’s Nikkei Community,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 39, No. 1/2 (March 1993), pp. 1-31; Gerald Schlenker, “The Internment of the Japanese of San Diego County During the Second World War,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (March 1972), pp. 1-9; Janet Stevenson, “Before the Colors Fade: The Return of the Exiles,” American Heritage, Vol. 20, No. 4 (June 1969), pp. 22-29; Gerald Stanley, “Justice Deferred: A Fifty-Year Perspective on Japanese-Internment Historiography,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Summer 1992), pp. 181-206; Anthony K. Webster & Scott Rushforth, “Morris Edward Opler (1907-1996),” American Anthropologist, Vol. 102, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 328-329 (anthropologist filed legal briefs on behalf of internees); Taunya Lovell Banks, “Outsider Citizens: Film Narratives about the Internment of Japanese Americans,” Suffolk University Law Review, Vol. 42, No. 4 (2009), pp. 769-794; Arthur A. Hansen, Debra Gold Hansen & Sue Kunitomi Embrey, An Annotated Bibliography for Manzanar National Historic Site (Fullerton: California State University, Fullerton, Oral History Program, 1995); Commemorative Issue, Japanese American Internment, Fiftieth Anniversary, Amerasia Journal, Vol. 19, No. 1 (1993); Page Smith, Democracy on Trial: The Japanese American Evacuation and Relocation in World War II (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995); Audrie Girdner & Anne Loftis, The Great Betrayal: The Evacuation of the Japanese-Americans during World War II (New York: Macmillan, 1969); Gary Y. Okihiro, Encyclopedia of Japanese American Internment (Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing, 2013); Ayanna Sumiko Yonemura, Dillon S. Myer and the War Relocation Authority’s Resettlement of Japanese Americans: A Racialized Planning Project (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001).

[228] Donald E. Collins, Native American Aliens: Disloyalty and the Renunciation of Citizenship by Japanese Americans during World War II (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1985) (focuses on resistance and rebellion against internment and martial law at the Tule Lake Segregation Center, plus the various court proceedings that followed regarding renunciation or restoration of citizenship); Eric L. Muller, Free to Die for Their Country: The Story of the Japanese American Draft Resisters in World War II (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001) (includes deportation process as well as draft resistance and resulting litigation and court proceedings, some of them concerning Humboldt County or the Tule Lake facility along with Idaho or Wyoming); Eileen H. Tamura, In Defense of Justice: Joseph Kurihara and the Japanese American Struggle for Equality (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2013) (focuses on resistance leader at Manzanar and Tule Lake who renounced his U.S. citizenship in protest against internment); William Minoru Hohri, Resistance: Challenging America’s Wartime Internment of Japanese-Americans (Lomita, CA: the Epistolarian, 2001) (provides brief case studies and oral histories regarding wartime internment resisters, including their handling by federal prosecutors and courts); Cherstin M. Lyon, Prisons and Patriots: Japanese American Wartime Citizenship, Civil Disobedience, and Historical Memory (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2012) (another source focusing on resisters); Lon Kurashige, “Resistance, Collaboration, and Manzanar Protest,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 70, No. 3 (August 2001), pp. 387-417; Harry Ueno et al., “Speaking for Ourselves: Dissident Harry Ueno Remembers Manzanar,” California History, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Winter 1985), pp. 58-64; Harry N. Scheiber & Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: Martial Law in Hawai'i during World War II (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, release announced for February 1, 2016) (discussing also the impact of Executive Order 9066 on Hawai’ian-born Japanese Americans living in California, California Attorney General Earl Warren’s involvement, and resistance by Hawai’ian and Californian Japanese Americans at the Tule Lake camp).

[229] Allan W. Austin, “Eastward Pioneers: Japanese American Resettlement during World War II and the Contested Meaning of Exile and Incarceration,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 26, No. 2 (January 2007), pp. 58-84; Robert T. Hayashi, “Transfigured Patterns: Contesting Memories at the Manzanar National Historic Site,” Public Historian, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Fall 2003), pp. 51-72.

[230] Stephanie Barngarth, Voices Raised in Protest: Defending North American Citizens of Japanese Ancestry, 1942-49 (Vancouver: UBC Press, 2008) (covers activity in Canada as well as entire United States, but California is significant); Robert Shaffer, “Opposition to Internment: Defending Japanese American Rights during World War II,” Historian, Vol. 61, No. 3 (March 1999), pp. 597–620; Rosalie H. Wax, “In and Out of Tule Lake Segregation Center: Japanese Internment in the West, 1942-1945,” Montana: Magazine of Western History, Vol. 37, No. 2 (1987), pp. 12-25; Judy Kutulas, “In Quest of Autonomy: The Northern California Affiliate of the American Civil Liberties Union and World War II,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 67 No. 2 (May 1998), pp. 201-231 (concerns efforts to investigate Tule Lake internment center and disagreement between local and national ACLU leadership, among other issues).

[231] Alice Yang Murray, Historical Memories of the Japanese American Internment and the Struggle for Redress (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008); Mitchell Takeshi Maki, Harry H.L. Kitano & Sarah Megan Berthold, Achieving the Impossible Dream: How Japanese Americans Obtained Redress (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1999); Leslie T. Hatamiya, Righting a Wrong: Japanese Americans and the Passage of the Civil Liberties Act of 1988 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993) (includes introductory chapter on original internment, mostly concerns legislation process at the national and congressional level, not much specifically about California or California law); Eric K. Yamamoto, Margaret Chon, Carol L. Izumi, Jerry Kang, and Frank H. Wu, Race, Rights and Reparation: Law and the Japanese American Internment (Gaithersburg, NY: Aspen Law & Business, 2001) (designed as a casebook for teaching law students about both the internment process and later redress, includes edited excerpts of various primary source documents along with introductory sections and excerpts from earlier secondary sources such as Peter Irons’ books; covers some major early (19th century and prewar) Asian American exclusion and discrimination cases, internment, resettlement, and 1980s coram nobis cases); Masumi Izumi, “Prohibiting ‘American Concentration Camps’,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 74, No. 2 (May 2005), pp. 165-194 (national rather than Californian focus, but includes activity by Japanese Americans and other Californians to undo the legacy of the internment); Glen I. Kitayama, Japanese Americans and the Movement for Redress: A Case Study of Grassroots Activism in the Los Angeles Chapter of the National Coalition for Redress/Reparations (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1993); see also Kevin Allen Leonard, “‘Is That What We Fought For?’ Japanese Americans and Racism in California, The Impact of World War II,” The Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 21, No. 4 (November 1990), pp. 463-482 (concerns the plight of those Japanese Americans who returned to California in the early postwar years); Peter T. Suzuki, “The University of California Japanese Evacuation and Resettlement Study: A Prolegomenon,” Dialectical Anthropology, Vol. 10, No. 3 (1986), pp. 189-213.

[232] United States Department of War, Final Report: Japanese Evacuation from the West Coast, 1942 (New York: Arno Press, 1978) (reprint; originally published in 1943); Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, December 1982) (not focused on California, but includes a wealth of information about diverse aspects of the internment process, including administrative and legal issues); Personal Justice Denied, Part 2: Recommendations — Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians (Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, June 1983) (13-page pamphlet, companion to report); Carey McWilliams, What About Our Japanese-Americans? (American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, Public Affairs Committee, 1944) (31-page pamphlet protesting internment); Kolleen Ostgaard, Chris Smart, Tom McGuire, Madeline Lanz, & Timothy A. Hodson, The Japanese-American Interment During WWII: A Discussion of Civil Liberties Then and Now — A Town Hall Meeting (Sacramento: The LegiSchool Project, 2000) (a collection of primary source articles and excerpts for a public teaching module regarding the topic).

[233] Roger Daniels, “Incarceration of the Japanese Americans: A Sixty-Year Perspective,” History Teacher, Vol. 35, No. 3 (May 2002), pp. 297-310.

[234] George Yonehiro & Raymond R. Roberts, “Oral History of George Yonehiro (1922-2001)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 147-184. See also Charlotte Brooks, Alien Neighbors, Foreign Friends: Asian Americans, Housing, and the Transformation of Urban California (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2009).

[235] Yasuhide Kawashima, The Tokyo Rose Case: Treason on Trial (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013) (Iva Toguri D’Aquino, “Tokyo Rose,” was born and raised in California, visited Japan shortly before Pearl Harbor and was stuck there throughout the war, made English-language radio broadcasts for the Japanese government during wartime, never renounced her U.S. citizenship, and was later tried in federal court in San Francisco and was convicted of treason; her conviction was later overturned); see also Stanley I. Kutler, The American Inquisition (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982).

[236] “Solomon Heydenfeldt: Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1816-1890),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Winter 2008), pp. 177-181; William M. Kramer, “The Earliest Important Jewish Attorney in California: Solomon Heydenfeldt,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (January 1991), pp. 149-161; William M. Kramer, “Solomon Heydenfeldt (1816-1890): Supreme Court Judge,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 129-144. Justice Stanley Mosk notes that an even earlier Supreme Court justice — Henry A. Lyons, one of the original associate justices appointed in 1849 — was Jewish, also, though Mosk indicates that he seemingly was neither much of an observant Jew nor especially much of a judge. Mosk, “Jews on the California Supreme Court,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 26, No. 1 (October 1993), pp. 9-10.

[237] Leland G. Stanford, “United States Federal Judge Jacob Weinberger, A True Immigrant Child of the Wild West, 1882-1974,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Winter 2011), pp. 139-167; Stanley Mosk, “Jews on the California Supreme Court,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 26, No. 1 (October 1993), pp. 9-19; Frank H. Sloss, “M. C. Sloss and the California Supreme Court,” California Law Review, Vol. 46, No. 5 (December 1958), pp. 715-738.

[238] William M. Kramer, Jewish Activist Lawyers of Pioneer American California  (Los Angeles: University of Judaism, 1990); Norton B. Stern, “Jacob Frankfort: Material on the First Jewish Pioneer Resident of Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Spring 2009), pp. 435-439; Richard L. Carrico, “Wolf Kalisher: Immigrant, Pioneer Merchant and Indian Advocate,” Western States Jewish Historical Quarterly, Vol. 15, No. 2 (January 1983), pp. 99-106; William M. Kramer, “Henry J. Labatt (1832-1900): Pioneer Lawyer of California and Texas,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 155-173; Gene H. Rosenblum, “Isaac Nunez Cardozo: Western Grandee,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 89-96; David G. Dalin & John F. Rothmann, “Henry U. Brandenstein of San Francisco,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (October 1985), pp. 3-21; William M. Kramer, “Three Jewish-Activist Lawyers of Nineteenth Century California: Solomon Heydenfeldt (1816-1890), Henry Jacob Labatt (1832-1900), Joseph Rodriguez Brandon (1828-1916),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 45, No. 3 (Spring 2013), pp. 259-275; William M. Kramer, “Joseph R. Brandon, Activist Lawyer,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 1 (October 1990), pp. 26-30; “Jewish Lawyers of California in the Early Twentieth Century,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Summer 2007), pp. 365-379; Victoria Saker Woeste, “California Lawyer: Aaron Sapiro and the Progressive-Era Vision of Law as Public Service,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 449-465; Grace H. Larsen & Henry E. Erdman, “Aaron Sapiro: Genius of Farm Co-Operative Promotion,” Western States Jewish History (Winter 2005), Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 161-177; Grace Larsen, “A Progressive in Agriculture: Harris Weinstock,” Agricultural History, Vol. 32, No. 3 (June 1958), pp. 187-193; Norton B. Stern, “Kaspare Cohn: Notes from a Session with Edwin J. Loeb, Los Angeles, California, June 21, 1967,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Spring 2009), pp. 415-416; Norton B. Stern, “Leon Loeb and Family: Report of an Interview with Mr. Joseph P. Loeb,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Spring 2009), pp. 521-526; Norton B. Stern, “Leopold Loeb and Family: Report of an Interview with Mr. Edwin J. Loeb,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Spring 2009), pp. 527-531; Moses Lasky & Thomas D. Kiley, “Moses Lasky: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 79-92 (major San Francisco lawyer who argued repeatedly and successfully before the U.S. Supreme Court); Molly Selvin, “The Loeb Firm and the Origins of Entertainment Law Practice in Los Angeles, 1908-1940,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 135-174.

[239] Norton B. Stern, “The First Jewish California State Legislator: Elcan Heydenfeldt, 1850,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 16, No. 2 (January 1984), pp. 120-124; Norton B. Stern, “Elcan Heydenfeldt, 1850: The First Jewish California State Legislator,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 145-149; Norton B. Stern, “Isaac Cohen: Southern California Merchant, Local Politico, Federal Official, 1848-1930,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (February 2004), reprint of same article, same journal, Vol. 44, Nos. 3/4; “Anaheim’s First Jewish Law Enforcement Officer,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 44 (Spring/Summer 2012), p. 60; Norton B. Stern & William M. Kramer, “Emil Harris: Los Angeles Jewish Police Chief (1839-1921),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Summer 2007), pp. 322-356.

[240] Adam Badawi, “Introduction to the Bernard Witkin Oral History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 95-108; Bernard Witkin & Gordon Bakken, “Conversations with Bernard Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 109-136; Clyde Leland, “The Ineffable Bernie Witkin,” California Lawyer, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1989), pp. 44-50; Raymond L. Sullivan, “Bernard E. Witkin on His 80th Birthday,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 99-102; see also “In Memoriam: Bernard E. Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society website, available at http://www.cschs.org/history/special-sessions/special-sessions-in-memoriam-bernard-e-witkin/.

[241] Morris B. Margolies, “A Case of Manslaughter at Humbug, California in 1857,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 16, No. 1 (October 1983), pp. 44-48; “Religious Equality in California, 1862,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 20, No. 1 (October 1987), pp. 73-76.

[242] Gustav Adolf Danziger, “The Jew in San Francisco: The Last Half Century, 1849–1895,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Winter 2004), pp. 138-174; Joseph R. Brandon, “A Protest against Sectarian Texts in California Schools in 1875,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 20, No. 3 (April 1988), pp. 233-235; J. A. Graves, “Did Jews Destroy a Los Angeles Bank in 1875?,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Winter 2001), pp. 121-127; “Additional Material on California’s Jewish Governor, Washington Bartlett,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 3 (April 1991), pp. 219-222; Norton B. Stern & William M. Kramer, “Emil Harris: Los Angeles Jewish Police Chief (1839-1921),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Summer 2007), pp. 322-356; Norton B. Stern, “A ‘Murder’ to be Forgotten,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 44 (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 81-89; Nan Abrams, “The Greenwalds of Humboldt County: The Emerald Ring and the Case of the Chinese Certificates,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 43 (Winter 2011).

[243] M. K. Silver, “Selina Solomons and Her Quest for the Sixth Star, 1862-1942,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 35, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 211-223 (California Jewish women’s suffragist); Gerald S. Henig, “San Francisco Jewry and the Russian Visa Controversy of 1911,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (October 1985), pp. 58-66; Gerald S. Henig, “‘He Did Not Have a Fair Trial’: California Progressives React to the Leo Frank Case,” California History, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Summer 1979), pp. 166-178 (Californians’, especially Jews’, response to a notorious death penalty case in Georgia, 1913-1915); N. Goldberg, “Jews in the Police Records of Los Angeles, 1933-1947,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 257-286 (reprinted from YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science, Vol. V (1950), pp. 266-291, translated from Yiddish original in YIVO Bleter,  XXXIV (1950), pp. 129-156); Albert L. Hurtado, “False Accusations: Herbert Bolton, Jews, and the Loyalty Oath at Berkeley, 1920-1950,” California History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (2012), pp. 38-56; Paul J. Eisloeffel, “The Cold War and Harry Steinmetz: A Case of Loyalty and Legislation,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1989), pp. 260-276; James Loeffler, “‘The Conscience of America’: Human Rights, Jewish Politics, and American Foreign Policy at the 1945 United Nations San Francisco Conference,” Journal of American History, Vol. 100, No. 2 (September 2013), pp. 401-428; John P. Jackson, Jr., “Blind Law and Powerless Science,” ISIS: Journal of the History of Science in Society, Vol. 91, No. 1 (March 2000), pp. 89-116; Anthony K. Webster & Scott Rushforth, “Morris Edward Opler (1907-1996),” American Anthropologist, Vol. 102, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 328-329; Ralph Sparrow, “The Assassination Attempt on Mickey Cohen and the Subsequent Fallout, 1949-1950,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring 2002), pp. 194-222 (incident led to LAPD police corruption scandal); Raphael J. Sonenshein, “The Role of the Jewish Community in Los Angeles Politics: From Bradley to Villaraigosa,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 189-205.

[244] Jacob Rader Marcus, “Anti-Jewish Sentiment in California, 1855,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 31, No. 2/3 (Winter/Spring 1999), pp. 111-130; Robert J. Chandler, “Jews, Honor, and James H. Hardy,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 4 (July 1991), pp. 304-313; Norton B. Stern, “The Labatts’ Attack in San Francisco and Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 179-188; Harvey J. Strum, “Elsinore, California: ‘The City of Hate Affair,’” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (January 1995), pp. 101-118.

[245] Jeremy Zeitlin, “What’s Sunday All About? The Rise and Fall of California’s Sunday Closing Law,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 355-380; Joseph B. Marks & Lisa J. Sanders, “The Blue Laws Debate: A Sacramento Shopkeeper’s Story,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 25, No. 3 (April 1993), pp. 211-224; Arnold Roth, “Sunday ‘Blue Laws’ and the California State Supreme Court,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Spring 1973), pp. 43-47.

[246] “Hebrew Benevolent Society, of Los Angeles, California: Constitution and By-Laws — 1855,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1998), pp. 145-154; Harold L. Levy, “Julius Friedman, Benefactor of the Jewish Home for the Aged, San Francisco,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (January 1991), pp. 99-105; May W. Goldman, “The Federation of Jewish Charities of Los Angeles in 1923,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 1 (October 1990), pp. 22-25; “Aid Pours in for Rattled Jews of Los Angeles After 1994 Northridge Earthquake,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 27, No. 3 (April 1995), pp. 77-82 (legal aid for quake victims).

[247] “Vindication,  Protest and Appeal,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 42, No. 1 (Fall 2009), pp. 74-82; Dana Evan Kaplan, “Judaism and Intermarriage: A Discussion in 19th Century California, 1857-1859,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Summer 1999), pp. 352-363; William M. Kramer & Norton B. Stern, “An Issue of Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Early San Francisco,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (October 1988), pp. 46-57; Robert E. Levinson, “Ketubot from Early California,” Michael: On the History of the Jews in the Diaspora, Vol. 3 (January 1975), pp. 34-41; Norton B. Stern, “A Nineteenth Century Conversion in Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 16, No. 4 (July 1984), pp. 360-367.

[248] J. Edward Johnson, History of the Supreme Court Justices of California, 1850-1965 (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1963 (vol. I) & 1966 (vol. II)), now digitally available at http://library.courtinfo.ca.gov/included/docs/SCJC_Vol_1.pdf and http://library.courtinfo.ca.gov/included/docs/SCJC_Vol_2.pdf; A. Russell Buchanan, David S. Terry of California: Dueling Judge (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1956); Thomas G. Barnes, Hastings College of the Law: The First Century (San Francisco: Hastings College of the Law Press, 1978) (discusses life of California Chief Justice Serranus Hastings); Edgar W. Camp, “Hugh С. Murray, California’s Youngest Chief Justice,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 4 (December 1941), pp. 365-373.

[249] Kenneth M. Johnson, “The Judges Colton,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 4 (December 1975), pp. 349-360; William Uberti, “Oliver S. Witherby, First State District Judge of San Diego,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1978); George Cosgrave, “James McHall Jones, the Judge that Never Presided,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 20, No. 2 (June 1941), pp. 97-116 (judge on the federal Southern District of California for less than a year before his early death); Matthew McDevitt, Joseph McKenna, Associate Justice of the United States (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 1946; reprinted edition, Boston: Da Capo Press, 1974) (district attorney of Solano County before service as a member of the California State Assembly, and later the U.S. Congress, before brief service as U.S. Attorney General before appointment to U.S. Supreme Court); Oscar Shafter, Life, Diary and Letters of Oscar Lovell Shafter (San Francisco; Blair-Murdock Co., 1915; reprinted edition, Whitefish, MT: Kessinger Publishing, 2008); Cameron Rogers, A County Judge in Arcady: Selected Private Papers of Charles Fernald, Pioneer California Jurist (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1954).

[250] Charles W. McCurdy, Jr., Economic Growth and Judicial Conservatism in the Age of Enterprise: Studies in the Jurisprudence of Stephen J. Field, 1850-1900 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 1976); Carl B. Swisher, Stephen J. Field, Craftsman of the Law (Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, 1930; reprinted edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1969); Stephen J. Field, Personal Reminiscences of Early Days in California: with Other Sketches (San Francisco?: not published, 1880), available at http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/calbkbib:@field(NUMBER+@od1(calbk+114)).

[251] George B. Harris (1908-1983): Memories of San Francisco Legal Practice and State and Federal Courts, 1920s-1960s (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1981); Herman Phleger (1890-1984): Observations on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1981); Albert C. Wollenberg, Sr. (1900-1981): To Do the Job Well: A Life in Legislative, Judicial, and Community Service (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1981); Alfonso J. Zirpoli (1905-1995): Faith in Justice: Alfonso J. Zirpoli and the United States District Court for the Northern District of California (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1981).

[252] Preble Stolz, Judging Judges: The Investigation of Rose Bird and the California Supreme Court (New York: Free Press, 1981); Betty Medsger, Framed: The New Right Attack on Chief Justice Rose Bird and the Courts (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1983); Brenda Farrington Myers, Rose Bird and the Rule of Law (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1991); Stephen R. Barnett, “The Rose Bird Myth,” California Lawyer, Vol. 12, No. 8 (August 1992); Claire Cooper, “Rose Bird: The Last Interview,” California Lawyer, Vol. 20, No. 2 (February 2000), pp. 38-39; Joseph M. Gughemetti, The People vs. Rose Bird (San Mateo: Terra View Publications, 1985); Phillip E. Johnson, Backgrounder: The Civil Cases. Four Representative Decisions of the California Supreme Court (Santa Monica: The Supreme Court Project, 1986) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986), available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/226; Phillip E. Johnson, The Court on Trial: The California Judicial Election of 1986 (Santa Monica: The Supreme Court Project, 1985) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986); Independent Citizens’ Committee to Keep Politics Out of The Court, “The Court on Trial:” An Analysis of Phillip Johnson’s Attack on the California Supreme Court (Golden Gate University School of Law Digital Commons, California Agencies Collection, Paper 223, 1986) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986), available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/223; Patrick K. Brown, The Rise and Fall of Rose Bird: A Career Killed by the Death Penalty (master’s degree program seminar paper, California State University, Fullerton, 2007 (?)), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CSCHS_2007-Brown.pdf (includes bibliography of news articles regarding Bird’s judicial career).

[253] David B. Oppenheimer & Allan Brotsky, eds., The Great Dissents of the “Lone Dissenter”: Justice Jesse W. Carter’s Twenty Tumultuous Years on the California Supreme Court (Durham: Carolina Academic Press, 2010) (includes essays covering thirteen of Carter’s important dissenting opinions); Michael Traynor, “The Great Dissents of the Lone Dissenter: Justice Jesse W. Carter’s Twenty Tumultuous Years on the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 377-390 (extended review of Oppenheimer & Brotsky book); J. Scott Carter, “Justice Jesse W. Carter: Grandfather and Role Model,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 145-151; Joseph R. Grodin, “Oral History of Justice Jesse W. Carter: Introduction,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 181-185; Jesse W. Carter & Corinne L. Gilb, “Oral History of Justice Jesse W. Carter” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 186-337; Douglas R. Littlefield, “Jesse W. Carter and California Water Law: Guns, Dynamite, and Farmers, 1918-1939,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 341-371.

[254] Paul Kens, Justice Stephen Field: Shaping Liberty from the Gold Rush to the Gilded Age (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1997); Donald R. Burrill, Servants of the Law: Judicial Politics on the California Frontier (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2011) (primarily a dual biography of Stephen J. Field and David S. Terry); Paul Kens, “Introduction,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2004), pp. 1-21; Stephen J. Field, “Personal Reminiscences of Early Days in California, With Other Sketches,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 29, No. 1 (2004), pp. 22-119; Paul Kens, “Introduction: The Incident at Lathrop Station,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2005), pp. 85-104; George C. Gorham, “The Story of the Attempted Assassination of Justice Field by a Former Associate on the Supreme Bench of California,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2005), pp. 105-194; Paul Kens, “Justice Stephen Field of California,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2008), pp. 149-159; Manuel Cachán, “Justice Stephen Field and ‘Free Soil, Free Labor Constitutionalism’: Reconsidering Revisionism,” Law & History Review, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Autumn 2002), pp. 541-576; Jan S. Stevens, “Stephen J. Field: A Gold Rush Lawyer Shapes the Nation,” Journal of the West, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1990), pp. 40-53; Malcolm Clark, Jr., ed., “My Dear Judge: Excerpts from the Letters of Justice Stephen J. Field to Judge Matthew P. Deady,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp. 78-97; John M. Taylor, “Justice J. Stephen Field,” American History Illustrated, Vol. 9, No. 3 (June 1974), pp. 35-38; James Marchiano, “Justice Stephen J. Field’s Personal Reminiscences, Remembered,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2011), pp. 10-11 (available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2011-Newsletter-Spring-Justice-Stephen-Field.pdf). As might be expected, much of the scholarship on Field concerns his time on the U.S. Supreme Court rather than his time in California.

[255] Molly Selvin, “The George Court, 1996-2010,” in Harry N. Scheiber, ed., Constitutional Governance and Judicial Power: The History of the California Supreme Court (Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press, forthcoming Spring 2016); Ronald M. George, Chief: The Quest for Justice in California / Chief Justice Ronald M. George (“Based upon oral history interviews conducted by Laura McCreery, California Supreme Court Oral History Project”) (Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2013); Laura McCreery, “Chief Justice Ronald M. George Records Comprehensive Oral History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2011), pp. 12-14, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2011-Newsletter-Fall-Ronald-George-Records-Oral-History.pdf; Ronald M. George, “Chief: The Quest for Justice in California — Highlights from the Oral History of the Former Chief Justice,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2013), pp. 5-21, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2013-Newsletter-Chief-Oral-History.pdf; Thomas R. Reynolds, “A Second Draft of History, “The Retired Chief Justice Records an Oral History — and Makes it Public,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2013), pp. 2-4, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2013-Newsletter-Chief-Oral-History.pdf; Jake Dear, “Wednesdays with the Chief: A Charming and Multi-Tasking Micro-Manager,” and “Judicial Council Retirement Tribute and Presentation Honoring Chief Justice Ronald M. George,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2010), pp. 2-7, available at http://www.cschs.org/publications/cschs-newsletter-2011-2009.

[256] Joseph R. Grodin, “Oral History of Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson: Introduction,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 3-8; Gabrielle Morris, “Oral History of Chief Justice Phil S. Gibson,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 9-38; Phil Gibson & Edward L. Lascher, “Phil Gibson: A Conversation with Edward L. Lascher” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 39-57; Ellis Horvitz, “Remembering Chief Justice Gibson,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 59-62; Charles J. McClain, “The California Supreme Court, 1940-1964: The Gibson Era,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 3-102; Amelia R. Fry et al., interviewers, California Constitutional Officers: Oral History Transcript and Related Material, 1977-1980 (Berkeley: California State Archives Regional Oral History Office), available at https://archive.org/details/caliconstitutoff00morrrich (includes interview with Phil S. Gibson, Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court (on Court, 1939-1964; Chief Justice, 1940-1964)); Blaine A. Gibson, “A Son Remembers Chief Justice Gibson … And His Mother,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Autumn/Winter 2007), pp. 1, 3-8, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2007-Newsletter-Fall-A-Son-Remembers-Gibson.pdf.

[257] “Special Section: Honoring Joseph R. Grodin,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 1-67 (contents: Joseph R. Grodin, “The Honoree Speaks,” pp. 3-7; Kathryn M. Werdegar, “A Tribute to Justice Joe Grodin,” pp. 8-12; Ronald M. George, “A ‘Founding Father’ of the Doctrine of Independent State Constitutional Interpretation,” pp. 13-17; Cruz Reynoso, “A Tribute to a Colleague,” pp. 18-19; Hans A. Linde, “Hercules in a Populist Age,” pp. 20-27; Arthur Gilbert, “The Roads Taken and Thoughts about Joe Grodin,” pp. 28-33; Nell Jessup Newton, “On my Teacher, Joe Grodin,” pp. 34-36; Alvin L. Goldman, “Joseph Grodin’s Contributions to Public Sector Collective Bargaining Law,” pp. 37-48; Beth Jay, “Open-Minded Justice,” pp. 49-54; Jake Dear, “Walking with Grodin,” pp. 55-57; Jim Brosnahan, “A Trailblazer,” pp. 58-62; Ephraim Margolin, “About Joe Grodin,” pp. 63-67); “Honoring Joseph R. Grodin — Special Tribute Event, Thursday, November 12, 2015 at UC Hastings College of the Law,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2015), pp. 4-9 (including transcriptions of: Marsha Berzon, “The Honorable Professor — Joseph R. Grodin”; James Brosnahan, “Greetings”; and Joseph Grodin, “Response”), available at http://www.cschs.org/publications/cschs-newsletter; Joseph R. Grodin & Leah McGarrigle, “Oral History: Joseph R. Grodin, Professor of Law and Supreme Court Justice” (edited by Selma Moidel Smith; “Introduction” by Laura McCreery), California Legal History, Vol. 3 (2008), pp. 1-154; Joseph R. Grodin, “The California Supreme Court and State Constitutional Rights: The Early Years,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 31 (Winter 2004), pp. 141-161; Joseph R. Grodin, Calvin R. Massey & Richard B. Cunningham, The California State Constitution: A Reference Guide (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1993); Joseph R. Grodin, Darien Shanske, and Michael B. Salerno,  Joseph R. Grodin, The California State Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2015); “Judicial Elections: The California Experience,” Judicature, Vol. 70, No. 6 (April/May 1987), pp. 365-369.

[258] “Solomon Heydenfeldt: Justice of the Supreme Court of California (1816-1890),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Winter 2008), pp. 177-181; William M. Kramer, “The Earliest Important Jewish Attorney in California: Solomon Heydenfeldt,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (January 1991), pp. 149-161; William M. Kramer, “Solomon Heydenfeldt (1816-1890): Supreme Court Judge,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 129-144.

[259] Bob Egelko, “The Lucas Years, 1987-1996,” in Harry N. Scheiber, ed., Constitutional Governance and Judicial Power: The History of the California Supreme Court (Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press, forthcoming Spring 2016); John W. Poulos, “Capital Punishment, the Legal Process, and the Emergence of the Lucas Court in California,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 23, No. 2 (Winter 1990), pp. 157-332; John W. Poulos, “The Lucas Court and Capital Punishment: The Original Understanding of the Special Circumstances,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (1990), pp. 333-471; Laura McCreery, “Oral Histories Explore Supreme Court in Changing Times” (on the oral histories of Chief Justice Lucas and Justices Edward Panelli, John Arguelles, and Armand Arabian) California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2008), pp. 2-6, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2008-Newsletter-Fall-Oral-Histories-Explore-Supreme-Court.pdf; Jake Dear, “Historic Gathering for Oral Histories” (on completion of the Lucas, Panelli, Arguelles, and Arabian oral histories) California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 2-3.

[260] Stanley Mosk & Germaine LaBerge, Hon. Stanley Mosk Oral History Interview (Berkeley: California State Archives Regional Oral History Office, 1998); Amelia R. Fry et al., interviewers, California Constitutional Officers: Oral History Transcript and Related Material, 1977-1980 (Berkeley: California State Archives Regional Oral History Office), available at https://archive.org/details/caliconstitutoff00morrrich (includes interview with Stanley Mosk, California Attorney General (1959-1964) and later Justice of the California Supreme Court (1964-2001)); Jacqueline R. Braitman & Gerald F. Uelmen, Justice Stanley Mosk: A Life at the Center of California Politics and Justice (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. Publishers, 2013); Justice Richard M. Mosk, “Stanley Mosk’s Letters to His Brother Overseas During World War II,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 3-45; Stanley Mosk, “Fifteen Papers by Justice Stanley Mosk” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 50-170; Jake Dear, “The Influence of Justice Stanley Mosk’s Opinions,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 171-177; “Salute to Seniors: Stanley Mosk” (interview by editor Selma Moidel Smith), Experience: Magazine of the Senior Lawyers Division, American Bar Association, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Winter 2001), pp. 41-42; Richard M. Mosk & Matthew Mosk, “Oral History of Justice Richard M. Mosk [with curriculum vitae and bibliography]” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 7-137; Stanley Mosk & (co-interviewers) Margaret Levy & Gordon Morris Bakken, “Conversations with Justice Stanley Mosk,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 175-228; Richard M. Mosk, “Protecting Constitutional Rights: Justice Stanley Mosk,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 138-140.

[261] Kevin R. Johnson, “Cruz Reynoso — The People’s Justice,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 238-242; Nancy Lenoil, “Oral History and the California State Archives,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 243-245; Cruz Reynoso & Germaine LaBerge, “Oral History of Justice Cruz Reynoso” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 246-383.

[262] Paul Sabin, “High Tide of Equal Protection: Justice Raymond L. Sullivan’s Opinions in Serrano and Westbrook,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 133-162; Raymond L. Sullivan & Gordon Bakken, “Interview of Justice Raymond L. Sullivan,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 161-194; “Raymond L. Sullivan: Lawyer, Justice, Scholar, and Teacher,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 46, No. 1 (November 1994) (tribute edition includes several articles and reflections regarding former justice of California Supreme Court); Bernard E. Witkin, “Justice Raymond Sullivan on His 80th Birthday,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 103-108; Matthew O. Tobriner, “Justice Raymond L. Sullivan,” California Law Review, Vol. 65, No. 2 (March 1977), pp. 227-229.

[263] Ben Field, Activism in the Pursuit of the Public Interest: The Jurisprudence of Chief Justice Roger J. Traynor (Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2003); falseBenjamin Thomas Field, Justice Roger Traynor and His Case for Judicial Activism http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif(doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2000); Ben Field, “The Jurisprudence of Innovation: Justice Roger Traynor and the Reordering of Search and Seizure Rules in California,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 67-102; Catherine Davidson, “All the Other Daisys: Roger Traynor, Recrimination, and the Demise of At-Fault Divorce,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 381-407; Mirit Eyal-Cohen, “Preventive Tax Policy: Chief Justice Roger J. Traynor’s Tax Philosophy,” California Legal History, Vol. 3 (2008), pp. 155-184; John W. Poulos, “The Judicial Process and Substantive Criminal Law: The Legacy of Roger Traynor,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 2 (January 1996), pp. 429-544; Elizabeth Roth, “The Two Voices of Roger Traynor,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 3 (July 1983), pp. 269-301; Aaron J. Schu, “Justice Traynor’s ‘Activist’ Jurisprudence: Field and Posner Revisited,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 423-447; Marissa C. Marxen, “The Influence of Justice Traynor’s Approach to Statutory Interpretation on Modern American Law,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 449-477; Amy Toro, “Roger J. Traynor: Legend in American Jurisprudence,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 63-66; James R. McCall, “Roger Traynor: Teacher, Jurist, and Friend,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 35 (May 1984), pp. 741-746; Walter V. Schaefer, “Chief Justice Traynor and the Judicial Process,” California Law Review, Vol. 53, No. 1 (March 1965), pp. 11-24); Roger J. Traynor (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), “Nine Speeches by Justice Roger J. Traynor,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 213-285; “Chief Justice Roger J. Traynor Inducted into California Hall of Fame” (including remarks by Gov. Jerry Brown), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 10-13, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2012-Newsletter-Spring-Traynor-Inducted-into-Hall-of-Fame.pdf.

[264] Richard H. Rahm, “Chief Justice David S. Terry and the Language of Federalism,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 119-162; “Chief Justice David S. Terry and Federalism: A Life and A Doctrine in Three Acts” (public program reenactment), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2012), pp. 1-7, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/David-Terry-2012-Newsletter-Article.pdf; “Telling the Tale of California’s Most Colorful Justice: Five Justices Dress Up in a Reprise of a Program on Justice David S. Terry,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 20-21, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-Most-Colorful-Justice.pdf; Paul Gutierrez, “Untamed Justice: The Saga of David S. Terry — Part I,” Argonaut, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Summer 2014), pp. 72-92; Gerald F. Uelmen, “The Know Nothing Justices of the California Supreme Court,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (1989), pp. 89-106; Christopher Burchfield, “Broderick and Terry: Two Men With A Past And The Extraordinary Duel Between Dr. Washington Ryder & Dr. Samuel Langdon,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 80 (Winter 2009), pp. 12-19; “David R. Ross, “David S. Terry: California’s Gun-Toting Chief Justice,” Los Angeles Lawyer, Vol. 11, No. 2 (1988), pp. 8-18; Eric Bryan, “Pistols for Two ... Coffee for One,” History Magazine, Vol. 12, No. 2 (December 2010), pp. 23-24 (Sen. Broderick v. Justice Terry duel); A. E. Wagstaff, Life of David S. Terry, presenting an authentic, impartial and vivid history of his eventful life and tragic death (San Francisco: Continental Publishing Co., 1892).

[265] Christian G. Fritz, Federal Justice: The California Court of Ogden Hoffman, 1851-1891 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Christian G. Fritz, “Judge Ogden Hoffman and the Northern District of California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1988), pp. 99-110; Christian G. Fritz, “Judicial Style in California’s Federal Admiralty Court: Ogden Hoffman and the First Ten Years, 1851-1861,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Fall 1982), pp. 1-25.

[266] Caleb Langston, “Built to Last: Judge Richard H. Chambers and His Pasadena Courthouse,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 3-25; Michael Eric Siegel, “Riding Tall in a Small Saddle: The Chief Judgeship of Richard H. Chambers,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 27-53; Cynthia Holcomb Hall, “A Former Law Clerk Remembers,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 55-58; Lee M. A. Simpson, “Preserving the Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 59-88; Alfred T. Goodwin, “Judge Chambers Confers Sainthood: A Reminiscence,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 89-90; Rebekah Heiser Hanley, “Matters of Style, Matters of Opinion: The Voice and Legacy of Richard Chambers,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 91-121; “Richard H. Chambers’ Published Opinions,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 123-142; “Richard H. Chambers’ Published Dissents,” Western Legal History, Vol. 19, Nos. 1/2 (2006), pp. 143-146; James M. Marlar, “Judge Chambers’ Memory Corral,” Arizona Attorney (December 2008), available at https://www.myazbar.org/AZAttorney/PDF_Articles/1208Chambers.pdf.

[267] Nancy Pelosi, Max S. Baucus & Dorothy W. Nelson, “The Honorable James R. Browning: An Enduring Legacy,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), pp. 67-80; Anthony M. Kennedy et al., “Dedication: The Honorable James R. Browning,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1988), pp. 131-134; “Symposium on Judicial Reform: Dedication and Tributes,” Arizona State Law Journal, Vol. 21 (1989) (includes several articles regarding former Chief Judge of the Ninth Circuit James R. Browning and his leadership and organizational reforms of the Ninth Circuit, along with other aspects of the history of and changes within the Ninth Circuit); Pamela A. MacLean, “Judge Has Given Half a Lifetime to Improving Courts; Diplomat, Leader Has 40 Years’ Practice at Shaping an Expanding 9th Circuit (James R. Browning, 9th U.S. Court of Appeals Judge),” Los Angeles Daily Journal, No. 114 (September 27, 2001); Pamela A. MacLean, “Judge Browning’s Legacy: the Ninth Circuit’s Chief Judge is Leaving the Court More Efficient Than He Found It,” California Lawyer, Vol. 8 (June 1988); Jack Hursh, “A Tribute to Judge James R. Browning,” Montana Law Review, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Winter 1995).

[268] Mark O. Hatfield, “Dedication,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2002), pp. 3-6; Mary M. Schroeder, “A Tribute to the Honorable Alfred T. Goodwin,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2002), pp. 7-8; Stephen L. Wasby, “Alfred T. Goodwin: A Special Judicial Career,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2002), pp. 9-44; Jennifer J. Johnson, “Earthworms and Pyramid Schemes: Judge Goodwin’s Contributions to the Federal Securities Laws,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2002), pp. 45-64; John A Bogdanski, “A Most Valuable Player: Judge Goodwin and the Federal Tax Laws,” Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2002), pp. 65-92; Western Legal History, Vol. 15, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2002), pp. 93-135; “Judge Alfred T. Goodwin: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1991), pp. 27-46.

[269] “Symposium: John T. Noonan, Jr.: Propter Honoris Respectum,” Notre Dame Law Review, Vol. 76, No. 3 (April 2001); Kevin Starr, “Judge John T. Noonan, Jr.: A Brief Biography,” Journal of Law & Religion, Vol. 11, No. 1 (1994-1995), pp. 151-176; Carl Tobias, “A Salute to Judge William W. Schwarzer,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 46, No. 3 (March 1995), pp. 675-678 (tribute to a judge of the federal Northern District of California); “In Honor of Judge William W. Schwarzer,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Summer 1995), pp. 1059-1168 (tribute edition includes several articles on Schwarzer).

[270] See, e.g., “104th Member Joins the Court: Justice Anthony M. Kennedy,” Supreme Court Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1988), pp. 1, 4; Note, “A Survey of Justice Anthony Kennedy’s International Law Opinions from the Ninth Circuit,” Connecticut Journal of International Law, Vol. 3 (Spring 1988), pp. 501-512; Albert Melone, “Revisiting the Freshman-Effect Hypothesis: The First Two Terms of Justice Anthony Kennedy,” Judicature, Vol. 74 (June-July 1990), pp. 6-14; Lawrence Friedman, “The Limitations of Labeling: Justice Anthony Kennedy and the First Amendment,” Ohio Northern University Law Review (Spring 1993), pp. 225-262; Akhil Reed Amar, “Justice Kennedy and the Idea of Equality,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 28 (Spring 1997), pp. 515- 532; Eric J. Segall, “Reconceptualizing Judicial Activism as Judicial Responsibility: A Tale of Two Justice Kennedys,” Arizona State Law Journal, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Fall 2009), pp. 709-754; Stephen O’Hanlon, “Justice Kennedy’s Short-Lived Libertarian Revolution: A Brief History of Supreme Court Libertarian Ideology,” Cardozo Public Law, Policy, and Ethics Journal, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Fall 2008), pp. 1-44.

[271] Anne M. Homan, “Some Transitional Alcaldes in Northern California,” Dogtown Territorial Quarterly, No. 42 (2000), pp. 50-61; Paul Bryan Gray, Judge Ignacio Sepúlveda: A Life in Los Angeles and Mexico City, 1842-1916,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp. 141-187; William Uberti, “Oliver S. Witherby, First State District Judge of San Diego,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1978), pp. 221-235; Linda C. A. Przybyszewski, Judge Lorenzo Sawyer and the Chinese: Civil Rights Decisions in the Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1988), pp. 23-56; Kenneth M. Johnson, “The Judges Colton,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 4 (December 1975), pp. 349-360; Jeremiah R. Scott, Jr., “Humboldt County Superior Court Judges, for the First 110 Years, 1879-1990,” Vol. 58, No. 3 (Fall 2010), p. 18.

[272] Richard C. Reuben, “The Amazing Kozinski,” California Lawyer, Vol. 11, No. 3 (1991), pp. 32-39; Dorothy W. Nelson, “Reflections On Becoming A Judge,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 107-113 (interviewed by Selma Moidel Smith); Mildred L. Lillie, “Oral History of Justice Mildred L. Lillie: California Court of Appeal” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 71-142 (1915-1984; the second woman appointed to the California Court of Appeal, in 1958, and one of the first considered for the U.S. Supreme Court); Earl Johnson, Jr., “Oral History of Justice Mildred L. Lillie: Introduction,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 65-70 (1971-2002); “Oral History: Justice Bernard S. Jefferson,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 14 (Winter 1987), pp. 225-287 (Justice of California Court of Appeal, Second District); James Haskins, Cecil Poole: A Life in the Law (Pasadena: Ninth Circuit Historical Society, 2003) (first African-American judge on the Ninth Circuit as well as the first African-American judge of the Northern District of California); Delbert E. Wong & Marshall Wong, “Judge Delbert Wong: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 16, No. 1 (2003), pp. 26-38; Jacqueline Taber & Eve M. Felitti, “The Honorable Jacqueline Taber: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1995), pp. 91-113; Leon Thomas David & Raymond R. Roberts, “Oral History of Leon Thomas David (1901-1994)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 3-76; George Yonehiro & Raymond R. Roberts, “Oral History of George Yonehiro (1922-2001)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 147-184; “In Memory of Chief Judge Robert F. Peckham,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 44, No. 5 (July 1993), pp. 973-990 (Chief Judge of the federal Northern District of California); The Honorable Robert F. Peckham 1920-1993: His Legal, Political, and Judicial Life (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1995); John J. Mathews, “Clifton Mathews: A Remembrance,” Western Legal History, Vol. 12, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1999), pp. 1-11; Lynn D. Compton with Marcus Brotherton, Call of Duty: My Life Before, During, and After the Band of Brothers (New York: Penguin Books, 2008) (UCLA baseball star and World War II paratrooper and war hero later was the district attorney who prosecuted Sirhan Sirhan for the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy and served as a justice of the California Court of Appeal from 1970-1990); Richard Earl Arnason & Martin Meeker, Judge Richard Earl Arnason [Oral History Interview Transcript] (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 2008); Wakefield Taylor & Gordon M. Bakken, “Conversations with the Hon. Wakefield Taylor, Presiding Justice (retired), California Court of Appeal, First Appellate District, Division Two,” conducted August 19, 2002 in Martinez, California (San Francisco: California Judicial Center Library, 2006); Arthur Gilbert, “My Friend Elwood Lui,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 22-24, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2012-Newsletter-Spring-My-Friend-Elwood-Lui.pdf.

[273] Armand Arabian, From Gravel to Gavel (New York, NY: Flagship Books, 2011); Allen E. Broussard & Gabrielle Morris, Allen E. Broussard: A California Supreme Court Justice Looks at Law & Society, 1964-1996 (Berkeley: California State Archives Regional Oral History Office), available at http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt0v19n4dr&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text; Allen Broussard & Gabrielle Morris, “Oral History Interview with Justice Allen Broussard,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 155-277; Harry N. Scheiber, “On the Broussard Oral History Interview: Editor’s Note,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 137-142; Amy Steigerwalt, “Introduction to the Oral History Interview: Aspects of the Judicial Contributions of Allen Broussard,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 143-154; David W. Miller, “The Search for Justice Bryan,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 147-164; Paul Kengor & Patricia Clark Doerner, The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan’s Top Hand (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2007) (Clark was an associate justice of the California Supreme Court before serving in President Reagan’s administration); Joseph R. Grodin, In Pursuit of Justice: Reflections of a State Supreme Court Justice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Otto Kaus, “Oral History: Justice Otto Kaus,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 15 (Winter 1988), pp. 193-268; Jennifer DeMarco, “The Newman Oral History: An Introduction,” California Legal History, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 73-86; Frank C. Newman & Carole Hicke, “Justice Frank C. Newman Oral History,” California Legal History, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 87-150; Joseph R. Grodin, “Justice Frank Newman: Some Reflections,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 165-174; William Gallagher, “Justice Frank K. Richardson,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 129-132; Frank K. Richardson & Gordon Morris Bakken, “Conversations with Frank K. Richardson,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 133-138; Frank H. Sloss, “M. C. Sloss and the California Supreme Court,” California Law Review, Vol. 46, No. 5 (December 1958), pp. 715-738; Julian H. Levi, “Introduction: Oral History of Donald R. Wright,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 3-12; Donald R. Wright & Harvey P. Grody, “Oral History of Donald R. Wright, Chief Justice of California (1970-1977)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 13-88; Gayle Vogt, Education Decision Making: The Influence of the Political and Social Environment on the Justices of the California Supreme Court, 1954-1982 (doctoral dissertation, Education, Claremont Graduate School, 1985); just for fun, see also “Judge M. C. Sloss Among Speeders: Authorities Will Try Autoists at Top of the Santa Cruz Range,” San Francisco Call, Vol. 112, No. 51 (July 21, 1912). See also Martha R. Noble & Noah D. Pollaczek, “Creating a Repository for California Judicial History: Special Collections and Archives at the California Judicial Center Library,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2015), pp. 10-15 (listing the papers of ten California Supreme Court justices plus additional support staff housed at the California Judicial Center Library as of 2015), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2015-Newsletter-Spring-Creating-a-Repository-for-Judicial-History.pdf; Ray McDevitt & Maureen Dear, “A Salute to the Women Justices of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2013), pp. 2-7, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2013-Newsletter-Spring-A-Salute-to-Women-Justices.pdf.

[274] See, e.g., Armand Arabian, From Gravel to Gavel (New York, NY: Flagship Books, 2011); Tani Cantil-Sakauye, “The Truly Independent Nature of the California Constitution,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 15-16, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-Truly-Independent-Constitution.pdf; George Cosgrave, “Early California Justice: The History of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California 1849-1895,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1989), pp. 191-231; H. Walter Croskey, “Bad Faith in California: Its History, Development and Current Status,” Bad Faith in California: Its History, Development and Current Status [article]Tort & Insurance Law Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1990-1991), pp. 561-589; Leon T. David, “Our California Constitutions: Retrospections in the Bicentennial Year,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. (Summer 1976), pp. 697-760; Pamela J. Franks, “Federal Defender Organizations in the Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 21-33; Ronald M. George, Chief: The Quest for Justice in California (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 2013); Joseph R. Grodin, In Pursuit of Justice: Reflections of a State Supreme Court Justice (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Arthur Gilbert, “My Friend Elwood Lui,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 22-24, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2012-Newsletter-Spring-My-Friend-Elwood-Lui.pdf; Joseph R. Grodin, “Liberty and Equality under the California Constitution,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 167-224; Joseph R. Grodin, “Freedom of Expression under the California Constitution,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 187-225; Joseph R. Grodin, “The California State Constitution And Its Independent Declaration of Rights,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 13-14, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-CA-State-Constitution.pdf (see also the tributes to Justice Grodin in separate section above); Earl Johnson, Jr., To Establish Justice for All: The Past and Future of Civil Legal Aid in the United States (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2014) (nationwide coverage, but includes important examples from California); William W. Morrow, Historical Introduction to California Jurisprudence (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney Co., 1921); Stanley Mosk, “State Constitutionalism: Both Liberal and Conservative,” California Legal History, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 155-170; Richard M. Mosk, “Protecting Constitutional Rights: Justice Stanley Mosk,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 138-140; Frank C. Newman, “The Constitution and Ethnic Pluralism,” California Legal History, Vol. 1 (2006), pp. 151-154; David Forrest Smort, Experience in Justice (Auburn, CA: self-published, 1979); Matthew O. Tobriner & Joseph R. Grodin, “The Individual and the Public Service Enterprise in the New Industrial State,” California Law Review, Vol. 55, No. 5 (November 1967), pp. 1247-1283; J. Clifford Wallace, “Historical Reflections on the U.S. Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 257-264; J. Clifford Wallace, “The Seventh and Mission Courthouse: Past, Present, Future,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Fall 1992), pp. 3-6; Kathryn Mickle Werdegar, “Living With Direct Democracy: The California Supreme Court and the Initiative Power — 100 Years of Accommodation,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 143-163; Kathryn Mickle Werdegar, “A Tribute to Selma [Moidel Smith],” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 2-5, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CSCHS-SelmaMoidelSmith-Competition.pdf; Donald R. Wright, “The Argument of an Appeal before the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 89-98; Leon R. Yankwich, “Social Attitudes as Reflected in Early California Law,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 10 (February 1958), pp. 250-270; Jerome Farris, “The Ninth Circuit — Most Maligned Circuit in the Country — Fact or Fiction,” Ohio State Law Journal, Vol. 58, No. 4 (1997-1998), pp. 1465-1472; see also Edmund G. Brown, Sr., “Appointments to the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 109-118.

[275] California Supreme Court Historical Society website, available at http://www.cschs.org/history/.

[276] Federal Judicial Center, History of the Federal Judiciary, Biographical Directory of Federal Judges, 1789-Present, available at http://www.fjc.gov/public/home.nsf/hisj.

[277] 1st District: Justices, available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2344.htm; 2nd District: Justices and Former Justices, with photos and brief biographies, available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2129.htm (Justices) and http://www.courts.ca.gov/2405.htm (Former Justices); 3rd District: Justices, available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2514.htm; 4th District: Justices, available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2524.htm; 4th District: Former Justices, Division One: available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2730.htm; 4th District: Former Justices, Division Three: available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/17434.htm; 5th District: Justices, available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/2998.htm; 6th District: Justices, available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/3000.htm.

[278] Ballotpedia website, available at http://ballotpedia.org/.

[279] Cameron Estelle Andersen, The Story of the California Judges Association: The First Sixty Years (San Francisco: Bancroft-Whitney, 1992); Laurie L. Levenson, “Unnerving the Judges: Judicial Responsibility for the Rampart Scandal,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2001), pp. 787-828; Lydia E. Wilson, “Here Comes the Judge! Who Is It? A Selective Review of Biographical and Directory Resources of the Judiciary,” Legal Reference Services Quarterly, Vol. 18, No. 2 (2000), pp. 105-109; Anne M. Homan, “Some Transitional Alcaldes in Northern California,” Dogtown Territorial Quarterly, No. 42 (2000), pp. 50-61; Jeremiah R. Scott, Jr., “Humboldt County Superior Court Judges, for the First 110 Years, 1879-1990,” Vol. 58, No. 3 (Fall 2010), p. 18.

[280] Adam Badawi, “Introduction to the Bernard Witkin Oral History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 95-108; Bernard Witkin & Gordon Bakken, “Conversations with Bernard Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 109-136; Clyde Leland, “The Ineffable Bernie Witkin,” California Lawyer, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1989), pp. 44-50; Raymond L. Sullivan, “Bernard E. Witkin on His 80th Birthday,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 99-102; see also “In Memoriam: Bernard E. Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society website, available at http://www.cschs.org/history/special-sessions/special-sessions-in-memoriam-bernard-e-witkin/.

[281] Camille Guerin-Gonzalez, Mexican Workers and American Dreams: Immigration, Repatriation, and California Farm Labor, 1900-1939 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1994); Mark Reisler, “Mexican Unionization in California Agriculture, 1927-1936,” Labor History, Vol. 14, No. 4 (1973), pp. 562-579; Ernesto Galarza, Farm Workers and Agri-Business in California, 1947-1960 (Notre Dame, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press, 1977) (covers strikes, negotiations, legislation, some litigation); Rex L. Cottle, Hugh H. Macauley, and Bruce Yandle, Labor and Property Rights in California Agriculture (College Station: Texas A. & M. University Press, 1982) (economic and historical discussion of California Labor Relations Act of 1975); Miriam J. Wells, Strawberry Fields: Politics, Class, and Work in California Agriculture (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996) (concerns postwar era); Joon Kim, “The Political Economy of the Mexican Farm Program, 1942-64,” Aztlan, Vol. 29, No. 2 (Fall 2004), pp. 13-53 pp. 177-202; Kelly Lytle Hernández, “The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943 to 1954,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Winter 2006), pp. 421-444 (includes California examples among others); Lori A. Flores, “A Town Full of Dead Mexicans: The Salinas Valley Bracero Tragedy of 1963, the End of the Bracero Program, and the Evolution of California’s Chicano Movement,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp. 125-143; Donald H. Grubbs, “Prelude to Chavez: The National Farm Labor Union in California,” Labor History, Vol. 16, No. 4 (Fall 1975), pp. 453-469; Richard Steven Street, “Poverty in the Valley of Plenty: The National Farm Labor Union, DiGiorgio Farms, and Suppression of Documentary Photography in California, 1947-1966,” Labor History, Vol. 48, No. 1 (February 2007), pp. 25-48; Margarita Arce Decierdo, The Struggle Within: Mediating Conflict in California Fields, 1975-1977 (Berkeley: Chicano Studies Library Publications, University of California, Berkeley, 1980); Maurice Jourdane, The Struggle for the Health and Legal Protection of Farm Workers: El Cortito (Houston, TX: Arte Publico Press, 2004); Robert J. Mitchell, Peace in the Fields: A Study of the Passage and Subsequent History of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 1980); Douglas L. Murray, “The Abolition of El Cortito, the Short-Handled Hoe: A Case Study in Social Conflict and State Policy in California Agriculture,” Social Problems, Vol. 30, No. 1 (October 1982), pp. 26-39; Miriam J. Wells & Don Villarejo, “State Structures and Social Movement Strategies: The Shaping of Farm Labor Protections in California,” Politics & Society, Vol. 32, No. 3 (September 2004), pp. 291-326.

[282] Ellen Casper, A Social History of Farm Labor in California with Special Emphasis on the United Farm Workers Union and California Rural Legal Assistance (doctoral dissertation, History, New School for Social Research, 1984); Jennifer Gordon, “Law, Lawyers, and Labor: The United Farm Workers’ Legal Strategy in the 1960s and 1970s and the Role of Law in Union Organizing Today,” University of Pennsylvania Journal of Labor & Employment Law (now renamed U. of Penn. Journal of Business Law), Vol. 8, No. 1 (2005), pp. 1-72; Margaret Rose, “From the Fields to the Picket Line: Huelga Women and the Boycott, 1965–1975,” Labor History, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Summer 1990), pp. 271-293; Frank Bardacke, “The UFW and the Undocumented,” International Labor and Working-Class History, Vol. 83 (Spring 2013), pp. 162–169; David Willhoite, “The Story of the California Agricultural Labor Relations Act: How Cesar Chavez Won the Best Labor Law in the Country and Lost the Union,California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 409-443.

[283] Cletus E. Daniel, “In Defense of the Wheatland Wobblies: A Critical Analysis of the IWW in California,” Labor History, Vol. 19, No. 4 (Fall 1978), pp. 485-509; Tom Fulton, “Agricultural Labor Legislation in the United States: A Review of the Major New Deal Legislation, the Emergency Farm Labor Supply Program, and the Agricultural Labor Relations Act of California,” Journal of NAL Associates, Vol. 4, No. 3/4 (1979), pp. 49-58; Kathryn Olmsted, “Bleeding Edge: New Deal Farm Labor Mediation in California and the Conservative Reaction,” Journal of Policy History, Vol. 26, No. 1 (January 2014), pp. 48-72; see also Don Mitchell, The Lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996) (covering developments from the Wobblies through the postwar era).

[284] Richard Steven Street, Beasts of the Field: A Narrative History of California Farmworkers, 1769-1913 (Stanford University Press, 2004) (includes discussion of law and legal aspects of labor among other topics); Donna R. Mooney, “The Search for a Legal Presumption of Employment Duration or Custom of Arbitrary Dismissal in California, 1848-1872,” Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labor Law, Vol. 21 (2000), pp. 633-676; Thomas Ralph Clark, Defending Rights: Law, Labor Politics, and the State in California, 1890-1925 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002) (discusses California labor organizations’ fight against California courts’ liberal use of anti-labor injunctions through the Progressive Era, followed by the partial federalization of labor law and policy during World War I); Thomas R. Clark, The Limits of Liberty: Courts, Police, and Labor Unrest in California, 1890-1926 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994); Earl C. Crockett, The History of California Labor Legislation, 1910-1930 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1931); Mary Ann Mason Burki, “The California Progressives,” Labor History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Winter 1976), pp. 24 (1900-1919); Lucy E. Salyer, “Protective Labor Legislation and the California Supreme Court, 1911-1924,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 1-22; Jaclyn Greenberg, “The Limits of Legislation: Katherine Philips Edson, Practical Politics, and the Minimum-Wage Law in California, 1913–1922,” Journal of Policy History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 1993), pp. 207-230; Steven C. Levi, “The Battle for the Eight-Hour Day in San Francisco,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1978/1979), pp. 342-353; Percy L. Edwards, “Criminal Syndicalism - Backfiring against Industrial Unrest by the Legislature of California,” Central Law Journal, Vol. 89 (November 1919), pp. 336-341; David F. Selvin, A Terrible Anger: The 1934 Waterfront and General Strikes in San Francisco (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996) (strikes were major enough to involve not only policy and municipal authorities, but also the courts); see also Conor Michael Casey, “Legal History through Labor’s Prism: Collection Highlights of the Labor Archives & Research Center, SFSU,” Western Legal History, Vol. 20, Nos. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2007), pp. 45-62.

[285] Glenn Merrill Shor, The Evolution of Workers’ Compensation Policy in California, 1911-1990 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1991);  Howard A. Emmer, “Workers’ Compensation — California Comparative Negligence in Industrial Accident Cases — A Historical and Practical Approach,” Worker's Compensation - California Comparative Negligence in Industrial Accident Cases - A Historical and Practical Approach [article]Whittier Law Review, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1985), pp. 327-348 (same article also available at Workmen’s Compensation Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1984-1985), pp. 380-400); Elias Teferi, A Study of the History and Transformation of the California Workers’ Compensation System and the Impact of the New Reform Law: Senate Bill 899 (master’s thesis, Education, Pepperdine University, 2010); Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, “Counter-Organizing the Sunbelt: Right-to-Work Campaigns and Anti-Union Conservatism, 1943–1958,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 1 (February 2009), pp. 81-118; Max Felker-Kantor, “‘A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing’: Struggles for Equal Employment Opportunity in Multiracial Los Angeles, 1964-1982,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 63-94; Thomas Richard Clay, Combating Cancer in the Workplace: Implementation of the California Occupational Carcinogens Control Act (Regulation, Deterrence) (doctoral dissertation, Environmental Science/ Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, 1984) (traces litigation and enforcement actions following from 1976 law); Reuel Schiller, Forging Rivals: Race, Class, Law, and the Collapse of Postwar Liberalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015); Megha Bhatt, “Gender Equity in the Workplace: A Comparative Look at Pregnancy Disability Leave Laws in California and the United States Supreme Court.” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 447-470; Oliver Arthur Rosales, “Mississippi West”: Race, Politics, and Civil Rights in California’s Central Valley, 1947-1984 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2012) (concerns labor issues among other aspects of the relationship between Anglos, African Americans, and Latinos); Lee Badgett, “The Impact of Affirmative Action on Public-Sector Employment in California, 1970-1990,” in Paul M. Ong, ed., The Impacts of Affirmative Action: Policies and Consequences in California (Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1999); Alvin L. Goldman, “Joseph Grodin’s Contributions to Public Sector Collective Bargaining Law,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 37-48.

[286] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 217-221.

[287] Christian G. Fritz, “Politics and the Courts: The Struggle over Land in San Francisco, 1846-1866,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Winter 1986), pp. 127-164; W. W. [William Wilcox] Robinson, Land in California: The Story of Mission Lands, Ranchos, Squatters, Mining Claims, Railroad Grants, Land Scrip, Homesteads (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979 [reprint of original 1948 edition]); Robert G. Cleland, The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850-1880 (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1941); Leonard M. Pitt, The Decline of the Californios, 1846-1890 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); Jacob N. Bowman, Index to Spanish- Mexican Private Land Grant Cases and Records of California (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, 1958); Robert G. Cowan, Ranchos of California: A List of Spanish Concessions, 1775-1822, and Mexican Grants, 1822-1846 (Fresno: Academy Library Guild, 1956); Ogden Hoffman, Report of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, June 1853-June 1858 (San Francisco: Numa Hubert, 1862); Rose Hollenbaugh Aviña, Spanish and Mexican Land Grants in California (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1932), also available in a reprinted edition (New York: Arno Press, 1976); Ralph Lounsbury, “Records of Mexican Land Claims in California,” in David Agee Horr, ed., American Indian Ethnohistory: California and Great Basin-Plateau Indians (New York: Garland Publishing, 1974); David Hornbeck, “The Patenting of California’s Private Land Claims, 1851-1885,” Geographical Review, Vol. 69, No. 4 (October 1979), pp. 434-448; Dennis M. Alward & Andrew F. Rolle, “The Surveyor-General Edward Fitzgerald Beale’s Administration of California Lands,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 2 (June 1971), pp. 113-122; Diane Spencer-Hancock, “State Surveyor General James F. Houghton: The Impact of a Land Speculator on California History,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 26 (Spring 1982); Gerald Thompson, Edward F. Beale and the American West (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1983); Willard O. Waters, Diaries and Letters of William Rich Hutton, Surveyor (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1942); Gerald D. Nash, “The California State Land Office, 1858-1898,” Huntington Library Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 4 (August 1964), pp. 347-356; Bruno Fritzsche, “San Francisco 1846-1848: The Coming of the Land Speculator,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Spring 1972), pp. 17-34; Dennis M. Dart, “Sacramento Squatter Riot of August 14, 1850,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 24 (Summer 1980); Herbert Drummond, Squatter Activity in San Francisco, 1847-1854 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1952); James L. Brown, The Mussel Slough Tragedy (Hanford, CA, 1980); John A. Larimore, “Legal Questions Arising from the Mussel Slough Land Dispute,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Spring 1976), pp. 75-94; Robert G. Cleland, The Place Called Sespe, the History of the California Rancho (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1957); Robert A. Gillingham with Judson Grenier, The Rancho San Pedro: The Story of a Famous Rancho in Los Angeles County and of Its Owners the Dominguez Family (Los Angeles: Cole-Holmquist Press, 1961; reprinted, 1983); Kenneth M. Johnson, The New Almaden Quicksilver Mine, With an Account of the Land Claims Involving the Mine and Its Role in California History (Georgetown, CA: Talisman Press, 1963); Sheldon G. Jackson, A British Ranchero in Old California (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1977); Paul W. Gates, California Ranchos and Farms, 1846-1862 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967); Rodman W. Paul, “The Beginnings of Agriculture in California: Innovation or Continuity,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 1 (Spring 1973), pp. 16-27; Ellen Liebman, California Farmland: A History of Large Agricultural Landholdings (Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allenheld, 1983); Nicholas C. Polos, “School Lands in California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 51, No. 1 (March 1969), pp. 63-70; Richard H. Petersen, “The Failure to Reclaim: California State Swamp Land Policy and the Sacramento Valley, 1850-1865,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 45-60; Charles McCurdy, “Stephen J. Field and Public Land Law Development in California, 1850-1866: A Case Study of Judicial Resource Allocation in Nineteenth-Century America,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 235-266; Gordon M. Bakken, “The Development of Landlord and Tenant Law in Frontier California, 1850-1865,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 21 (Winter 1977), pp. 374-384.

[288] Gordon M. Bakken, “The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890: Part 1, 1850-1866,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63 (Spring 1981), pp. 45-61; Gordon M. Bakken, “The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890: Part 2, 1867-1880,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63 (Summer 1981), pp. 137-155; Gordon M. Bakken, “The Development of Mortgage Law in Frontier California, 1850-1890: Part 3, 1881-1890,” 63 Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63 (Fall 1981), pp. 232-261; Tamara Venit Shelton, A Squatter’s Republic: Land and the Politics of Monopoly in California, 1850-1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013); Tamara Venit Shelton, “‘A More Loyal, Union Loving People Can Nowhere Be Found’: Squatters’ Rights, Secession Anxiety, and the 1861 ‘Settlers’ War’ in San Jose,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 41, No. 4 (Winter 2010), pp. 473-494; Donald J. Pisani, “Squatter Law in California, 1850-1858,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 277-310; Donald J. Pisani, “Land Monopoly in Nineteenth-Century California,” Agricultural History, Vol. 65, No. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 15-37; Donald J. Pisani, “George Maxwell, the Railroads, and American Land Policy, 1899-1904,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 2 (May 1994), pp. 177-202; Karen B. Clay, “Property Rights and Institutions: Congress and the California Land Act of 1851,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (March 1999), pp. 122-142; Andrew Rolle, Henry Mayo Newhall and His Times: A California Legacy (San Marino, CA: Henry E. Huntington Library and Art Gallery, 1991) (includes extensive land title transfers, involvement with Southern Pacific RR, etc.); Lawrence James Jelinek, “‘Property of Every Kind’: Ranching and Farming during the Gold-Rush Era,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 233-249; Peter L. Reich, “Dismantling the Pueblo: Hispanic Municipal Land Rights in California Since 1850,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October 2001), pp. 353-370 (U.S. courts’ distortion of Spanish and Mexican restraints on the alienation of public property to facilitate the sale of urban common lands); James Tejani, “Harbor Lines: Connecting the Histories of Borderlands and Pacific Imperialism in the Making of the Port of Los Angeles, 1858–1908,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer 2014), pp. 125-146; Molly Selvin, “Ten Cents the Fifty Vara Lot: Hart v. Burnett and the Origins of the Public Trust Doctrine in California,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 145-152; John Ludeke, “The No Fence Law of 1874: Victory for San Joaquin Valley Farmers,” California History, Vol. 59, No. 2 (1980), pp. 98-115; Alten B. Davis, The Excess Land Law in the Central Valley of California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1962); Paul G. Dodds, “Oregon and California Lands: A Peculiar History Produces Environmental Problems,” Environmental Law, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Spring 1987), pp. 739-766 (timber policies and regulation; complications of earlier land grants); Gregory Randall Graves, Anti-Conservation and Federal Forestry in the Progressive Era (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1987) (concerns land swindles in timber belt); Robert A. Sauder, “The Impact of the Agricultural College Act on Land Alienation in California,” Professional Geographer, Vol. 36, No. 1 (February 1984), pp. 28-39.

[289] David Ligtenberg, “Inverse Condemnation: California’s Widening Loophole,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 209-235; Robert C. Fellmeth, Project Director, Politics of Land: Ralph Nader’s Study Group Report on Land Use in California (New York: Grossman Publishers, 1973); Robert C. Fellmeth, Project Director, Power and Land in California: The Ralph Nader Task Force Report on Land Use in the State of California (Washington, DC: Center for Responsive Law, 1971 (draft report)).

[290] Crisostomo N. Perez, Land Grants in Alta California: A Compilation of Spanish and Mexican Private Land Claims in the State of California (Rancho Cordova, CA: Landmark Enterprises, 1996); Jennifer A. Lucido, “Plotting Out the Land,” Boletín: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2014), pp. 150-151 (1821-1848, discusses the history of Diseños, maps of land grants required under Mexican law); Gordon M. Bakken, “Mexican and American Land Policy: A Conflict of Cultures,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 75 (Fall/Winter 1993), pp. 237-262; Geoffrey P. Mawn, “‘Agrimensor y Arquitecto’: Jasper O’Farrell’s Surveying in Mexican California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 1-12; David Hornbeck, “Land Tenure and Rancho Expansion in Alta California, 1784-1846,” Journal of Historical Geography, Vol. 4, No. 4 (October 1978), pp. 371-390; Paul Bryan Gray, Forster vs. Pico: The Struggle for the Rancho Santa Margarita (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1998); John Gherini, Santa Cruz Island: A History of Conflict and Diversity (Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1997) (traces the history of the Santa Cruz Island Land Grant, and perennial litigation over it, from 1839 through the official creation of the new Channel Islands National Park in 1980 and additions to the park’s land holdings during the 1980s and 1990s); James F. Shunk & Jeremiah S. Black, Report of the Attorney General of the United States Upon Surveys in California and Other Matters Pertaining to Mexican Land Grants (Washington, DC: ?, 1861); Alston G. Field, “Attorney-General Black and the California Land Claims,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 4, No. 3 (September 1935), pp. 235-245; Beverly E. Bastian, “‘I Heartily Regret That I Ever Touched a Title in California’: Henry Wager Halleck, the Californios, and the Clash of Legal Cultures,” California History, Vol. 72, No. 4 (1993), pp. 310-323; James P. Delgado, “Juan Pablo Bernal: California Pioneer,” Pacific Historian, 1979), Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 50-62; Lewis Grossman, “John C. Fremont, Mariposa, and the Collision of Mexican and American Law,” Western Legal History, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1993), pp. 16-50; Marjorie Hayes, “History of Hope Ranch,” Noticias-Santa Barbara Historical Society, Vol. 18, No. 1  (1972), pp. 10-16; Robert Lee, “Valentine Scrip: The Saga of Land Locations in Southern Dakota Territory Originating from a Mexican Land Grant,” South Dakota History, Vol. 2, No. 3 (Summer 1972), pp. 261-299 (1848-1904; concerns California land grants and cases that reached far into other territories); Stephen VanWormer, “Legal Hocus-Pocus’: The Subdivision of Jamacha Rancho,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 76-94; David Vaught, “A Tale of Three Land Grants on the Northern California Borderlands,” Agricultural History, Vol. 78, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 140- 154; Florence S. Wilson, “The Adobe Flores,” Masterkey, Vol. 43, No. 1 (1969), pp. 4-21; Mary Joanne Wittenburg, “Rancho Palos Verdes: The Land and the Law,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Summer 1988), pp. 117-126; Iris H. W. Engstrand, “California Ranchos: Their Hispanic Heritage,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 67, No. 3 (Fall 1985), pp. 281-290; Frank M. Stanger, “A California Rancho Under Three Flags: A History of Rancho Buri Buri in San Mateo County,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 3 (September 1938), pp. 245-259; Guadalupe T. Luna, “Chicana/Chicano Land Tenure in the Agrarian Domain: On the Edge of a ‘Naked Knife’,” Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Vol. 4 (Fall 1998), pp. 39-144 (addresses California in substantial part); Guadalupe T. Luna, “This Land Belongs to Me: Chicanas, Land Grant Adjudication, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,” Harvard Latino Law Review, Vol. 3 (Fall 1999), pp. 115; Guadalupe T. Luna, “En El Nombre De Dios Todo-Poderoso: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Narrativos Legales,” Southwestern Journal of Law & Trade in the Americas, Vol. 5 (Spring 1998), pp. 45-75.

[291] Paul W. Gates, Land and Law in California: Essays on Land Policies (Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1991) (collection of 13 previously printed journal articles published 1950s-1970s); Paul W. Gates, “Carpetbaggers Join the Rush for California Land,” California History, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2015), pp. 42-65 (a reprint of a 1977 article); regarding Gates and his impact on California land and legal history, see also Harry N. Scheiber, “The Economic Historian as Realist and as Keeper of Democratic Ideals: Paul W. Gates's Studies of American Land Policy,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 40 (1980), pp. 501-506; Joseph M. Petulla, “Paul Wallace Gates, Historian of Public Land Policy,” California Historical Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 2 (Summer 1977), pp. 170-174; Michael J. Brodhead & James W. Hulse, “Paul W. Gates, Western Land Policy, and The Equal Footing Doctrine,” Nevada Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 4 (1986), pp. 225-240.

[292] John Alvin Aberle, The History and Economic Aspects of Title Insurance in California (master’s thesis, Business Administration, University of Southern California, 1923); Judson A. Grenier, “Growing Together for a Century: Southern California and the Title Insurance and Trust Company,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Fall/Winter 1993), pp. 351-439.

[293] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 214, 218-219. One example is Donald E. Hargis, “Native Californians in the Constitutional Convention of 1849,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 36, No. 1 (March 1954), pp. 3-13 (which notably concerned Mexican Californios, not California Indians).

[294] Javier Panzar, “It’s Official: Latinos Now Outnumber Whites in California,” Los Angeles Times, September 16, 2015.

[295] Martha Menchaca, The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995) (primarily a social and ethnographic history, but includes commentary on different ways in which state or local law, or illegality, impacted the lives of Latinos in the agricultural community of Santa Paula, California from the 19th century onward); William D. Carrigan & Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); William D. Carrigan & Clive Webb, “The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2003), pp. 411-438; Gabriel Gutierrez, “Affirmative Action of the First Kind: Social and Legal Constructions of Whiteness and White Male Privilege in Nineteenth-Century California,” Latino Studies Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Fall 2000), pp. 14-48; Gary J. Frank & Susan Vargas, The Legal System as a Tool of Oppression: The Mexican American in California — The Early Years (thesis, Law, Pepperdine School of Law, 1979); James A. Sandos, “‘Because He Is A Liar and a Thief’: Conquering the Residents of ‘Old’ California, 1850-1880,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 86-112 (discusses Northern and Southern Californian Indians along with Hispanic Californios); Paul Bryan Gray, A Clamor for Equality: Emergence and Exile of Californio Activist Francisco P. Ramírez (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2012); Paul Bryan Gray, “Francisco P. Ramírez: A Short Biography,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 20-38 (1837-1908); Nicolás Kanellos, “‘El Clamor Público’: Resisting the American Empire,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 10-18; Armando Miguélez & Cynthia Giambruno, “Excerpt: ‘Crime, like a Tremulous Flash of Lightning ... Shows Us Where We Can Find Safety....’,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 18-19; see also generally the special edition of California History concerning Ramírez and his newspaper, El Clamor Público, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007); Ricardo Romo, East Los Angeles: History of a Barrio (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983) (the authoritative study of the emergence of the Mexican-American community and its history in 20th-century Los Angeles); Guadalupe T. Luna, “Chicana/Chicano Land Tenure in the Agrarian Domain: On the Edge of a ‘Naked Knife’,” Michigan Journal of Race & Law, Vol. 4 (Fall 1998), pp. 39-144 (addresses California in substantial part); Guadalupe T. Luna, “This Land Belongs to Me: Chicanas, Land Grant Adjudication, and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo,” Harvard Latino Law Review, Vol. 3 (Fall 1999), pp. 115; Guadalupe T. Luna, “En El Nombre De Dios Todo-Poderoso: The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo and Narrativos Legales,” Southwestern Journal of Law & Trade in the Americas, Vol. 5 (Spring 1998), pp. 45-75; Natalia Molina, “‘In A Race All Their Own’: The Quest to Make Mexicans Ineligible for U.S. Citizenship,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 79, No. 2 (May 2010), pp. 167-201; Brian Dervin Dillon, Richard H. Dillon & John Dervin Yi An Dillon, “California, U.S.A. and the Birth of the Mexican Revolution,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 94 (Summer 2013), pp. 6-31; Camille Guerin-Gonzalez, Mexican Workers and American Dreams: Immigration, Repatriation, and California Farm Labor, 1900-1939 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1994); S. Deborah Kang, “Implementation: How the Borderlands Redefined Federal Immigration Law and Policy in California, Arizona, and Texas, 1917-1924,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 245-285; Carlos M. Larralde, “El Congreso in San Diego: An Endeavor for Civil Rights,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 50, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 17-29 (1930s-40s); Natalie Lira & Alexandra Minna Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization,” Aztlan, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), pp. 9-34 (1927-1951); Francisco E. Balderrama & Raymond Rodriguez, Decade of Betrayal: Mexican Repatriation in the 1930s (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1995) (revised edition) (not specifically about California, but California and its various counties and municipalities probably figure more importantly than any other single state; not specifically about law, but weaves social and political history around legal history to describe the experience of people living in the shadow of particular laws and policies); Benny J. Andres, Jr., “Invisible Borders: Repatriation and Colonization of Mexican Migrant Workers along the California Borderlands during the 1930s,” California History, Vol. 88, No. 4 (2011), pp. 5-21; Daniel Gordon, “California Retreats to the Past: The Paradox of Unenforceable Immigration Law and Edwards v. California, the Depression, and Earl Warren,” Southwestern University Law Review, Vol. 24 (1995), pp. 319-350.

[296] Ricardo Romo, East Los Angeles: History of a Barrio (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1983) (the authoritative study of the emergence of the Mexican-American community and its history in 20th-century Los Angeles); Ricardo Romo, "George I. Sanchez and the Civil Rights Movement, 1940-1960), La Raza Law Journal, Vol. 1 (1986), pp. 342-362 (on a UC Berkeley-trained educator who pursued the civil rights cause in the Southwest and was a key liaison with California activists); Ian F. Haney López, Racism on Trial: The Chicano Fight for Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003); Ian F. Haney López, “Protest, Repression, and Race: Legal Violence and the Chicano Movement,” University of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol. 150 (2001); Carl S. Gutiérrez-Jones, Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995); Oscar J. Martinez, “Border Conflict, Border Fences, and the ‘Tortilla Curtain’ Incident of 1978-1979,” Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 50, No. 3, Fences (Autumn 2008), pp. 263-278 (concerns history of US-Mexico border fence near San Diego as well as El Paso from 1920s onward); Susan Bibler Coutin, Legalizing Moves: Salvadoran Immigrant Networks in America (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2000); Shana Bernstein, “From California to the Nation: Rethinking the History of 20th Century U.S. Civil Rights Struggles through a Mexican American and Multiracial Lens,” Berkeley La Raza Law Journal, Vol. 18, pp. 87-96; Natalia Molina, “Examining Chicana/o History through a Relational Lens,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 4 (November 2013), pp. 520-541; Steven Rosales, “Fighting the Peace at Home: Mexican American Veterans and the 1944 GI Bill of Rights,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 4 (November 2011), pp. 597-627 (includes numerous examples of Hispanic veterans facing discrimination and engaging in civil rights activism in California along with Texas and other states); Kelly Lytle Hernández, “The Crimes and Consequences of Illegal Immigration: A Cross-Border Examination of Operation Wetback, 1943 to 1954,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Winter 2006), pp. 421-444 (includes California examples among others); Lori A. Flores, “A Town Full of Dead Mexicans: The Salinas Valley Bracero Tragedy of 1963, the End of the Bracero Program, and the Evolution of California’s Chicano Movement,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp. 125-143 (a shocking accident that stimulated litigation as well as legal reform efforts); Zaragosa Vargas, “In the Years of Darkness and Torment: The Early Mexican American Struggle for Civil Rights, 1945-1963,” New Mexico Historical Review, Vol. 76, No. 4 (October 2001), pp. 383-413; Victor Edmund Villaseñor, “Juan Corona: A Man and a Community: Contemporary History,” Aztlan, Vol. 3, No. 2 (September 1972), pp. 233-255 (case of a serial murderer of Hispanic workers in Yuba City, 1971); Laura Barraclough, “‘Horse Tripping’: Animal Welfare Laws and the Production of Ethnic Mexican Illegality,” Ethnic & Racial Studies, Vol. 37, No. 11 (November 2014), pp. 2110-2128; Carlos Jackson, Affirmative Action in Los Angeles County: The Continuing Invisibility of Hispanics (doctoral dissertation, Public Administration, University of Southern California, 1983) (covers litigation among other aspects); Stefano Bloch, “The Illegal Face of Wall Space: Grafiti-Murals on the Sunset Boulevard Retaining Walls,” Radical History Review, No. 113 (Spring 2012), pp. 110-126. For additional studies that concern California not solely but very substantially, see also Douglas S. Massey, Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Free Trade (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2002); Joseph Nevins, Operation Gatekeeper: The Rise of the “Illegal Alien” and the Making of the U.S.-Mexico Boundary (New York: Routledge, 2002).

[297] Eduardo Obregón Pagán, Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Frank P. Barajas, “The Defense Committees of Sleepy Lagoon,” Aztlan, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 33-62; Carlos Larralde, “Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 117-160; Elizabeth R. Escobedo, “The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 133-156. The papers of the Sleepy Lagoon Defense Committee are held at UCLA’s Young Research Library, Special Collections department.

[298] Dara Orenstein, “Void for Vagueness: Mexicans and the Collapse of Miscegenation Law in California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 74, No. 3 (August 2005), 367-407; Valerie J. Matsumoto, “‘What’s Love Got To Do With It?’: The Politics of Race and Marriage in the California Supreme Court’s 1948 Perez v. Sharp Decision,” OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 18, No. 4 (July 2004), pp. 31-34 (1945-1979).

[299] Robert R. Alvarez, “The Lemon Grove Incident: The Nation’s First Successful Desegregation Court Case,Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 32, No. 2 (June 1986), pp. 116-135 (1930-1931); David G. Garcia & Tara J. Yosso, “‘Strictly in the Capacity of Servant’: The Interconnection Between Residential and School Segregation in Oxnard, California, 1934-1954,” History of Education Quarterly, Volume 53, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 64–89; Philippa Strum, “‘We Always Tell Our Children They Are Americans’: Mendez v. Westminster and the Beginning of the End of School Segregation,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (November 2014), pp. 307-328; Christopher J. Arriola, Mendez v. Westminster (1946): A Research Pathfinder to Chicano Legal History: With an Emphasis on Equal Protection and Orange County, California (San Jose, CA: Office of the District Attorney, County of Santa Clara, 2000); M. Beatriz Arias, “The Impact of Brown on Latinos: A Study of Transformation of Policy Intentions,” Teachers College Record, Vol. 107, No. 9 (September 2005), pp. 1974-1998; Gilbert G. Gonzalez, “Richard Kluger’s Simple Justice: Race, Class, and United States Imperialism,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 140-148; Ricardo Romo, “Southern California and the Origins of Latino Civil-Rights Activism,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1990), pp. 379-406; Teri Reana Nobles, The Impact of Immigration and Education Legislation on Hispanic Immigrant Students in Texas and California (master’s degree, Education, Texas Women’s University, 2002).

[300] Kenneth C. Burt, “Tony Rios and Bloody Christmas: A Turning Point Between the Los Angeles Police Department and the Latino Community,” Western Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2001), pp. 159-192 (concerns 1951 incident of police brutality); Alfredo Mirandé, “The Chicano and the Law: An Analysis of Community-Police Conflict in an Urban Barrio,” Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1981), pp. 65-86; Edward J. Escobar, Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department, 1900-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Edward J. Escobar, “Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 171-199; Edward J. Escobar, “The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971,” Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 4 (March 1993), pp. 1483-1514.

[301] George J. Sanchez, “Edward R. Roybal and the Politics of Multiracialism,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 1 (Spring 2010), pp. 51-73;  Katherine Underwood, “Pioneering Minority Representation: Edward Roybal and the Los Angeles City Council, 1949-1962,” in Pacific Historical Review, 66 (1997), pp. 399-425.

[302] Carlos Larralde & Richard Griswold del Castillo, “Luisa Moreno and the Beginnings of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement in San Diego,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1997); Carlos Larralde, “Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 117-160; Margaret Rose, “Gender and Civic Activism in Mexican American Barrios in California: The Community Service Organization, 1947-1962,” in Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Lori A. Flores, “A Community of Limits and the Limits of Community: MALDEF’s Chicana Rights Project, Empowering the ‘Typical Chicana,’ and the Question of Civil Rights, 1974-1983,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Spring 2008), pp. 81-110 (includes examples from California); see also Natalie Lira & Alexandra Minna Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization,” Aztlan, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), pp. 9-34 (1927-1951); Elizabeth R. Escobedo, “The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 133-156.

[303] Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010) (covers initiative fights over fair employment, fair housing, school desegregation, official English, affirmative action, bilingual education, and Propositions 187 and 209 (CCRI)); Lydia Chavez, The Color Bind: California’s Battle to End Affirmative Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) (account of events surrounding California Propositions 187 and 209 in the 1990s; includes political activism (by lawyers among others); Anne M. Larson, Constructing the Immigrant: The Political Uses of Restrictionist Rhetoric in Proposition 187 and the Immigration Act of 1924 (master’s thesis, History, Claremont Graduate School, 1995); David A. Cort, “Spurred to Action or Retreat? The Effects of Reception Contexts on Naturalization Decisions in Los Angeles,” International Migration Review, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 483-516; Jorge Durand & Douglas S. Massey, “The New Era of Mexican Migration to the United States,” Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. 2 (September 1999), pp. 518-536; Elliott R. Barkan, “Return of the Nativists?,” Social Science History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 229-283; Kitty Calavita, “The New Politics of Immigration: ‘Balanced-Budget Conservatism’ and the Symbolism of Proposition 187,” Social Problems, Vol. 43, No. 3 (August 1996), pp. 284-305; Barbara Nesbet & Sherilyn K. Sellgren, “California’s Proposition 187: A Painful History Repeats Itself,” UC Davis Journal of International Law & Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 153-176; Glen Gendzel, “It Didn’t Start with Proposition 187: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nativist Legislation in California,” Journal of the West, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Spring 2009), pp. 76-85.

[304] Fritz & Bakken, p. 204.

[305] William W. Clary, History of the Law Firm of O’Melveny & Myers, 1885-1965 (Los Angeles: O’Melveny & Myers, 1966).

[306] Carole Hicke, Heller, Ehrman, White & McAuliffe: A Century of Service to Clients and Community (San Francisco: Heller, Ehrman, White & McAuliffe, 1991) (in-house history of San Francisco law firm founded in 1890 that folded in 2008); Jane Wilson, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Lawyers: An Early History (Los Angeles: Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, 1990) (provides background on one of the largest Los Angeles law firms). Notably, reviewers in Western Legal History found both books to be high-grade examples of in-house law firm histories. Regarding Gibson, Dunn, see also Toni M. Massaro, F. Daniel Frost and the Rise of the Modern American Law Firm (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011) (biography of a partner at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, 1960s-1980s; discusses the wider transformation of the American legal profession through that period).

[307] Nora Isaacs, Sedgwick: The Evolution of a Trial Firm (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2013) (firm-commissioned history of Los Angeles law firm of Sedgwick Detert Moran & Arnold from its 1979 founding onward).

[308] Carole Hicke, “A Case of Diversity: Law Practice in San Francisco,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988).

[309] Frances Eva Diggle, Keep Your Eye on the Ball: A History of the Law Firm of Ball, Hunt, Hart, Brown and Baerwitz (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Dominguez Hills, 1989).

[310] Molly Selvin, “The Loeb Firm and the Origins of Entertainment Law Practice in Los Angeles, 1908-1940,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 135-174.

[311] Jonathan Williams Jaffee, The Resource Partitioning of Corporate Legal Markets: The Competitive Dynamics of Generalist and Specialist Corporate Law Firm Strategies in Austin and Silicon Valley (doctoral dissertation, Business Administration, University of California, Berkeley, 2001) (Austin, 1933-98; Silicon Valley, 1967-98); Bruce M. Price, New Institutions of the Knowledge Economy: A Sociolegal Study of Equity Billing by Law Firms in Silicon Valley in 1998-1999 (doctoral dissertation, Law and Society, New York University, 2006); falsefalseDamon Jeremy Phillips, The Promotion Paradox: The Relationship between Firm Life Chances and Employee Promotion Chances in Silicon Valley Law Firms, 1946-1996 http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif(doctoral dissertation, Business Administration, Stanford University, 1998); Damon Jeremy Phillips, “The Promotion Paradox: Organizational Mortality and Employee Promotion Chances in Silicon Valley Law Firms, 1946–1961,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 106, No. 4 (January 2001), pp. 1058-1098; Lawrence M. Friedman et al., “Law, Lawyers, and Legal Practice in Silicon Valley: A Preliminary Report,” Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Summer 1989), pp. 555-567; James Ware & Brian Davy, “History, Content, Application and Influence of the Northern District of California’s Patent Local Rules,” Santa Clara Computer & High Technology Law Journal, Vol. 25, No. 4 (2008-2009), pp. 965-1032 (included here only to go with the dissertations about Silicon Valley firms).

[312] Renee Y. Rastorfer, “Thomas S. Dabagh and the Institutional Beginnings of the UCLA Law Library: A Cautionary Tale,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Summer 2003), pp. 347-368; Gail H. Fruchtman, “The History of the Los Angeles County Law Library,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Fall 1992), pp. 687-706; Benjamin Watson, “Origins of California’s County Law Library System,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 81 (1989), pp. 241-251; Rosamond Parma, “Law Libraries in California,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3 (October 1925), pp. 108-122; Carleton W. Kenyon, “California State Law Library Services to California County Law Libraries,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 62, No. 2 (May 1969), pp. 131-139; Herman C. Spector, “A Prison Librarian Looks at Writ-Writing,” California Law Review, Vol. 56, No. 2 (April 1968), pp. 365-370 (librarian at San Quentin).

[313] Oscar T. Shuck, History of the Bench and Bar of California (Los Angeles: ?, 1901), available digitally at https://archive.org/details/benchandbarofcal00shuc; J. C. (Joseph Clement) Bates, History of the Bench and Bar of California (San Francisco: Bench and Bar Publishing Co., 1912) available digitally at https://archive.org/details/historyofbenchba00bate; Willoughby Rodman, History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California (Los Angeles: William J. Porter, Publisher, 1909; reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, L.L.C., 2010); Leland G. Stanford, Footprints of Justice in San Diego; and Profiles of Senior Members of the Bench and Bar (San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1960); Leland G. Stanford, San Diego’s L.L.B., Legal Lore and the Bar: A History of Law and Justice in San Diego County (San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1968); Leland G. Stanford, San Diego Lawyers You Should Have Known (San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1971); Kenneth M. Johnson, The Bar Association of San Francisco: The First Hundred Years, 1872-1972 (San Francisco: Bar Association of San Francisco, 1972); W.W. Robinson, Lawyers of Los Angeles: A History of the Los Angeles Bar Association and of the Bar of Los Angeles County (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Bar Association, 1959); see also Charles J. McClain, “History of the Bench and Bar of California: Being Biographies of Many Remarkable Men, a Store of Humorous and Pathetic Recollections, Accounts of Important Legislation and Extraordinary Cases,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 399-422 (review of the century-old Shuck/Miller book mentioned in Fritz & Bakken).

[314] Jackson A. Graves, My Seventy Years in California, 1857-1927 (Los Angeles: Times Mirror Press, 1929), available digitally at http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/calbkbib:@field(NUMBER+@od1(calbk+095)); Edith Bond Conkey, ed., The Huse Journal: Santa Barbara in the 1850s (Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Historical Society, 1977); Marjorie Wolcott, ed., Pioneer Notes: From the Diaries of Benjamin Hayes, 1849-1875 (Los Angeles: Private Publisher, 1929), available digitally at http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem/calbkbib:@field(NUMBER+@od1(calbk+026)); Cameron Rogers, A County Judge in Arcady: Selected Private Papers of Charles Fernald, Pioneer California Jurist (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1954).

[315] R.A. Burchell, “The Character and Function of a Pioneer Elite: Rural California, 1848-1880,” American Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3 (December 1981), pp. 377-389; Gordon M. Bakken, “Industrialization and the Nineteenth Century California Bar,” in Gerard Gawalt, ed., The New High Priests: Lawyers in Post-Civil War America (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1984), pp. 125-149.

[316] Harlan Hague & David J. Langum, Thomas O. Larkin: A Life of Patriotism and Profit in Old California (University of Oklahoma Press, 1990); Charles B. Churchill, “Thomas Jefferson Farnham: An Exponent of American Empire in Mexican California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 60, No. 4 (November 1991), pp. 517-537; Harris Newmark et al., Sixty Years in Southern California, 1853-1913, Containing the Reminiscences of Harris Newmark (New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1926); Norman E. Tutorow, The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2004); Daniel W. Levy, “Classical Lawyers and the Southern Pacific Railroad,” Western Legal History Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 177-226; Wilbert V. Dunne, The Ides of September: The Story of Patrick Bryan, Early Californian (Santa Barbara: Fithian, 1993); Albert Shumate, The Stormy Life of Major Wm. Gouvernour Morris in California and Alaska (San Francisco: California Historical Society, 1993) (U.S. Marshal for District of California during late 1800s); falseSondra L. Gould Spencer, David Jacks: The Letter of the Law (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1992) (focuses on 19th-century land law); Ray R. Albin, The Gray Eagle: Colonel Edward Dickinson Baker in California, 1852-1860 (master’s thesis, History, San Jose State University) (about a lawyer and politician); Charles McClain, “California Carpetbagger: The Career of Henry Dibble,” Quinnipiac Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (2010), pp. 885-968; “R.P. Effinger’s Excellent Adventure: The Unknown Letters of a Young Ohio Lawyer, 1849-1850,” California History, Vol. 82, No. 1 (2004) (special edition of journal); Robert W. Righter, “Theodore Henry Hittell: California Historian,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 48, No. 3 (September 1966), pp. 289-306 (lawyer, historian, scholar, legislator); Robert W. Righter, “A Dedication to the Memory of Theodore Henry Hittell, 1830-1917,” Arizona & the West, Vol. 16, No. 4 (1974), pp. 316-320; Brian McGinty, “Old Brains in the New West,” American History Illustrated, Vol. 12, No. 10 (February 1978), pp. 10-19 (Henry W. Halleck); Virginia Bell, “Trenor Park: A New Englander in California,” California History, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Summer 1981), pp. 158-171; “John M. Perry,” Annals of Iowa, Vol. 10, No. 4 (October 1872), pp. 304-310; Thomas Lorraine Campbell, “C.H. Veeder, Promoter: Founder of Minden Louisiana,” North Louisiana Historical Association Newsletter, Vol. 7, No. 1 (October 1966), pp. 1-5; Kenneth M. Johnson, “Frederic Hall,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 1 (1959), pp. 47-58; Allen F. Davis, “Frederick Billings: Vermonter, Pioneer Lawyer, Business Man, Conservationist,” Vermont History, Vol. 55, No. 4 (Summer 1987), pp. 174-176; Ralph N. Hinton & Margaret L. Hinton, “Otho Hinton: Ohio to California,” Ohio Records & Pioneer Families, Vol. 53, No. 4 (2012), pp. 175-182; Francis J. Weber, “John Thomas Doyle, Pious Fund Historiographer,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1967), pp. 297-303; Edward H. Stiles, “Prominent Men of Early Iowa,” Annals of Iowa, Vol. 10, No. 3 (October 1911), pp. 194-201; Donald William Hamblin, Five Historic Characters in California Law (Alhambra, CA: Cunningham Press, 1968).

[317] Michael Lance Trope, Once Upon a Time in Los Angeles: The Trials of Earl Rogers (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2001) (perhaps the greatest Los Angeles defense attorney of the very early 20th century and allegedly the model for the fictional character Perry Mason, Rogers (1869-1922)  died penniless and alcoholic at age 52); Adela Rogers St. Johns, Final Verdict (New York: Doubleday, 1962) (life of Earl Rogers told by his daughter, who worked closely with Rogers on his cases); Timothy Sarbaugh, “British War Policies in Ireland, 1914-1918: The California Irish-American Reaction,” San Jose Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1983), pp. 24-33; Errol Wayne Stevens, “Two Radicals and Their Los Angeles: Harrison Gray Otis and Job Harriman,” California History, Vol. 86, No. 3 (2009), pp. 44-64 (Harriman was a radical labor attorney around turn of century); Syd Love, “A.H. Sweet: Profile of a High-Minded Gentleman,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 124-138 (focuses on period from 1880-1924); Victoria Saker Woeste, “California Lawyer: Aaron Sapiro and the Progressive-Era Vision of Law as Public Service,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 449-465; William Issel, For Both Cross and Flag: Catholic Action, Anti-Catholicism, and National Security Politics in World War II San Francisco (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009) (Italian American attorney and devout Catholic Sylvester Andriano was suspected of pro-Mussolini disloyalty and was relocated from San Francisco); Patricia Bosworth, Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story (high-profile San Francisco attorney Crum was the lawyer for Rita Hayworth, helped defend the Hollywood Ten during the postwar Red Scare, and personally knew most of the most powerful figures in California and the United States during the 1940s and 1950s; he also had a tragically unhappy family life and committed suicide in 1959); Toni M. Massaro, F. Daniel Frost and the Rise of the Modern American Law Firm (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011) (biography of a partner at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, 1960s-1980s; discusses the wider transformation of the American legal profession through that period); Peter Kagel, Advice, Trials, and Tribulations of a Country Lawyer: Calistoga California, 1973-1983 (Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011); Sharp Whitmore & Raymond R. Roberts, “Oral History of Sharp Whitmore (1918-2001)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 99-145; Joseph A. Ball, “Joseph A. Ball: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992), pp. 167-185 (California attorney who worked on Warren Commission after Kennedy assassination); William “Bert” Ritchey, Leonard Knight, & Robert Carlton, “A Talk with Bert Ritchey,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 42, No. 2 (June 1996), pp. 86-107 (African-American high school football star, policeman, and attorney); Malcolm Tuft, “The California Supreme Court and I: A Reminiscence,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 275-282; Peter Belton & Germaine LaBerge, “Peter Belton Oral History” (edited and with notes by Laura McCreery), California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 1-120 (long-serving judicial attorney for the California Supreme Court); Leon Thomas David, “The History of Los Angeles As Seen from the City Attorney’s Office,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 277-319; “George Treister,” California Bankruptcy Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1994) (tribute to a long-time major bankruptcy attorney in Los Angeles); William Wunsch, “Harold Faulkner,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 1988) (San Francisco attorney); Moses Lasky & Thomas D. Kiley, “Moses Lasky: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 79-92 (major San Francisco lawyer who argued repeatedly and successfully before the U.S. Supreme Court); Louis M. Brown & Carole Hicke, An Oral History of Louis M. Brown (Pasadena, CA: Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society, 1993); Herman Phleger et al., Sixty Years in Law, Public Service and International Affairs (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1979); State Bar of California Committee on the History of Law in California, The State Bar Oral History Series (San Francisco: The State Bar of California, 1984- ); Patrick Dillon & Carl M. Cannon, Circle of Greed: The Spectacular Rise and Fall of the Lawyer Who Brought Corporate America to Its Knees (New York: Broadway Books, 2010) (story of California attorney William Lerach, a securities litigator who won major settlements against major corporations for insider trading and other malfeasance, then later was disbarred and served prison term for felony conspiracy to violate federal law); Ian Graham, Unbillable Hours: A True Story (New York (?): Electric Avenue Publishing, 2014) (discusses author’s pro bono work at Los Angeles-based Latham & Watkins on behalf of Mario Rocha, a wrongly convicted Latino youth featured in the film Mario’s Story); Alfredo Mirandé, Rascuache Lawyer: Toward a Theory of Ordinary Litigation (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011) (the author, a sociology professor at UC Riverside and part-time pro bono attorney, represents poor and minority defendants in criminal proceedings); Adam Badawi, “Introduction to the Bernard Witkin Oral History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 95-108; Bernard Witkin & Gordon Bakken, “Conversations with Bernard Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 109-136; Clyde Leland, “The Ineffable Bernie Witkin,” California Lawyer, Vol. 9, No. 12 (1989), pp. 44-50; Raymond L. Sullivan, “Bernard E. Witkin on His 80th Birthday,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 99-102; see also “In Memoriam: Bernard E. Witkin,” California Supreme Court Historical Society website, available at http://www.cschs.org/history/special-sessions/special-sessions-in-memoriam-bernard-e-witkin/.

[318] Christopher J. Castaneda, Keeping the Promise: A History of the California Department of Justice (Sacramento, CA: California Department of Justice, 2006); J. Frank Coakley, For the People: Sixty Years of Fighting for Law and Order (Orinda, CA: Western Star Press, 1992) (a remembrance of people and cases in Alameda County, including former DA Earl Warren, by a six-term DA, 1947-1969, with memories stretching from his hiring in 1923 through publication in 1992); Jeremiah R. Scott, Jr., “District Attorneys Reflect Diversity of County,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 47, No. 2 (Summer 1999), pp. 26-34.

[319] Earl Johnson, Jr., To Establish Justice for All: The Past and Future of Civil Legal Aid in the United States (Santa Barbara: Praeger, 2014) (nationwide coverage, but includes important examples from California); Carole Hicke, Thomas Rothwell, Kenneth Hecht & Dario DeBenedictis, Legal Aid Society of San Francisco, 1916-1991: Seventy-Five Years of Legal Services (Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley, 1996); W. C. Sharpsteen, History of Legal Aid Society of San Francisco (San Francisco: Legal Aid Society?, 1944).

[320] Molly Crumpton Winter, “Culture-Tectonics: California Statehood and John Rollin Ridge’s Joaquin Murieta,” Western American Literature, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Fall 2008), pp. 259-276 (Ridge, a Cherokee lawyer, fled to California in 1849, where he became both the first Californian novelist and one of the first Native American novelists, among other political and literary activities); James W. Parins, John Rollin Ridge: His Life and Works (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Lori Merish, “Print, Cultural Memory, and John Rollin Ridge’s The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, the Celebrated California Bandit,” Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 4 (Winter 2003), pp. 31-70; Mark Rifkin, “For the Wrongs of Our Poor Bleeding Country’: Sensation, Class, and Empire in Ridge’s Joaquin Murrieta,” Arizona Quarterly, Vol. 65, No. 2 (Summer 2009), pp. 27-56.

[321] Paul Bryan Gray, A Clamor for Equality: Emergence and Exile of Californio Activist Francisco P. Ramírez (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2012); Paul Bryan Gray, “Francisco P. Ramírez: A Short Biography,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 20-38 (1837-1908); Nicolás Kanellos, “‘El Clamor Público’: Resisting the American Empire,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 10-18; Armando Miguélez & Cynthia Giambruno, “Excerpt: ‘Crime, like a Tremulous Flash of Lightning... Shows Us Where We Can Find Safety....’,” California History, Vol. 84, No. 2 (Winter 2006/2007), pp. 18-19; see also generally the special edition of California History concerning Ramírez and his newspaper, Vol. 84, No. 2, El Clamor Público (Winter 2006/2007).

[322] Peter Richardson, American Prophet: The Life & Work of Carey McWilliams (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2005); Dean Stewart & Jeannine Gendar, Fool’s Paradise: A Carey McWilliams Reader (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2001); Daniel Geary, “Carey McWilliams and Antifascism, 1934-1943,” Journal of American History, Vol. 90, No. 3 (December 2003), pp. 912-934; Catherine A. Corman, “Teaching – and Learning from – Carey McWilliams,” California History, Vol. 80, No. 4 (2001), pp. 204-226; Carlos M. Larralde & Richard Griswold del Castillo, “North From Mexico: Carey McWilliams’ Tragedy,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 80, No. 2 (Summer 1998), pp. 231-245; David F. Selvin, “Carey McWilliams: Reformer as Historian,” California Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 2 (1974), pp. 173-180 (review of McWilliams’ classic study of California agriculture, Factories in the Field); Frank P. Barajas, “The Defense Committees of Sleepy Lagoon,” Aztlan, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 33-62; Aaron Such, “Civil Rights in the Field: Carey McWilliams as a Public-Interest Historian and Social Ecologist,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 2 (May 2004), pp. 215-248; Carey McWilliams, What About Our Japanese-Americans? (American Council, Institute of Pacific Relations, Public Affairs Committee, 1944) (31-page pamphlet protesting internment).

[323] Jim Newton, Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made (New York: Riverhead Books (Penguin Group), 2007); Christine L. Compston, Earl Warren: Justice for All (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001); Ed Cray, Chief Justice: A Biography of Earl Warren (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997); G. Edward White, Earl Warren, a Public Life. New York: Oxford University Press, 1982); Edward R. Long, “Earl Warren and the Politics of Anti-Communism,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 51, No. 1 (February 1982), pp. 51-70; Kristoffer Smemo, “The Little People’s Century: Industrial Pluralism, Economic Development, and the Emergence of Liberal Republicanism in California, 1942-1946,” Journal of American History, Vol. 101, No. 4 (March 2015), pp. 1166-1189; Charles Wollenberg, “‘Dear Earl’: The Fair Play Committee, Earl Warren, and Japanese Internment,” California History, Vol. 89, No. 4 (2012), pp. 24-55; Albert Lawrence, “Herbert Brownell, Jr.: The ‘Hidden Hand’ in the Selection of Earl Warren and the Government’s Role in Brown v. Board of Education,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 37, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 75–92; Amelia Roberts Fry, “The Warren Tapes: Oral History and the Supreme Court,” Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook (1982), pp. 10-22; James J. Rawls, “The Earl Warren Oral History Project: An Appraisal,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Feb., 1987), pp. 87-97 (also includes a list of biographies of Warren, as well as Warren’s memoirs, published in 1977). Predictably, there are many, many more studies concerning Earl Warren; also predictably, most of them focus on his time as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court rather than on his experience as a California prosecutor and governor.

[324] Richard Coke Lower, A Bloc of One: The Political Career of Hiram W. Johnson (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993); Spencer C. Olin, California’s Prodigal Sons: Hiram Johnson and the Progressives, 1911-1917 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968); Michael A. Weatherson & Hal Bochin, Hiram Johnson: Political Revivalist (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1995); Michael A. Weatherson & Hal Bochin, Hiram Johnson: A Bio-Bibliography (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1988); Irving McKee, “The Background and Early Career of Hiram Warren Johnson, 1866-1910,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 19, No. 1 (February 1950), pp. 17-30; Herbert P. Le Pore, “Prelude to Prejudice: Hiram Johnson, Woodrow Wilson, and the California Alien Land Law Controversy of 1913,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Spring 1979), pp.  99-110; Mansel G. Blackford, “Businessmen and the Regulation of Railroads and Public Utilities in California during the Progressive Era,” Business History Review, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Autumn 1970), pp. 307-319.

[325] Ethan Rarick, California Rising: The Life and Times of Pat Brown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) (primarily a political biography, but includes chapters on Caryl Chessman and the death penalty, the California master educational plan, California water transfers, the state highway system, Berkeley radicals, etc.); Roger Rapoport, “The Political Odyssey of Pat Brown,” California History, Vol. 64, No. 1 (Winter 1985), pp. 2-9; Roger Rapoport, Stephanie Harolde, & Ralph E. Warner, California Dreaming: The Political Odyssey of Pat and Jerry Brown (Berkeley: Nolo Press, 1982); Martin Schiesl, ed., The California of the Pat Brown Years: Creative Building for the Golden State’s Future (Los Angeles: Edmund G. “Pat” Brown Institute of Public Affairs, 1997) (special edition of California Politics & Policy); Edmund G. Brown, Sr. & Eugene C. Lee, Years of Growth, 1939-1966: Law Enforcement, Politics, and the Governor’s Office: Oral History Transcript and Related Material, circa 1952-1981, available at https://archive.org/details/yearsofgrowthlaw00browrich; see also Edmund G. Brown, Sr., “Appointments to the California Supreme Court,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 109-118.

[326] Chuck McFadden, Trailblazer: A Biography of Jerry Brown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2013).

[327] Philip L. Merkel, “California’s Role in the Mid-Twentieth Century Controversy over Pain and Suffering Damages: The NACCA, Melvin Belli, and the Crusade for ‘The Adequate Award’,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 287-321 (1945-1970); Sara Mayeux, “The Case of the Black-Gloved Rapist: Defining the Public Defender’s Role in the California Courts, 1913-1948,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 217-239.

[328] Barbara Babcock, Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Shortridge Foltz (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011) (life of California’s first woman lawyer, 1849-1934); Barbara Allen Babcock, “Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker,” Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 66 (Fall 1991), pp. 849-912; Barbara Allen Babcock, “Clara Shortridge Foltz: First Woman,” Valparaiso University Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp. 1231-1286; Barbara Babcock, “Clara Shortridge Foltz: Publisher, Lecturer, and Pioneer in California Law,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1987), pp. 3-4; Nicholas C. Polos, “San Diego’s ‘Portia of the Pacific’: California’s First Woman Lawyer,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 185-195 (activities of Clara Shortridge Foltz, California’s first woman lawyer, from 1872-1930); Marybeth Herald & Sandra Rierson, “‘I Mean to Succeed’: Clara Foltz and the Reinvention of Self,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 53, No. 1 (January 2013), pp. 131-140 (extended review of Babcock, Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz); Donna C. Schuele, “‘None Could Deny the Eloquence of This Lady’: Women, Law, and Government in California, 1850-1890,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 169-198 (features Clara Shortridge Foltz among others); Selma Moidel Smith, “Honoring California’s First Woman Lawyer: Clara Shortridge Foltz,” Women Lawyers Journal, Vol. 87, No. 2 (Winter 2002), pp. 10-11 (concerns February 8, 2002 renaming of the Los Angeles County Criminal Courts Building in honor of Foltz); “Clara Foltz and the Role of the Public Defender,” (April 21, 2011 public program by the Women Lawyers Association of Los Angeles, co-sponsored by the California Supreme Court Historical Society), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2011), pp. 12-30 (transcriptions of talks: L.A. County Public Defender Ronald L. Brown, “Opening Remarks,” p. 13; Arthur L. Alarcón, “Welcome,” pp. 13-15; Lee Smalley Edmon, “Greetings,” p. 15; Barbara Babcock, “Clara Foltz and the Public Defender,” pp. 16-19; Myrna Raeder, “Public Defense and the Women’s Movement,” pp. 19-22; Samantha Buckingham, “Prosecutorial Misconduct in the Modern Age,” pp. 23-27; Carlton F. Gunn, “Public Defense and the Legislative Process,” pp. 27-31), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Clara-Foltz-Presentation-2011-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf.

[329] Jeanine L. Volluz, Breaking the Barriers: Women Attorneys in Northern California, 1878-1992 (master’s thesis, History, San Francisco State University, 1992); Richard F. McFarlane, “The Lady in Purple: The Life and Legal Legacy of Gladys Towles Root,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 357-401 (1905-1982); Brenda F. Harbin, “Black Women Pioneers in the Law,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1987), pp. 6-8 (includes Annie Virginia Stephens Coker (later Pendleton), the first African-American woman attorney in California); Ruth Church Gupta & Rosalyn Zakheim, “Oral History of Ruth Church Gupta (1917-2009)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 77-98; Jeffrey M. Elliot, “The Congressional Black Caucus: An Interview with Yvonne Brathwaite Burke,” Negro History Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 1 (January 1977), pp. 650-652 (1956-1977); Hermione K. Brown & Carole Hicke, “Hermione K. Brown: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1994), pp. 309-316 (Beverly Hills attorney).

[330] Corinne Lathrop Gilb, Self-Regulating Professions and the Public Welfare: A Case Study of the California State Bar (doctoral dissertation, History, Radcliffe College, 1956); California Bar Association, Proceedings of Annual Conventions and Meetings (San Francisco: Recorder Printing and Publishing Co., 1911-1927); Leon Thomas David, Half a Century of Service: A Chronicle of the State Bar of California and its Predecessors, 1927-1977 (San Francisco: State Bar of California, 1979); Historical and Contemporary Review of Bench and Bar in California (San Francisco: Recorder Printing and Publishing Co., 1926); Craig Perrin, 100 Years of Law: An Exhibition (San Francisco: Bar Association of San Francisco, 1972); Milton S. Gould, A Cast of Hawks: A Rowdy Tale of Greed, Scandal, and Corruption in the Early Days of San Francisco (Santa Barbara, CA: Copley Books, 1985) (offers colorful accounts of Terry, Field, San Francisco Vigilantes, etc.); J. A. Graves, Reminiscences of the Early Bar of Los Angeles ([Los Angeles?]: ?, 1909); Clinton Clad & Harned Pettus Hoose, The Organized Bar in Los Angeles: (A Survey of Amici Curiae in Utopia) (?: ?, 1952) (presumably humorous?); William J. Howatt, Jr., Law, Justice and Courts in San Diego: A Glimpse of History (?: ?, 2002); Leland Ghent Stanford, Legal Historical Essays Involving San Diego County (San Diego: self-published, 1970); Jeff Stickney, Stickney’s Cracker Barrel: Antics of Lawyers and Judges in San Diego in the Early Part of This Century (San Diego: Law Library Justice Foundation, 1982); Alyce E. Prudden, ed., A Legal History of Santa Cruz County: An Account of the Local Bench & Bar Through the End of the Twentieth Century (Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz Museum of Art and History, 2006); A Legal History of Santa Cruz County: Research Materials, 2006 (archival manuscript collection); James J. Marchiano, Stories from the A. F. Bray Courts Building (Martinez, CA: Contra Costa County Bar Association, 2011); Michael B. Arkin & Franklin T. Laskin, From the Depths of the Mines Came the Law: A History of the Bench and Bar of Calaveras County (Clovis, CA: Word Dancer Press, 2000); Pamela Hallan-Gibson & Cynthia Simone, The Bench and the Bar: A Centennial View of Orange County’s Legal History (Chatsworth, CA: Windsor Publications, 1989); John J. Stanley, Behind the Masks: Law and Culture in Orange County, California, 1870-1907 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1990); “Personal Reminiscences of Three State Bar Leaders,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 303-311.

[331] Burton was, notably, instrumental in the creation of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area along with various wilderness areas nationwide. Nixon, for good or ill, clearly ranks high among the most famous lawyer-politicians to come from California.

[332] John B. Oakley, “Introduction: Student Symposium on Three Intersections of Federal and California Law” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 409-416; Selma Moidel Smith, “Student Symposium: Editor’s Note,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), p. 146; Brian Anthony Dunn, The Historical Development of the Rule against Perpetuities in English Common Law, and the Extension of the Rule to California Law (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fresno, 1987); Mark I. Weinstein, “Limited Liability in California, 1928-1931: It’s the Lawyers,” American Law & Economics Review, Vol. 7, No. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 439-483; Philip L. Merkel, “California’s Role in the Mid-Twentieth Century Controversy over Pain and Suffering Damages: The NACCA, Melvin Belli, and the Crusade for ‘The Adequate Award’,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 287-321 (1945-1970); Don T. Hibner, Jr. & Heather M. Cooper, “‘Per Se’ or Not ‘Per Se’: A Historical ‘Quick Look’ at Minimum RPM under California Law,” Competition: The Journal of the Antitrust and Unfair Competition Law Section of the State Bar of California, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2010), pp. 30-53; Reuel Schiller, “Examining Legal Liberalism in California,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 349-354; Jeffrey J. Coonjohn, “A Brief History of the California Legislative Counsel Bureau and the Growing Precedential Value of Its Digest and Opinions,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 25, No. 2 (January 1994), pp. 211-236; Wallace Howland, “The History of the Supervision of Charitable Trusts and Corporations in California,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 13, No. 4 (May 1966), pp. 1029-1040; J. L. Mack, “Registrations in California under the So-Called Torrens System,” Central Law Journal, Vol. 87 (November 1918), pp. 384-390; James H. Chadbourn, “History and Interpretation of the California Dead Man Statute: A Proposal for Liberalization,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (February 1957), pp. 175-221; Victor E. Schwartz, “Judicial Adoption of Comparative Negligence: The Supreme Court of California Takes a Historic Stand,” Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 51, No. 2 (Winter 1976), pp. 281-291; H. Walter Croskey, “Bad Faith in California: Its History, Development and Current Status,” Bad Faith in California: Its History, Development and Current Status [article]Tort & Insurance Law Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3 (1990-1991), pp. 561-589; Edward H. Rabin & Robert W. Brownlie, “Usury Law in California: A Guide through the Maze,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Spring 1987), pp. 397-440; “Symposium: Democracy in California: Sesquicentennial Reflections on Equality and Liberty in the Golden State,” NEXUS: A Journal of Opinion, Vol. 6, No. 1 (Spring 2001); Frank K. Kelly, Court of Reason: Robert Hutchins and the Fund for the Republic (New York: Free Press, 1981) (Robert Hutchins, former dean of Yale Law School and president of the University of Chicago, from the 1950s-1970s headed a California-based early legal think-tank dedicated to the rational reform of national and international law and committed to resisting McCarthyism and championing civil rights); falseMatthew Erin Plowman, The Anglo-Irish Factors in the Indo-German Conspiracy in San Francisco during WWI, 1913-1921(doctoral dissertation, History, University of Nebraska – Lincoln, 1999) (covers major World War I conspiracy trial in San Francisco with international diplomatic repercussions); Iñigo de la Maza, Lawyers, From the State to the Market (doctoral dissertation, Law, Stanford University, 2001). “Can Direct Democracy Be Saved” (Symposium, Los Angeles, October 5, 2011) California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2011), pp. 3-7 (participants: Joel Fox, Justice Carlos Moreno (Ret.), Peter Schrag, and Robert Stern), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Can-Direct-Democracy-Be-Saved-Presentation-2011-Newsletter-Fall-Winter.pdf; Michael L. Stern, “It Started as a Coaching Trip of Great Hilarity and Joy: Then It Sparked a Lively and Groundbreaking 1896 Personal Injury Trial,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2014), pp. 16-19, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2014-Newsletter-Fall-Coaching-Trip.pdf.

[333] Harold Marsh, Jr., R. Roy Finkle & Larry W. Sonsini, eds., “§ 1.01-History of California Corporation Law: 1849 to 1977,” in Marsh’s California Corporation Law, 4th ed. (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2015); Robert D. Links, “§ 11:1. Chapter Overview; Brief History of California Laws Prohibiting Sexual Orientation Discrimination,” in California Civil Practice Civil Rights Litigation (New York: Thomson Reuters, 2015); “§ 4:7. Why California Law on Cleanup Costs as Damages Is Unique — The History of an Unduly Complicated Case Law,” in Environmental Insurance Litigation: Law & Practice (New York: Thomson Reuters, 2015).

[334] Theodore Grivas, “Alcalde Rule: The Nature of Local Government in Spanish and Mexican California,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 1 (March 1961), pp. 11-32; Edward Leo Lyman, “The Beginnings of Anglo-American Local Government in California,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 199-223; John C. Peppin, “Municipal Home Rule in California: I,” California Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 1 (November 1941), pp. 1-45; Owen Cochran Coy, The Genesis of California Counties (Sacramento: California State Printing Office, 1923); Frances T. Cahn & Helen Valeska Bary, Welfare Activities of Federal, State, and Local Governments in California, 1850-1934 (Berkeley: University of California Institute of Governmental Studies, 1936; reprinted, New York: Arno Press, 1976); A. Dan Tarlock, “How California Local Governments Became Both Water Suppliers and Planners,” Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Fall 2010), pp. 7-24; William E. Mahan, “The Political Response to Urban Growth: Sacramento and Mayor Marshall R. Beard, 1863-1914,” California History, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Winter 1990/1991), pp. 354-371; Hynda L. Rudd et al., eds., The Development of Los Angeles City Government: An Institutional History, 1850-2000 (2 vol.) (Los Angeles: City of Los Angeles Historical Society, 2007) (a massive work, obviously focused on the city government and administration and local politics, some land use, annexation, etc., but interwoven with law, includes appendix on the holdings of the Los Angeles City Archives); Tom Sitton, The Courthouse Crowd: Los Angeles County and Its Government, 1850-1950 (Los Angeles: The Historical Society of Southern California, 2013); Steven Briggs, The Municipal Grievance Process (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations, 1984) (addresses developments 1960s-1980s); Steven Stambaugh Briggs, The Municipal Grievance Process in California (doctoral dissertation, Management, University of California, Los Angeles, 1981); Katie J. B. Parsons, The Long Road to Ethics Reform: An Analysis of the Ethics Codes of Los Angeles (master’s thesis, Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 1995); James Warren Ingram, The Rules of Ruling: Charter Reform in Los Angeles, 1850-2008 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 2008); Leon Thomas David, “The History of Los Angeles As Seen from the City Attorney’s Office,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 277-319; Leonard Pitt, “The ‘Quiet Revolution’: A History of Neighborhood Empowerment in Los Angeles,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 65-82; James Warren Ingram, The Rules of Ruling: Charter Reform in Los Angeles, 1850-2008 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 2008); Sarah S. Elkind, How Local Politics Shape Federal Policy: Business, Power, and the Environment in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011); Tamara Venit Shelton, “Unmaking Historic Spaces: Urban Progress and the San Francisco Cemetery Debate, 1895-1937,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (2008), pp. 26-47, 69-70; Kenneth A. Brunetti, “It’s Time to Create A Bay Area Regional Government,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1991), pp. 1103-1142; Louise Nelson Dyble, Paying the Toll: Local Power, Regional Politics, and the Golden Gate Bridge (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009); Louise Nelson Dyble, “The Defeat of the Golden Gate Authority: A Special District, a Council of Governments, and the Fate of Regional Planning in the San Francisco Bay Area,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2008), pp. 287-308; Richard Hu, “To Grow or Control, That is the Question: San Francisco’s Planning Transformation in the 1980s and 1990s,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 141-160. See also Ethan Rarick, Governing California: Politics, Government, and Public Policy in the Golden State (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 2013) (addresses local as well as state government); Judson A. Grenier, “‘Officialdom’: California State Government, 1849-1879,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 137-168; Richard W. Crawford, “The Records of Local Government and California History,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 21-25.

[335] Los Angeles Attorneys, Law Firms & Bar: Willoughby Rodman, History of the Bench and Bar of Southern California (Los Angeles: William J. Porter, Publisher, 1909; reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, L.L.C., 2010); Harris Newmark et al., Sixty Years in Southern California, 1853-1913, Containing the Reminiscences of Harris Newmark (New York, Knickerbocker Press, 1926); W.W. Robinson, Lawyers of Los Angeles: A History of the Los Angeles Bar Association and of the Bar of Los Angeles County (Los Angeles: Los Angeles Bar Association, 1959); Jackson A. Graves, My Seventy Years in California, 1857-1927 (Los Angeles: Times Mirror Press, 1929); J. A. Graves, Reminiscences of the Early Bar of Los Angeles ([Los Angeles?]: ?, 1909); Paul Bryan Gray, Judge Ignacio Sepúlveda: A Life in Los Angeles and Mexico City, 1842-1916,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 2 (Summer 2013), pp. 141-187; falseErrol Wayne Stevens, “Two Radicals and Their Los Angeles: Harrison Gray Otis and Job Harriman,” California History, Vol. 86, No. 3 (2009), pp. 44-64 (Harriman was a radical labor attorney around turn of century); Clinton Clad & Harned Pettus Hoose, The Organized Bar in Los Angeles: (A Survey of Amici Curiae in Utopia) (?: ?, 1952) (presumably humorous?); Michael Lance Trope, Once Upon a Time in Los Angeles: The Trials of Earl Rogers (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2001) (perhaps the greatest Los Angeles defense attorney of the very early 20th century and allegedly the model for the fictional character Perry Mason, Rogers (1869-1922)  died penniless and alcoholic at age 52); Adela Rogers St. Johns, Final Verdict (New York: Doubleday, 1962) (life of Earl Rogers told by his daughter, who worked closely with Rogers on his cases); Ian Graham, Unbillable Hours: A True Story (New York (?): Electric Avenue Publishing, 2014) (discusses author’s pro bono work at Los Angeles-based Latham & Watkins on behalf of Mario Rocha, a wrongly convicted Latino youth featured in the film Mario’s Story); “George Treister,” California Bankruptcy Journal, Vol. 22, No. 1 (1994) (tribute to a long-time major bankruptcy attorney in Los Angeles); William W. Clary, History of the Law Firm of O’Melveny & Myers, 1885-1965 (Los Angeles: O’Melveny & Myers, 1966); Jane Wilson, Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, Lawyers: An Early History (Los Angeles: Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, 1990) (provides background on one of the largest Los Angeles law firms); Toni M. Massaro, F. Daniel Frost and the Rise of the Modern American Law Firm (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2011) (biography of a partner at Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher, 1960s-1980s; discusses the wider transformation of the American legal profession through that period); Nora Isaacs, Sedgwick: The Evolution of a Trial Firm (San Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2013) (firm-commissioned history of Los Angeles law firm of Sedgwick Detert Moran & Arnold from its 1979 founding onward); Frances Eva Diggle, Keep Your Eye on the Ball: A History of the Law Firm of Ball, Hunt, Hart, Brown and Baerwitz (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Dominguez Hills, 1989) (law firm based in Long Beach); Molly Selvin, “The Loeb Firm and the Origins of Entertainment Law Practice in Los Angeles, 1908-1940,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 135-174.  African Americans (see also Crime; Education; Police; Race, Generally): Josh Sides, “‘You Understand My Condition’: The Civil Rights Congress in the Los Angeles African-American Community, 1946-1952,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (May 1998), pp. 233-257; Andrea Marie Kathleen Gill, “A Decent Home in a Suitable Environment”: The Struggles to Desegregate Public Housing in New York City, Chicago, and Los Angeles (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2010); Josh Sides, Battle on the Home Front: African American Shipyard Workers in World War II Los Angeles,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 3 (1996), pp. 250–263; James H. Johnson, Jr. & Walter C. Farrell, Jr., “The Fire This Time: The Genesis of the Los Angeles Rebellion of 1992,” North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 71, No. 5 (June 1993), pp. 1403-1420; Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995).  Crime (see also Police): Eric H. Monkkonen, “Homicide in Los Angeles, 1827-2002,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Autumn 2005), pp. 167-183; Ronald C. Woolsey, “Crime and Punishment: Los Angeles County, 1850-1856,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Spring 1979), pp. 79-98; Eileen V. Wallis, “‘The Verdict Created No Great Surprise Upon the Street’: Abortion, Medicine, and the Regulatory State in Progressive-Era Los Angeles,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2013), pp. 48-72 (1849-1920; legal treatment of abortion in early Los Angeles); Paul R. Spitzzerri, “On a Case-by-Case Basis: Ethnicity and Los Angeles Courts, 1850-1875,” California History, Vol. 83, No. 2 (Fall 2005), pp. 26-39; Scott Zesch, “Prelude to a Massacre: Chinese Los Angeles in 1870-1871,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 109–58; Paul R. Spitzzerri, “‘Shall Law Stand for Naught?’: The Los Angeles Chinese Massacre of 1871 at Trial,” California Legal History, Vol. 3 (2008), pp. 185-224; H. Mark Wild, “Red Light Kaleidoscope: Prostitution and Ethnoracial Relations in Los Angeles, 1880-1940,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 28, No. 6 (September 2002), pp. 720-742 (1880-1940); falseBonni Kay Cermak, In the Interest of Justice: Legal Narratives of Sex, Gender, Race and Rape in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles, 1920-1960 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Oregon, 2005); Judith Greene & Kevin Pranis, Gang Wars: The Failure of Enforcement Tactics and the Need for Effective Public Safety Strategies — A Justice Policy Institute Report (Washington, DC: Justice Policy Institute, July 2007), available at http://www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/07-07_rep_gangwars_gc-ps-ac-jj.pdf (accessed September 9, 2015) (includes a useful brief chapter on the history of Los Angeles gangs).  Early: Ronald C. Woolsey, “Pioneer Views and Frontier Themes: Benjamin Hayes, Horace Bell, and the Southern California Experience,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 72, No. 3 (September 1990), pp. 255-274; Ronald C. Woolsey, “Conflicting Cultures and Law and Order in Frontier Southern California,” Californians, Vol. 8, No. 5 (1991), pp. 38-47; George Cosgrave, “Early California Justice: The History of the United States District Court for the Southern District of California 1849-1895,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1989), pp. 191-231Education: Judith Raftery, “Progressivism Moves into the Schools: Los Angeles, 1905-1918,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 2 (June 1987), pp. 94-103; Philippa Strum, “‘We Always Tell Our Children They Are Americans’: Mendez v. Westminster and the Beginning of the End of School Segregation,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 39, No. 3 (November 2014), pp. 307-328 (case arose in Orange County, was filed in federal district court in Los Angeles); Christopher J. Arriola, Mendez v. Westminster (1946): A Research Pathfinder to Chicano Legal History: With an Emphasis on Equal Protection and Orange County, California (San Jose, CA: Office of the District Attorney, County of Santa Clara, 2000); Barbara Dean Jacobs, The Los Angeles Unified School District’s Desegregation Case: A Legal History (doctoral dissertation, Education, Pepperdine University, 1989) (covers especially 1849-1945); Donald Glen Cooper, The Controversy over Desegregation in the Los Angeles Unified School District, 1962-1981 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1991); David S. Ettinger, “Quest to Desegregate Los Angeles Schools,” Los Angeles Lawyer, Vol. 26, No. 1 (March 2003), pp. 55-67; Gerald T. McLaughlin, Loyola Law School: A Sense of Purpose and a Sense of Mission (Los Angeles: Loyola Law School Loyola Marymount University, 2000); Frank M. Porter & Roland L. McNitt, History of Legal Education in Southern California (Los Angeles: ?, 1929); Julian Beck, The History of Legal Education in Los Angeles County (master’s thesis, History, University of Southern California, 1935);  Renee Y. Rastorfer, “Thomas S. Dabagh and the Institutional Beginnings of the UCLA Law Library: A Cautionary Tale,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Summer 2003), pp. 347-368; “Dedicated to Dean Scott H. Bice,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 2 (January 2000), pp. 197-220 (comments in tribute regarding long-time dean of USC law school); Albert Y. Muratsuchi, “Race Class, and UCLA School of Law Admissions, 1967-1994,” Chicano-Latino Law Review, Vol. 16 (1995), pp. 90-140; Rosina A. Lozano, “Brown’s Legacy in the West: Pasadena Unified School District’s Federally Mandated Desegregation,” Southwestern University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2007), pp. 257-290; Julie Salley Gray, “‘To Fight the Good Fight’: The Battle over Control of the Pasadena City Schools, 1969–1979,” Essays in History, Vol. 37 (1995); Emily E. Straus, Death of a Suburban Dream: Race and Schools in Compton, California (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014) (not primarily focused on traditional law and litigation, but provides an in-depth study of the troubled history of a school board and its interactions with local citizens, plus ultimate extraordinary intervention by state authorities); Richard C. Maxwell & Thomas Bertonneau, Law School Modernizer: Oral History Transcript (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1983 (Maxwell was the second dean of UCLA School of Law from 1958-1969); Harold E. Verrall & Bernard Galm, Fifty Years of Property Law Oral History Transcript (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, 1987) (held in Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles) (Prof. Verrall was one of the original faculty members of UCLA School of Law at its founding in 1949).  Gays, Lesbians & Others: C. Todd White, Out of Many ... : A Social History of the Homosexual Rights Movement as Originated and Continued in Los Angeles, California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 2005); Whitney Strub, “The Clearly Obscene and the Queerly Obscene: Heteronormativity and Obscenity in Cold War Los Angeles,” American Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 2 (June 2008), pp. 373-398; Robert O. Self, “Sex in the City: The Politics of Sexual Liberalism in Los Angeles, 1963-79,” Gender & History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (August 2008), pp. 288-311.  Housing & Urban Planning: Don Parson, “The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare: The Significance of the Los Angeles Public Housing War,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (March 2007), pp. 400-417; Don Parson, “The Burke Incident: Political Belief in Los Angeles’ Public Housing during the Domestic Cold War,” Southern California Quarterly, (Spring 2002), pp. 5374 (Communist couple expelled from public housing in 1946); Thomas S. Hines, “Housing, Baseball, and Creeping Socialism,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 8, No. 2 (Februay 1982), pp. 123-143 (story of Chavez Ravine in Los Angeles); Andrew H. Whittemore, “Requiem for a Growth Machine: Homeowner Preeminence in 1980s Los Angeles,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 124-140.  Immigration & Internal Migration: Lon Kurashige, Rethinking Anti-Immigrant Racism: Lessons from the Los Angeles Vote on the 1920 Alien Land Law,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Fall 2013), pp. 265-283; H. Mark Wild, “If You Ain’t Got that Do-Re-Mi: The Los Angeles Border Patrol and White Migration in Depression-Era California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Fall 2001), pp. 317-334; David A. Cort, “Spurred to Action or Retreat? The Effects of Reception Contexts on Naturalization Decisions in Los Angeles,” International Migration Review, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 483-516; Henry Yu, “Los Angeles and American Studies in a Pacific World of Migrations,” American Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 3 (September 2004), pp. 531-543.  Jews: Norton B. Stern, “Jacob Frankfort: Material on the First Jewish Pioneer Resident of Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Spring 2009), pp. 435-439; Norton B. Stern, “Isaac Cohen: Southern California Merchant, Local Politico, Federal Official, 1848-1930,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (February 2004), reprint of same article, same journal, Vol. 44, Nos. 3/4; “Anaheim’s First Jewish Law Enforcement Officer,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 44 (Spring/Summer 2012), p. 60; “Hebrew Benevolent Society, of Los Angeles, California: Constitution and By-Laws — 1855,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1998), pp. 145-154; Norton B. Stern, “A Nineteenth Century Conversion in Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 16, No. 4 (July 1984), pp. 360-367; J. A. Graves, “Did Jews Destroy a Los Angeles Bank in 1875?,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 33, No. 2 (Winter 2001), pp. 121-127; Norton B. Stern, “The Labatts’ Attack in San Francisco and Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 179-188; Norton B. Stern & William M. Kramer, “Emil Harris: Los Angeles Jewish Police Chief (1839-1921),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Summer 2007), pp. 322-356; May W. Goldman, “The Federation of Jewish Charities of Los Angeles in 1923,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 1 (October 1990), pp. 22-25; N. Goldberg,  “Jews in the Police Records of Los Angeles, 1933-1947,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 257-286; “Aid Pours in for Rattled Jews of Los Angeles After 1994 Northridge Earthquake,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 27, No. 3 (April 1995), pp. 77-82 (legal aid for quake victims); Raphael J. Sonenshein, “The Role of the Jewish Community in Los Angeles Politics: From Bradley to Villaraigosa,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 189-205.  Land: Robert G. Cleland, The Cattle on a Thousand Hills: Southern California, 1850-1880 (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1941); Robert A. Gillingham with Judson Grenier, The Rancho San Pedro: The Story of a Famous Rancho in Los Angeles County and of Its Owners the Dominguez Family (Los Angeles: Cole-Holmquist Press, 1961; reprinted, 1983); Mary Joanne Wittenburg, “Rancho Palos Verdes: The Land and the Law,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 2 (Summer 1988), pp. 117-126; Gordon M. Bakken, “Rancho Canon de Santa Ana,” in Kenneth Pauley, ed., Rancho Days in Southern California: An Anthology with New Perspectives (Los Angeles: The Westerners, Los Angeles Corral, 1997), pp. 207-223; Judson A. Grenier, “Growing Together for a Century: Southern California and the Title Insurance and Trust Company,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 75, No. 3 (Fall/Winter 1993), pp. 351-439.  Latinos (see also Crime; Education; Police; Race, Generally): Eduardo Obregón Pagán, Murder at the Sleepy Lagoon: Zoot Suits, Race, and Riot in Wartime L.A. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003); Frank P. Barajas, “The Defense Committees of Sleepy Lagoon,” Aztlan, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 33-62; Carlos Larralde, “Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 117-160; Elizabeth R. Escobedo, “The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 133-156; Ricardo Romo, “Southern California and the Origins of Latino Civil-Rights Activism,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1990), pp. 379-406; George J. Sanchez, “Edward R. Roybal and the Politics of Multiracialism,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 1 (Spring 2010), pp. 51-73;  Katherine Underwood, “Pioneering Minority Representation: Edward Roybal and the Los Angeles City Council, 1949-1962,” in Pacific Historical Review, 66 (1997), 399-425; Carlos Jackson, Affirmative Action in Los Angeles County: The Continuing Invisibility of Hispanics (doctoral dissertation, Public Administration, University of Southern California, 1983) (covers litigation among other aspects)Local Government: Hynda L. Rudd et al., eds., The Development of Los Angeles City Government: An Institutional History, 1850-2000 (2 vol.) (Los Angeles: City of Los Angeles Historical Society, 2007); Tom Sitton, The Courthouse Crowd: Los Angeles County and Its Government, 1850-1950 (Los Angeles: The Historical Society of Southern California, 2013); Steven Briggs, The Municipal Grievance Process (Los Angeles: UCLA Institute of Industrial Relations, 1984) (addresses developments 1960s-1980s); Steven Stambaugh Briggs, The Municipal Grievance Process in California (doctoral dissertation, Management, University of California, Los Angeles, 1981); Katie J. B. Parsons, The Long Road to Ethics Reform: An Analysis of the Ethics Codes of Los Angeles (master’s thesis, Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine, 1995); James Warren Ingram, The Rules of Ruling: Charter Reform in Los Angeles, 1850-2008 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 2008); Leon Thomas David, “The History of Los Angeles As Seen from the City Attorney’s Office,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 277-319; Leonard Pitt, “The ‘Quiet Revolution’: A History of Neighborhood Empowerment in Los Angeles,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 65-82; James Warren Ingram, The Rules of Ruling: Charter Reform in Los Angeles, 1850-2008 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, San Diego, 2008); Sarah S. Elkind, How Local Politics Shape Federal Policy: Business, Power, and the Environment in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2011).  Oil: Sarah S. Elkind, “Oil in the City: The Fall and Rise of Oil Drilling in Los Angeles,” Journal of American History, Vol. 99, No. 1 (June 2012), pp. 82-90 (1930s-1970s); Malcolm Epley, “Black Gold Harbor,” California Historian, Vol. 13, No. 4 (1967), pp. 113-116 (Long Beach oil & Tidelands litigation, 1930-1956); Margaret Leslie Davis, Dark Side of Fortune: Triumph and Scandal in the Life of Oil Tycoon Edward L. Doheny (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Jules Tygiel, The Great Los Angeles Swindle: Oil, Stocks, and Scandal During the Roaring Twenties (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994); Dale R Gardner, “Teapot Dome: Civil Legal Cases that Closed the Scandal,” Journal of the West, Vol. 28, No. 4 (October 1989), pp. 46-51.  Police (see also Crime): Thomas G. Hays & Arthur W. Sjoquist, Los Angeles Police Department (San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2005) (covers period from 1850 to 2000); Arthur W. Sjoquist, From Posses to Professionals: A History of the Los Angeles Police Department (master’s thesis, Criminal Justice, California State University, Los Angeles, 1972); Kelly Lytle Hernandez, “Hobos in Heaven: Race, Incarceration, and the Rise of Los Angeles, 1880-1910,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 3 (August 2014), pp. 410-447; Janis Marie Appier, Gender and Justice: Women Police in America, 1910-1946 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 1993) (especially focuses on policewomen in Los Angeles); Petula Iu, “‘A Triumph of American Police Methods’: Representations of Police Work in Two Sensational Kidnap-Murder Cases of the 1920s,” Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, Vol. 9, No. 2 (April 2005), pp. 9-42 (includes notorious murder of Marian Parker by William Edward Hickman in Los Angeles in 1927); Norton B. Stern & William M. Kramer, “Emil Harris: Los Angeles Jewish Police Chief (1839-1921),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Summer 2007), pp. 322-356; N. Goldberg,  “Jews in the Police Records of Los Angeles, 1933-1947,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 257-286; Kristi Joy Woods, Be Vigorous but not Brutal: Race, Politics, and Police in Los Angeles, 1937-1945 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1999); Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990) (includes rather shocking long chapter on LAPD); Edward J. Escobar, Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department, 1900-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Edward J. Escobar, “Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 171-199; Edward J. Escobar, “The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971,” Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 4 (March 1993), pp. 1483-1514; Joel Elliott Rabin, Innovation and Organizational Change in the Los Angeles Police Department (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001) (includes background on evolution during early twentieth century, focuses on innovative programs of late 20th century); Kenneth C. Burt, “Tony Rios and Bloody Christmas: A Turning Point Between the Los Angeles Police Department and the Latino Community,” Western Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2001), pp. 159-192 (concerns 1951 incident of police brutality); Alfredo Mirandé, “The Chicano and the Law: An Analysis of Community-Police Conflict in an Urban Barrio,” Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1981), pp. 65-86; Frederick Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?: The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam,” Journal of Negro History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 182-196; “Law Enforcement: The Thin Thread, California History, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2015), pp. 4-10 (excerpt from the Governor’s Commission’s report on the 1965 Watts Riots); John C. Gooch, “Imagining the Law and the Constitution of Societal Order in Los Angeles Police Chief William Parker’s 1965 ‘Crime and the Great Society’Address” (2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1391668; Alisa Sarah Kramer, William H. Parker and the Thin Blue Line: Politics, Public Relations and Policing in Postwar Los Angeles (doctoral dissertation, History, American University, 2007); James Lasley, Los Angeles Police Department Meltdown: The Fall of the Professional-Reform Model of Policing (Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012); Lou Cannon, Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Randall Sullivan, LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implications of Death Row Records’ Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal (New York: Grove Press, 2002); Matthew B. Gordon, The Thin Blue Line: An In-Depth Look at the Policing Practices of the Los Angeles Police Department (self-published by author, 2011); Jesse Russell & Ronald Cohn, Rampart Scandal (Book on Demand, 2012); Laurie L. Levenson, “Unnerving the Judges: Judicial Responsibility for the Rampart Scandal,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2001), pp. 787-828; Josh Sides, “Interview with Jill Leovy,” California History, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2015), pp. 11-15 (author of Ghettoside discusses history of policing in Los Angeles); Daryl F. Gates & Diane K. Shah, Chief: My Life in the LAPD (New York: Bantam Books, 1993) (an autobiography by the controversial former Los Angeles police chief); Joe Domanick, Blue: The LAPD and the Battle to Redeem American Policing (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015) (addresses Los Angeles policing over the past quarter century)Race, Generally: Natalia Molina, Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879-1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006); Katy Lain, Transaction Null and Void”: The Peculiar Citizenship Fight of Emma Wong Sing,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 96, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 405-432 (1898-1931); Shana Bernstein, Bridges of Reform: Interracial Civil Rights Activism in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles (New York, 2011); Shana Bernstein, “Interracial Activism in the Los Angeles Community Service Organization: Linking the World War II and Civil Rights Eras,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 2 (May 2011), pp. 231-267; Abraham Hoffman, “The Conscience of a Public Official: Los Angeles Mayor Fletcher Bowron and Japanese Removal,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2010), pp. 243-274; Max Felker-Kantor, “‘A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing’: Struggles for Equal Employment Opportunity in Multiracial Los Angeles, 1964-1982,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 63-94; J. Morgan Kousser, Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999) (covers various case studies nationwide, but the lengthy second chapter, “Real Racial Gerrymandering — Lessons from L.A.,” gives a detailed account of politics, law, and litigation regarding redistricting and operation of the Voting Rights Act in Los Angeles County during the 20th century, including major case of Garza v. Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors (1990-)).  Railroads & Light Rail: Edward Leo Lyman, “From the City of Angels to the City of Saints: The Struggle to Build a Railroad from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (1991), pp. 76-93 (1870-1913); William F. Deverell, “The Los Angeles ‘Free Harbor Fight’,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Spring 1991 ), pp. 12-29 (1889-1899); James Tejani, “Harbor Lines: Connecting the Histories of Borderlands and Pacific Imperialism in the Making of the Port of Los Angeles, 1858-1908,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 2 (Summer 2014), pp. 125-146; Robert C. Post, “The Fair Fare Fight: An Episode in Los Angeles History,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 3 (September 1970), pp. 275-298 (litigation over Los Angeles light urban rail fares, 1926-1930).  Smog: Scott Hamilton Dewey, “‘The Antitrust Case of the Century’: Kenneth F. Hahn and the Fight Against Smog,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 81 (1999), pp. 341-376 (discusses background of 1969 federal antitrust lawsuit filed in Los Angeles against major auto makers for conspiracy to prevent or delay introduction of pollution-control devices on cars); Scott Hamilton Dewey, Don’t Breathe the Air: Air Pollution and U.S. Environmental Politics, 1945-1970 (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 2000); Harold W. Kennedy, “The Legal Aspects of Air Pollution Control with Particular Reference to the County of Los Angeles,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 27, No. 4 (July 1954), pp. 373- 398; Harold W. Kennedy, Legal Support for Los Angeles County’s Strict Air Pollution Control Program (Los Angeles: Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors, 1957); Barry T. Woods, “Environmental Land Use, Indirect Source Controls and California’s South Coast Plan: Is the Day of Attainment Coming?,” Environmental Law, Vol. 23, No. 4 (1993), pp. 1274-1296.  Various: Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America’s Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993) (addresses the trial of the McNamara brothers for bombing the Los Angeles Times building and killing twenty in 1911, and the aftermath of that trial that left Darrow broken and exhausted); Walt Anderson, “The ‘Times’ Dynamiting Case,” American History Illustrated, Vol. 3, No. 6 (October 1968), pp. 47-51; Tom Sitton, The Haynes Foundation and Urban Reform Philanthropy in Los Angeles: A History of the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation (Los Angeles: Historical Society of Southern California, 1999); Tom Sitton, “California’s Practical Idealist: John Randolph Haynes,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 1 (March 1988), pp. 2-17 (1887-1937; Socialist Progressive Haynes campaigned for direct legislation laws-initiative, referendum, and recall-and public ownership of utilies); Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Vickey Kalambakal, “The Battle of Santa Monica Bay,” American History, Vol. 37, No. 1 (April 2002), p. 36 (1939 crackdown on off-shore gambling ships; gambling ships were featured in Raymond Chandler’s second novel, Farewell, My Lovely); Ambrose I. Lane, Return of the Buffalo: The Story behind America’s Indian Gaming Explosion (Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1995) (discusses Southern Californian Cabazon Band’s experience with gaming); Gail H. Fruchtman, “The History of the Los Angeles County Law Library,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 84, No. 4 (Fall 1992), pp. 687-706; Bradley B. Williams, “When California’s Southern District Became Central: A Brief Look at the Historical Context of the Central District in 1966,” Southwestern University Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 2 (2007), pp. 175-190; Becky M. Nicolaides, “The Neighborhood Politics of Class in a Working-Class Suburb of Los Angeles, 1920-1940,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 30, No. 3 (March 2004), pp. 428-451 (concerns rebellion of South Gate’s working class homeowners against Mattoon Act of 1925, a state property tax measure); Tom Sitton, “Direct Democracy vs. Free Speech: Gerald L. K. Smith and the Recall Election of 1946 in Los Angeles,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 3 (August 1988), pp. 285-304; Willie Brown, The Controversial Move of the Oakland Raiders Professional Football Team from Oakland to Los Angeles (master’s thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 1993) (team relocation was litigated); Norman E. Tutorow, “Source Materials for Historical Research in the Los Angeles Federal Records Center,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 4 (December 1971), pp. 333-344; Doyce B. Nunis, “Legal History in Southern California, a Review Essay,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3 (1990), pp. 67-77; Stefano Bloch, “The Illegal Face of Wall Space: Grafiti-Murals on the Sunset Boulevard Retaining Walls,” Radical History Review, No. 113 (Spring 2012), pp. 110-126.  Water: Blake Gumprecht, “51 Miles of Concrete: The Exploitation and Transformation of the Los Angeles River,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Winter 1997), pp. 431-486 (1781-1997); Richard Parker, “Water Supply for Urban Southern California: An Historical and Legal Perspective,” Glendale Law Review, Vol. 8, pp. 1-66; John F. Mann, “Pueblo Water Rights of the City of Los Angeles,” California Geology, Vol. 29, No. 12 (December 1976); William Blomquist, Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992) (the development of basin-level subsurface water management as an alternative to centralized control); Alfred Clark, “The San Gabriel River: A Century of Dividing the Waters,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2 (June 1970), pp. 155-169; R. Louis Gentilcore, “Ontario, California and the Agricultural Boom of the 1880s,” Agricultural History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Spring 1960), pp. 77-87; A. Bower Sageser, “Los Angeles Hosts an International Irrigation Congress,” Journal of the West, Vol. 4, No. 3 (July 1965), pp. 411-424 (1891-1901); Abraham Hoffman, “Water Famine or Water Needs: Los Angeles and Population Growth, 1896-1905,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Fall 2000), pp. 257-278; Tanis C. Thorne, “Indian Water Rights in Southern California in the Progressive Era: A Case Study,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 199-228; Jordan Scavo, “Water Politics and the San Fernando Valley: The Role of Water Rights in the 1915 Annexation and 1996-2002 Secession Campaigns,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 93-116; Jason A. Robison, “Colorado River Water in Southern California: Evolution of the Allocation Framework, 1922-2014,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 139-184; Aqueduct: Fiftieth Anniversary, Metropolitan Water District (Los Angeles: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 1979); Kazuto Oshio, Who Pays and Who Benefits?: Metropolitan Water Politics in Twentieth-Century Southern California (Tokyo: Japanese Association for American Studies, 1997); Roger G. Hatheway et al., The Anaheim Union Water Company — Cajon Canal ([Pacific Palisades, CA?: Greenwood and Associates?], 1989); Arthur L. Littleworth et al., Water Law Attorney and Riverside Civic Leader (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 2005); Oral History of California Water Resources Development Oral History Transcripts (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1974) (held in Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles); Alfred H. Driscoll & Andrew D. Basiago, Alfred H. Driscoll Oral History Transcript (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988) (held in Water for Los Angeles Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles).  Women & Children (see also Crime): Miroslava Chávez-García, Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004); Miroslava Chávez-García, Mexican Women and the American Conquest in Los Angeles: From the Mexican Era to American Ascendancy (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1998); falseI. P. Tompkins, A History of the Juvenile Court of Los Angeles County (master’s thesis, History, University of Southern California, 1936); falseAlexander S. Bennett, The Discovery and Treatment of Juvenile Drug Use in Post-World War II Los Angeles (doctoral dissertation, History, Carnegie Mellon University, 2009); Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: Free Press, 1985) (includes examples from Los Angeles and San Francisco); Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) (research focuses on Oakland and Los Angeles); Mary Odem, “Single Mothers, Delinquent Daughters, and the Juvenile Court in Early 20th Century Los Angeles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Autumn 1991), pp. 27-43; falseJanis Appier, “‘We’re Blocking Youth’s Path to Crime’: The Los Angeles Coordinating Councils during the Great Depression,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 31, No. 2 (January 2005), pp. 190-218; Andrew Bridge, Hope’s Boy: A Memoir (New York: Hachette Book Group, 2008) (written from a child’s perspective, does not focus on law, but describes the lived experiences of a boy growing up within the Los Angeles County dependency and foster care system).

[336] Paul A. Offit, The Cutter Incident: How America’s First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing Vaccine Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2005) (includes 1955 litigation over tainted polio vaccine produced in California); Natalia Molina, Fit to Be Citizens?: Public Health and Race in Los Angeles, 1879-1939 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006); Elaine Won, “Protecting Our Children: The California Public School Vaccination Mandate Debate,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 471-503.

[337] Scott J. Shackelford & Lawrence M. Friedman, “Legally Incompetent: A Research Note,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 49, No. 3 (July 2007), pp. 321-342; Lawrence M. Friedman, Joanna L. Grossman & Chris Guthrie, “Guardians: A Research Note,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 40, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 146-166  (more Alameda County research); Lawrence M. Friedman & Mark Savage, “Taking Care: The Law of Conservatorship in California,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 61 (1988), pp. 273-290; Lawrence M. Friedman & June O. Starr, “Losing It in California: Conservatorship and the Social Organization of Aging,” Washington University Law Review, Vol. 73, No. 4 (January 1995), pp. 1501-1529.

[338] Jorgio Castro, “Laura’s Law: Concerns, Effectiveness, and Implementation,” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 175-208; Richard W. Fox, So Far Disordered in Mind: Insanity in California, 1870-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979) (not about insanity defense in criminal prosecution context, but about civil commitment); Richard W. Fox, “The Intolerable Deviance of the Insane: Civil Commitment in San Francisco, 1906-1929,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (April 1976), pp. 136-154; Lou Ann Wieand, Judgments of Dangerousness: An Analysis of Mental Hospital Decisions to Release Mentally Disordered Sex Offenders (doctoral dissertation, Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 1983).

[339] Nyan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Charles J. McClain, In Search of Equality: The Chinese Struggle against Discrimination in Nineteenth-Century America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (includes a chapter about the blaming of the Chinese for turn-of-the-century appearance of bubonic plague); Charles McClain, “Of Medicine, Race, and American Law: The Bubonic Plague Outbreak of 1900,” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 13 (1988), pp. 447-513; Joan B. Trauner, “The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco, 1870-1905,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 70-87; Haiming Liu,The Resilience of Ethnic Culture: Chinese Herbalists in the American Medical Profession,” Journal of Asian American Studies, Vol. 1, No. 2 (June 1998), pp. 173-191; Emily S. Wu, “History of Traditional Chinese Medicine in California,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (2012), pp. 11-17 (1972-2012; includes discussion of laws and licensing regarding acupuncturists).

[340] Eileen V. Wallis, “‘The Verdict Created No Great Surprise Upon the Street’: Abortion, Medicine, and the Regulatory State in Progressive-Era Los Angeles,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2013), pp. 48-72 (1849-1920; legal treatment of abortion in early Los Angeles); Jennie Stephens-Romero, “The Cal Fed Controversy: Distinguishing California’s Pregnancy Leave Law and the Family and Medical Leave Act,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 469-493 (1974-1993); Megha Bhatt, “Gender Equity in the Workplace: A Comparative Look at Pregnancy Disability Leave Laws in California and the United States Supreme Court.” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 447-470; Natalie Lira & Alexandra Minna Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization,” Aztlan, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), pp. 9-34 (1927-1951); California’s Compulsory Sterilization Policies 1909-1979: Background Paper (Sacramento: California Legislature, Senate Select Committee on Genetics, Genetic Technologies and Public Policy, 2003).

[341] Stanton A. Glantz & Edith D. Balbach, Tobacco War: Inside the California Battles (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000); Martha Derthick, “From Litigation to Legislation in Tobacco Politics: The Surrender of Philip Morris,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 127, No. 3 (Fall 2012), pp. 401-415 (history of anti-smoking campaign and tobacco litigation); Christopher Freeman Adams, “Smoke-Free California: Democracy Meets Public Health,” National Civic Review, Vol. 87, No. 4 (Winter 1998), pp. 311-316 (discusses local ordinance in Lodi, 1990s); Kim Ammann Howard,  et al. “What Factors Are Associated with Local Enforcement of Laws Banning Illegal Tobacco Sales to Minors?: A Study of 182 Law Enforcement Agencies in California,” Preventive Medicine, Vol. 33, No. 2 (2001), pp. 63-70.

[342] Diana L. Ahmad, The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007); Mikelis Beitiks, “‘Devilishly Uncomfortable’: In the Matter of Sic — The California Supreme Court Strikes a Balance Between Race, Drugs and Government in 1880s California,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 229-250; Alice Jean Matuszak, “Edna Gleason: Dynamite from California,” Pharmacy in History, Vol. 40, No. 2/3 (1998), pp. 85-92 (early 20th century; pharmacists seeking to enforce fair trade laws against cut-rate operators); Alexander S. Bennett, The Discovery and Treatment of Juvenile Drug Use in Post-World War II Los Angeles

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(doctoral dissertation, History, Carnegie Mellon University, 2009); Evell J. Younger, “The Development of California’s Drug Law: An Historical Perspective,” Journal of Drug Issues, Vol. 8 (Summer 1978), pp. 263-270 (narcotics and addiction); Peter J. Belton, “Civil Commitment of Narcotics Addicts in California: A Case History of Statutory Construction,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 19, No. 3 (March 1968), pp. 603-666; Constance Weisner & Robin Room, “Financing and Ideology in Alcohol Treatment,” Social Problems, Vol. 32, No. 2 (December 1984), pp. 167-184 (1970-1983); Thomas J. Moran, “Just a Little Bit of History Repeating: The California Model of Marijuana Legalization and How It Might Affect Racial and Ethnic Minorities,” Washington & Lee Journal of Civil Rights & Social Justice, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 2011), pp. 557-590 (history of state marijuana regulations).

[343] Arthur J. Viseltear, “Compulsory Health Insurance in California, 1915-18,” Journal of the History of Medicine & Allied Sciences, Vol. 24, No. 2 (April 1969), pp. 151-182; H. Howard Hassard & Malca Chall, The California Medical Association, Medical Insurance, and the Law, 1935-1992 (Berkeley, CA: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1993); Rickey Hendrickson, “Medical Practice Embattled: Kaiser Permanente, the American Medical Association, and Henry J. Kaiser on the West Coast, 1945-1955,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 60, No. 4 (November 1991), pp. 439-473 (includes early legal battles over rise of HMOs); see also Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Oral History Project (numerous interviews are mostly with medical doctors and other health scientists and health care professionals who were on Kaiser’s staff, but there are also some interviews with attorneys, available at http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/kaiser/interviews.html).

[344] Ethan Blue, “The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913-1951,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 78 No. 2 (May 2009), pp. 210-241; Donald P. Spear, “California Besieged: The Foot-and-Mouth Epidemic of 1924,” Agricultural History, Vol. 56, No. 3 (July 1982), pp. 528-541 (veterinary emergency leading to new state and federal laws); Thomas Richard Clay, Combating Cancer in the Workplace: Implementation of the California Occupational Carcinogens Control Act (Regulation, Deterrence) (doctoral dissertation, Environmental Science/ Criminology, Law and Society, University of California, Irvine, 1984) (traces litigation and enforcement actions following from 1976 law); Sharon Smith, “The Medical Emancipation of Minors: A California History,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2000), pp. 637-641; Robert Weinstock et al., “Back to the Past in California: A Temporary Retreat to a Tarasoff Duty to Warn,” Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law Online, Vol. 34, No. 4 (2006), pp. 523-528;

falseBenjamin Ruha, People’s Science: Bodies & Rights on the Stem Cell Frontier (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013) (especially concerns California’s 2004 Proposition 71-Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative); Arsen Kourinian, “A History of Abuse and Lack of Protection: The Need to Update California’s Quarantine Powers in Light of the H1N1 Influenza Outbreak,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 43, No. 2 (Winter 2010), pp. 693-710.

[345] Fritz & Bakken, p. 206.

[346] Gordon Morris Bakken, The Mining Law of 1872: Past, Politics, and Prospects (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2008) (discusses origins of law out of California Gold Rush, need for law, earlier 1866 federal law, plus brief section on California hydraulic mining before shifting focus to other, later western mining regions); see also Gordon M. Bakken, “American Mining Law and the Environment: The Western Experience,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1988), pp. 211-236.

[347] Rodman W. Paul, California Gold: The Beginning of Mining in the Far West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1969); Charles H. Shinn, Mining Camps: A Study of American Frontier Government (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1885); Robert L. Kelley, Gold vs. Grain: The Hydraulic Mining Controversy in California’s Sacramento Valley (Glendale: Arthur H. Clark Co., 1959); Powell Greenland, Hydraulic Mining in California: A Tarnished Legacy (Spokane, Washington: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2001) (technological development of hydraulic mining, key operations, and litigation that ended the method); Joseph Ellison, “The Mineral Land Question in California, 1848-1866,” Southwestern Historical Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1 (July 1926), pp. 34-55.

[348] Andrew C. Isenberg, Mining California: An Ecological History (New York: Macmillan Publishers, 2005) (1849-1874, including hydraulic mining and resulting litigation); Donald J. Pisani, “‘I Am Resolved Not to Interfere, but Permit All to Work Freely’: The Gold Rush and American Resource Law,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 123-148 (1848-1886); Ray August, “Gringos v. Mineros: The Hispanic Origins of Western American Mining Laws,” Western Legal History, Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 147-175; Peter L. Reich, “Western Courts and the Privatization of Hispanic Mineral Rights Since 1850: An Alchemy of Title,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 57-87; Patricia Nelson Limerick, “The Gold Rush and the Shaping of the American West,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Spring 1998), pp. 30-41 (discusses California’s impact on the rest of West); Marilyn Ziebarth, “California’s First Environmental Battle,” California History, Vol. 63, No. 4 (Fall 1984), pp. 274-279 (nineteenth-century federal litigation over hydraulic mining); Tyrrell Martínez & Frank J. Drummond. Early Mining Laws of Tuolumne and Calaveras Counties (Berkeley: State of California, Dept. of Natural Resources, Division of Parks, 1936); Gregory Yale, Legal Titles to Mining Claims and Water Rights in California: Under the Mining Law of Congress, of July, 1866 (San Francisco: A. Roman, 1867); Joseph J. Hagwood, The California Debris Commission: A History of the Hydraulic Mining Industry in the Western Sierra Nevada of California, and of the Governmental Agency Charged with its Regulation (US Army Corps of Engineers, Sacramento District, 1981); James J. Rawls, Richard J. Orsi & Marlene Smith-Baranzini, A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); John Francis Davis, Historical Sketch of the Mining Law in California (Commercial Printing House, 1902); Maureen A. Jung, “Documenting Nineteenth-Century Quartz Mining in Northern California,” American Archivist, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Summer 1990), pp.  406-418; Robert L. Kelley, “Forgotten Giant: The Hydraulic Gold Mining Industry in California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 23, No. 4 (November 1954), pp. 343-356; Robert L. Kelley, “The Mining Debris Controversy in the Sacramento Valley,” The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (Nov., 1956), pp. 331-346; Duane A. Smith, “Mother Lode for the West: California Mining Men and Methods,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 149-173.

[349] See, e.g., Khaled J. Bloom, Murder of a Landscape: The California Farmer-Smelter War, 1897-1916 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2010) (concerns litigation over copper mines of Shasta County); Kenneth M. Johnson, The New Almaden Quicksilver Mine, With an Account of the Land Claims Involving the Mine and Its Role in California History (Georgetown, CA: Talisman Press, 1963).

[350] Gordon M. Bakken, “Law and Legal Tender in California and the West,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 62 (Fall 1980), pp. 239-259; Daniel D. Barbeau, Pacific Rebels: California’s Civil War Monetary Secession (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 2014); Joseph Ellison, “The Currency Question on the Pacific Coast during the Civil War,” Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 16, No. 1 (June 1929), pp. 50-66; Sarah Cokeley, “Emergency Money,” American History, Vol. 48, No. 3 (August 2013), p. 82 (1929-1940; clamshells used for cash in Depression-era Pismo Beach); Bob Giroux, “Token Exchange,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring 2005), p. 14 (1882-1920; trade tokens used in Humboldt County, plus local impacts of Prohibition); for more on California’s impact on national and international monetary policy, see also Kerry A. Odell & Marc D. Weidenmier, “Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 64, No. 4 (December 2004), pp. 1002-1027.

[351] Bill Boyarsky, Big Daddy: Jesse Unruh and the Art of Power Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007) (biography of one of the most powerful state legislators of the postwar era); Lawrence P. Crouchett, William Byron Rumford: The Life and Public Services of a California Legislator (El Cerrito, California: Downey Place Publishing House, 1984) (chiefly a political biography of a lawmaker, but includes coverage of Rumford Act regarding fair housing, plus later Proposition 14 and litigation over effort to repeal the Rumford Act); Lawrence Paul Crouchett, “Symbol for an Era: Assemblyman W. Byron Rumford,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 12-23; Jackson K. Putnam, “Governor Reagan: A Reappraisal,” California History, Vol. 83, No. 4 (2006), pp. 24-45 (discusses Reagan’s interaction with the legislative process, including various specific laws and initiatives); Garin Burbank, “Governor Reagan and California Welfare Reform: The Grand Compromise of 1971,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Fall 1991), pp. 278-289. See also generally Ethan Rarick, Governing California: Politics, Government, and Public Policy in the Golden State (Berkeley: Institute of Governmental Studies Press, 2013).

[352] Vincent Bugliosi & Curt Gentry, Helter Skelter: The True Story of the Manson Murders (W. W. Norton & Co., 1974/2001); see also Virginia Graham with Hal Jacques, Manson, Sinatra and Me: A Hollywood Party Girl’s Memoir and How She Helped Vincent Bugliosi with the Helter Skelter Case (Vancouver, BC: CCB Publishing, 2015.

[353] Some (not all) of the books regarding the Simpson case and its legal participants, in no particular order: Darnell M. Hunt, O.J. Simpson Facts and Fictions: News Rituals in the Construction of Reality (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1999); Jerrianne Hayslett, Anatomy of a Trial: Public Loss, Lessons Learned from the People vs. O. J. Simpson (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2008); Daniel M. Petrocelli & Peter Knobler, Triumph of Justice: The Final Judgment on the Simpson Saga (New York: Crown Books, 1996); Donald Freed & Raymond P. Briggs, Killing Time: The First Full Investigation into the Unsolved Murders of Nicole Brown Simpson and Ronald Goldman (New York: Macmillan, 1996); Joseph Bosco, A Problem of Evidence: How the Prosecution Freed O.J. Simpson (New York: William Morrow & Co., 1996); Jeffrey Toobin, The Run of His Life: The People v. O.J. Simpson (New York: Random House, 1996); M.L. Rantala, O.J. Unmasked: The Trial, The Truth, and the Media (Chicago: Open Court Publishing, 1996); Milton P. Shafran, Case of Double Murder, People vs. O. J. Simpson: A Guidebook (Ft. Lauderdale: Lindenman Publishing, 1994); Clifford L. Linedecker, Marcia Clark: Her Private Trials and Public Triumphs (New York: Pinnacle Books, 1995) (lest anyone forget, Clark was one of the lead prosecutors in the case); Marcia Clark with Teresa Carpenter, Without a Doubt (New York: Viking Adult, 1997); Christopher Darden with Jess Walter, In Contempt (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1996) (Darden was the other lead prosecutor); Mark Fuhrman, Murder in Brentwood (Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 1997); Tom Lange & Philip Vannatter, Evidence Dismissed: The Inside Story of the Police Investigation of O. J. Simpson (New York: Pocket Books, 1997); Lawrence Schiller & James Willwerth, American Tragedy: The Uncensored Story of the Simpson Defense (New York: Random House, 1996) (expose of the Simpson Defense “Dream Team”); Tom Elias & Dennis C. Schatzman, The Simpson Trial in Black and White (New York: General Publishing Group, 1996); Gerry Spence, O.J.: The Last Word (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997); Vincent Bugliosi, Outrage: The Five Reasons Why O. J. Simpson Got Away with Murder (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995); Saul Rosenthal, The Juice: Killer on the Loose: Volume II, Part II, 1994-1995, the Criminal Trial (Bloomington, IN: Xlibris, 2005); Frank Schmalleger, The Trial of the Century: The People of the State of California vs. Orenthal James Simpson (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1996); Alan M. Dershowitz, Reasonable Doubts: The O. J. Simpson Case and the Criminal Justice System (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996). See also “Symposium — People v. Simpson: Perspectives on the Implications for the Criminal Justice System,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 4 (May 1996); “Symposium — O.J. Simpson and the Criminal Justice System on Trial,” University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 4 (1996); Lawrence M. Friedman, “The O. J. Simpson Trial and American Criminal Justice,” Bot Bandhit Law Journal, Vol. 52, § 1 (March 1996), pp. 3-11 (Thai law journal); Gilbert Geis & Leigh B. Bienen, Crimes of the Century: From Leopold and Loeb to O.J. Simpson (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1998) (includes Chapter 6, “O.J. Simpson (1994): Can the Rich Buy Reasonable Doubt?” commenting at length on legal aspects of case and includes suggestions for further reading); Peter Charles Hoffer, “Invisible Worlds and Criminal Trials The Cases of John Proctor and O. J. Simpson,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 41, No. 3 (July 1997), pp. 287-314.

[354] See, e.g., Amber Frey, Witness: For the Prosecution of Scott Peterson (New York: ReganBooks, 2005); Sharon Rocha, For Laci: A Mother’s Story of Love, Loss, and Justice (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2006); Catherine Crier with Cole Thompson, A Deadly Game: The Untold Story of the Scott Peterson Investigation (New York: ReganBooks, 2005); Matt Dalton with Bonnie Hearn Hill, Presumed Guilty: What the Jury Never Knew about Laci Peterson’s Murder and Why Scott Peterson Should Not Be on Death Row (New York: Atria, 2005); Loretta Dillon, Stone Cold Guilty: The People v. Scott Lee Peterson (Raleigh, NC: Lulu Enterprises, 2005).

[355] See, e.g., Donald H. Wolfe, The Black Dahlia Files: The Mob, the Mogul, and the Murder That Transfixed Los Angeles (New York: ReganBooks, 2005); William T. Rasmussen, Corroborating Evidence: The Black Dahlia Murder (Santa Fe, NM: Sunstone Press, 2005); Mary Pacios, Childhood Shadows: The Hidden Story of the Black Dahlia Murder (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 1999); Mark Nelson & Sarah Hudson Bayliss, Exquisite Corpse: Surrealism and the Black Dahlia Murder (New York: Bulfinch Press, 2006); Janice Knowlton & Michael Newton, Daddy Was the Black Dahlia Killer (New York: Pocket Books, 1995); Steve Hodel, Black Dahlia Avenger: A Genius for Murder (New York: Arcade Publishing, 2003); John Gilmore, Severed: The True Story of the Black Dahlia (Los Angeles: Amok Books, 1994/2006); Jacque Daniel, The Curse of the Black Dahlia (Los Angeles: Digital Data Werks, 2004).

[356] Don Lasseter, Die for Me: The Terrifying True Story of the Charles Ng and Leonard Lake Torture Murders (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2000); Greg Owens, No Kill, No Thrill: The Shocking True Story of Charles Ng — One of North America’s Most Horrific Serial Killers (Ontario, Canada: Red Deer Press, 2001); William P. Wood, The Bone Garden: The Chilling True Story of a Female Serial Killer (Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing Co., 2014) (concerns the case of Sacramento serial killer Dorothea Puente); Carla Norton, Disturbed Ground: The True Story of a Diabolical Female Serial Killer (New York: Liza Dawson Associates, 2013) (also about Dorothea Puente); Philip Carlo, The Night Stalker: The Life and Crime of Richard Ramirez (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2006); Darcy O’Brien, Two of a Kind: The Hillside Stranglers (New York: Dutton Adult, 1985); Tony Ray Harvey, The Homicidal Handyman of Oak Park: Morris Solomon Jr: The Sexual Crimes and Serial Murders of Morris Solomon, Jr. (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2012); Dennis McDougal, Angel of Darkness: The True Story of Randy Kraft and the Most Heinous Murder Spree (New York: Grand Central Publishing, 1991) (the Freeway Killer serial murders of the 1970s and early 1980s in Southern California); Robert Graysmith, Zodiac (Berkeley: Rei Mti, 2007) (concerns the Zodiac serial murders of the late 1960s in San Francisco; just one of many books concerning the Zodiac case, which long went unsolved).

[357] Catherine Crier with Cole Thompson, Final Analysis: The Untold Story of the Susan Polk Murder Case (New York: William Morrow, 2007) (Polk was seduced as a teenager by her therapist, later married him, then decades later, after a divorce, killed him); Carol Pogash, Seduced by Madness: The True Story of the Susan Polk Murder Case (New York: HarperCollins, 2008); Alysia Sofios with Caitlin Rother, Deadly Devotion: Marcus Wesson Held His Family Hostage and Killed Nine of His Children in a Twisted Murder Suicide Pact (New York: Pocket Books, 2011) (Fresno’s worst mass-killing to date); Monte Francis, By Their Father’s Hand: The True Story of the Wesson Family Massacre (New York: HarperCollins, 2009); Ann Murphy, People of the State of California v. Phillip Spector: Case File (New York: Aspen Publishers, 2010); Leslie Abramson & Richard Flaste, The Defense Is Ready: Life in the Trenches of Criminal Law (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997) (biography of a high-profile criminal defense attorney specializing in homicide and death penalty cases, including those of the Menendez brothers, Jeremy Strohmeyer, and Phil Spector, among others); Harry Farrell, Shallow Grave in Trinity County (New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 1999) (concerns a 1955 murder in rural far northern California); Kraig Hanadel, Catch Me If You Can: A California Saga of Murder, Greed, and Two Heroic Detectives (New York: Avon, 2000) (concerns the murder of a Fresno family in 1992); Robert Scott, Kill or Be Killed: A Cheating Husband, A Diabolical Plot, An Innocent Woman’s Brutal Murder (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2008); Don Lasseter with Ronald E. Bowers, Date with the Devil (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2012) (David Mahler murder case); Charlene Diane Mitchell, White for One Night: The Lionel Williams Story and the Death of Sal Mineo (Tucson: Wheatmark Book Publishers, 2008); Dorothea Fuller Smith, Two Codes for Murder: A True Crime Story (St. Louis: Dieffesco Publishing, 2001) (San Diego murder case); Diane Wagner, Corpus Delicti: The True Story of L. Ewing Scott, Convicted of Murder Without a Confession or a Corpse (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1986) (1955 disappearance/murder of wealthy heiress Evelyn Scott in Los Angeles); Corey Mitchell, Dead and Buried: A Shocking Account of Rape, Torture, and Murder on the California Coast (New York: Pinnacle Books, 2003) (death penalty case of murderer Rex Allen Krebs); C. Stevenson, Rush to Judgement: A Critical Examination of the David Westerfield, Danielle Van Dam Child Kidnapping and Murder Case, San Diego 2002 (Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011); J. Patrick O’Connor, Scapegoat: The Chino Hills Murders and the Framing of Kevin Cooper (Rock Hill, SC: Strategic Media Books, 2012); Kenneth Salter, The Trial of Inez Garcia (Berkeley: Editorial Justa Publications, 1976) (concerns 1976 murder case involving claims of self-defense against sexual assault); Harold W. White, Whitey’s Career Case: The Insulin Murders (Seattle: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2011) (concerns case of 1950s-60s Los Angeles serial wife-killer William Dale Archerd); Michael Fleeman, Deadly Mistress: A True Story of Marriage, Betrayal and Murder (New York: St. Martin’s True Crime, 2005) (concerns 1999 Orange County murder-for-hire case of Adriana Vasco); Joseph Wambaugh, The Onion Field (New York: Delacorte Press, 1973) (concerns 1963 case involving kidnap-murder of a Los Angeles policeman); J. Edward Kloske, The Killing of Olive Taylor (Point of View Publishing, 2009) (case of a schoolteacher murdered by an irate parent in Manteca, California in 1932); Ernest B. Lageson, Jr., Alcatraz Justice: The Rock’s Most Famous Murder Trial (Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Co., 2002) (concerns 1946 Alcatraz break-out attempt and hostage-taking, with lethal results); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Edward Humes, Mean Justice: A Town’s Terror, A Prosecutor’s Power, A Betrayal of Innocence (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999) (a journalist’s account of the case of People of Kern County v. Patrick O’Dale Dunn, apparently a sensational local murder trial in the 1990s where justice may not have been done). See also Gordon Morris Bakken & Brenda Farrington, Women Who Kill Men: California Courts, Gender, and the Press (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009) (covers notorious cases from the 1800s through the 1950s); Carol Haber, The Trials of Laura Fair: Sex, Murder, and Insanity in the Victorian West (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013) (sensational 1870 San Francisco murder); Kathleen A. Cairns, The Enigma Woman: The Death Sentence of Nellie May Madison (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007); Kathleen Cairns, “‘Enigma Woman’ Nellie Madison: Femme Fatales & Noir Fiction,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 54, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 14-25 (1934-1943); Kathleen A. Cairns, Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

[358] Ken Englande, A Family Business (New York: Diversion Books, 2014) (case of the Sconce Family Funeral Home of Pasadena, California, which for years stole gold fillings and illegally harvested organs of deceased); Yasuhide Kawashima, The Tokyo Rose Case: Treason on Trial (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013) (Iva Toguri D’Aquino, “Tokyo Rose,” was born and raised in California, visited Japan shortly before Pearl Harbor and was stuck there throughout the war, made English-language radio broadcasts for the Japanese government during wartime, never renounced her U.S. citizenship, and was later tried in federal court in San Francisco and was convicted of treason; her conviction was later overturned); Stanley I. Kutler, The American Inquisition (New York: Hill & Wang, 1982); Paul Eberle & Shirley Eberle, Abuse of Innocence: The McMartin Preschool Trial (New York: Prometheus Books, 2003); Richard Beck, We Believe the Children: A Moral Panic in the 1980s (New York: PublicAffairs, 2015) (discusses the McMartin case among others); Debbie Nathan & Michael Snedeker, Satan’s Silence: Ritual Abuse and the Making of a Modern American Witch Hunt (Bloomington, IN: iUniverse, 2001) (discusses the McMartin case among other examples nationwide); Bethany McLean & Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (New York: Portfolio (Penguin Group), 2003) (includes California deregulation, energy crisis and subsequent litigation); falseMatthew Erin Plowman, The Anglo-Irish Factors in the Indo-German Conspiracy in San Francisco during WWI, 1913-1921

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(doctoral dissertation, History, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1999) (covers major World War I conspiracy trial in San Francisco with international diplomatic repercussions); Mark A. Weitz, Clergy Malpractice in America: Nally v. Grace Community Church of the Valley. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001); Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America’s Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993) (addresses the trial of the McNamara brothers for bombing the Los Angeles Times building and killing twenty in 1911, and the aftermath of that trial that left Darrow broken and exhausted); Brian McGinty, Haraszthy at the Mint (Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop, 1975) (tells the story of a famous 1850s federal trial in San Francisco arising from alleged embezzlement from the U.S. Mint).

[359] H. Mark Wild, “If You Ain’t Got that Do-Re-Mi: The Los Angeles Border Patrol and White Migration in Depression-Era California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Fall 2001), pp. 317-334; Nancy J. Taniguchi, “California’s ‘Anti-Okie’ Law: An Interpretive Biography,” Western Legal History, Vol. 8, No. 2 (1995), pp. 272-290; Toni Alexander, “Citizenship Contested: The 1930s Domestic Migrant Experience in California’s San Joaquin Valley,” Southeastern Geographer, Vol. 51, No. 1 (Spring 2011), pp. 186-208. For general background on the Okie migration, see James N. Gregory, American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

[360] Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley (links to interviews under the heading of Law and Jurisprudence, including the sub-headings “California Supreme Court,” “Individual Law and Jurisprudence Oral Histories,” “Law Clerks of Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court,” “Law Firms,” “Legal Education,” U.S. District Court for Northern California,” and “U.S. Supreme Court,” are available at http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/collections/subjectarea/); UCLA Library, Center for Oral History Research (subheading “Politics and Government” includes oral history interviews with various judges, attorneys, mayors, state legislators, and other figures, including Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley and Ninth Circuit Judge Stephen Reinhardt, among others; available at http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/Browse.do?coreDescCvPk=27912&Subject=Politics and Government; lawyers and judges also show up more sporadically among the other Collections Subject Areas listed at http://oralhistory.library.ucla.edu/browseTopSubjects.do); California Appellate Court Legacy Project (videorecordings and transcripts of interviews of approximately 100 retired and near-retirement justices of the California Courts of Appeal, starting in 2005, housed at the California Judicial Center Library) available at http://www.courts.ca.gov/4199.htm#tab16040; Paula R. Bocciardi, “Appellate Court Legacy Project,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Fall/Winter 2010), pp. 8-22, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/2010-Newsletter-Fall-Appellate-Court-Legacy-Project.pdf; California State University, Fullerton, Center for Oral and Public History (extensive collections focused especially on Southern California municipalities and ethnic communities; general information on collections available at http://coph.fullerton.edu/collections.aspx, although when visited on November 3, 2015, many of the links provided did not work); Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society (list of numerous interviews with federal judges or attorneys based in California along with other western states available at http://www.njchs.org/Allrecords.php); California State Archives, State Government Oral History Program (summaries of an extensive array of interviews, plus a lengthy subject index to the interviews, are available at http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/admin-programs/oral-history/guide/); Women Trailblazers in the Law Oral History Project of the American Bar Association (presently 72 interviews of women attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, some of them based in California, available at http://www.americanbar.org/groups/senior_lawyers/resources/women_trailblazers_project.html); “The History Project,” Women Lawyers Association of Los Angeles (more than 100 videorecorded oral histories held by the Southwestern Law School Library); Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Oral History Project (numerous interviews are mostly with medical doctors and other health scientists and health care professionals who were on Kaiser’s staff, but there are also some interviews with attorneys, available at http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/ROHO/projects/kaiser/interviews.html); United States District Court for the Northern District of California Historical Society (seemingly provides no list of existing oral histories at its website, but does provide a link to contact the Historical Society to inquire about any interviews that are not included in the Bancroft Library’s collection: http://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pages/613). After providing readers with all these web links, it is important to note that Internet locations of document collections can change over time, sometimes without out-of-date links being connected to the new locations — a phenomenon known as “link rot” that may be at work with the nonfunctional links at CSU Fullerton noted above. However, if the name and institutional location of the digitalized collection is known, researchers have a good chance of finding new, functioning links by an Internet search — as well as the traditional approach of contacting the institution in question by telephone. Some institutions appear to have made their oral history transcripts downloadable and readily available to the public; others seemingly have not done so yet.

[361] Kevin J. Mullen, Dangerous Strangers: Minority Newcomers and Criminal Violence in the Urban West, 1850-2000 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Kevin J. Mullen, Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1989); Kevin J. Mullen, The Toughest Gang in Town: Police Stories from Old San Francisco (Novato, CA: Noir, 2005); Kevin J. Mullen, “Murder in Mexican San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 79 (Fall 2009), pp. 36-39 (1821-1831); Kevin Mullen, “Crime, Politics, and Punishment in Mexican San Francisco,” Califomians, Vol. 7, No. 5 (January/February 1990), pp. 46-55; Kevin J. Mullen, “Malachi Fallon, San Francisco’s First Chief of Police,” California History, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Summer 1983), pp. 100-105 (1849-1851); Kevin J. Mullen, Chinatown Squad: Policing the Dragon From the Gold Rush to the 21st Century (San Francisco: Noir Publications, 2008); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008), pp. 30-43 (1895-1910); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 2: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 71 (Fall 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 3: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 72 (Winter 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 4: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008).

[362] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 211-213; Mary F. Williams, History of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851: A Study of Social Control on the California Frontier in the Days of the Gold Rush (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1921); George R. Stewart, Committee of Vigilance: Revolution in San Francisco, 1851 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964); Hubert H. Bancroft, Popular Tribunals, vol. I (San Francisco: The History Company, 1887) (discusses 1851 committee); Sherman M. Richards & George M. Blackburn, “The Sydney Ducks: A Demographic Analysis,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 42 (February 1973), pp. 20-31 (discusses 1851 committee); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., ed., The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856: Three Views (Los Angeles: The Los Angeles Westerners, 1971); Robert M. Senkewicz, Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985); Ethel M. Tinneman, The Opposition to the San Francisco Vigilance Committee in 1856 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1941); William H. Ellison, A Self-Governing Dominion, 1849-1860 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950) (discusses 1851 and 1856 committees); Braford Luckingham, Associational Life on the Urban Frontier: San Francisco, 1848-1856 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Davis, 1968); Richard M. Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); David A. Williams, David C. Broderick: A Political Portrait (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1970); Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Roger W. Lotchin, San Francisco, 1846-1856: From Hamlet to City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974); Peter R. Decker, Fortunes and Failures: White Collar Mobility in Nineteenth Century San Francisco (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978); R. A. Burchell, The San Francisco Irish, 1848-1880 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). See also Frank Joseph Drummond & Tyrrell Martínez, The Popular and Legal Tribunals of Tuolumne County, 1849-1867 (Berkeley: United States Works Projects Administration, California Office, 1936); and see also the discussion of lynching at the end of the section on Police & Law Enforcement.

[363] John Boessenecker, Against the Vigilantes: The Recollections of Dutch Charley Duane (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (includes chapters on Committees of Vigilance); Nancy S. Papin, Vigilante Justice and Civic Development in 1850s San Francisco (master’s thesis, History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2006); Philip J. Ethington, “Vigilantes and the Police: The Creation of a Professional Police Bureaucracy in San Francisco, 1847-1900,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Winter 1987), pp. 197-227; John D. Gordan, III, Authorized by No Law: The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 and the United States Circuit Court for the Districts of California (Pasadena and San Francisco: Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society and United States District Court for the Northern District of California Historical Society, 1987); Christian G. Fritz, “Popular Sovereignty, Vigilantism and the Constitutional Right of Revolution,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (February 1994), pp. 39-66, reprinted in Gordon Morris Bakken & Brenda Farrington, eds., The American West (Hamden, CT.: Garland Publishing, 2000); Don Warner, “Anti-Corruption Crusade or ‘Businessman’s Revolution’? An Inquiry into the 1856 Vigilance Committee,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 403-441; Henry Martin Gray, Judges and Criminals, Shadows of the Past: History of the Vigilance Committee of San Francisco, Cal., with the Names of its Officers (San Francisco: Printed for the author, 1858); Frank Meriweather Smith, San Francisco Vigilance Committee of ‘56 with some interesting sketches of events succeeding 1846 (San Francisco: Barry, Baird, 1883); Edward McGowan & Thomas C. Russell, Narrative of Edward McGowan, including a full account of the author’s adventures and perils while persecuted by the San Francisco vigilance committee of 1856, together with a report of his trial, which resulted in his acquittal (San Francisco: T.C. Russell, 1917 (reprint of 1857 original)); “Shifting Interpretation of the San Francisco Vigilantes,” Journal of the West, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1985), pp. 39-46; Bruce L. Benson, “Reciprocal Exchange as the Basis for Recognition of Law: Examples from American History,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Fall 1991), pp. 53-82 (discusses justice in Gold Rush mining camps along with SF vigilantism); Philip Fradkin, The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) (denies that martial law was ever declared, discusses vigilantism by San Francisco elite at time of quake); Steven C. Levi, Committee of Vigilance: The San Francisco Chamber of Commerce Law and Order Committee, 1916-1919 - A Case Study of Official Hysteria (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1983); see also Darren A. Raspa, “Biggest Gang in Town: Grassroots Community Control and Law Enforcement in San Francisco, 1850–1920,” California History, Vol. 91, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 64-66.

[364] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 211-212; Michael Dennis Griffith, Law Enforcement and Urban Growth: Oakland, California, 1850-1910 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1981); Ronald C. Woolsey, “Crime and Punishment: Los Angeles County, 1850-1856,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 1 (Spring 1979), pp. 79-98; Roger D. McGrath, Gunfighters, Highwaymen and Vigilantes: Violence on the Frontier (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

[365] Roger D. McGrath, “A Violent Birth: Disorder, Crime, and Law Enforcement, 1849-1890,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 27-73; Martin Ridge, “Disorder, Crime, and Punishment in the California Gold Rush,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 49, No. 3 (September 1999), pp. 12-27; John Boessenecker, Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988) (colorful coverage of crime, law enforcement, and lynchings); John Boessenecker, Gold Dust and Gunsmoke: Tales of Gold Rush Outlaws, Gunfighters, Lawmen, and Vigilantes (New York: John Wiley, 1999); John Boessenecker, “Pete Gabriel: Gunfighting Lawman of the Southwestern Frontier,” Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 53, No. 1 (Spring 2012), pp. 1-34; William B. Secrest, Lawmen and Desperadoes: A Compendium of Noted, Early California Peace Officers, Badmen and Outlaws, 1850-1900 (Spokane, Wash.: Arthur H. Clark, 1994); William B. Secrest, California Desperadoes: Stories of Early California Outlaws in Their Own Words (Clovis, CA: Word Dancer Press, 2000); Kevin J. Mullen, The Toughest Gang in Town: Police Stories from Old San Francisco (Novato, CA: Noir, 2005); John Garvey, San Francisco Police Department (San Francisco: Arcadia Publishing, 2004); Thomas G. Hays & Arthur W. Sjoquist, Los Angeles Police Department (San Francisco, CA: Arcadia Publishing, 2005) (covers period from 1850 to 2000); Arthur W. Sjoquist, From Posses to Professionals: A History of the Los Angeles Police Department (master’s thesis, Criminal Justice, California State University, Los Angeles, 1972).

[366] Edward H. Henley, “The Eureka City Police Department: 1874-1994,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Winter 1994), pp. 36-40; Pliny Castanien, To Protect and Serve: A History of the San Diego Police Department and Its Chiefs, 1889-1989 (San Diego: San Diego Historical Society, 1993); Kelly Lytle Hernandez, “Hobos in Heaven: Race, Incarceration, and the Rise of Los Angeles, 1880-1910,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 3 (August 2014), pp. 410-447; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego, 1900-1930,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 44-65; Lyle A. Dale,The Police and Crime in Late-Nineteenth-and early Twentieth Century San Luis Obispo County, California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 202-223; Thomas R. Clark, The Limits of Liberty: Courts, Police, and Labor Unrest in California, 1890-1926 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994); Petula Iu, “‘A Triumph of American Police Methods’: Representations of Police Work in Two Sensational Kidnap-Murder Cases of the 1920s,” Crime, Histoire et Sociétés, Vol. 9, No. 2 (April 2005), pp. 9-42 (includes notorious murder of Marian Parker by William Edward Hickman in Los Angeles in 1927); Harry Farrell, Swift Justice: Murder and Vengeance in a California Town (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992) (1933 San Jose lynching of two suspects after murder of Brooke Hart); Brian McGinty, “Shadows in St. James Park,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (1978), pp. 290-307 (lynching following sensational 1933 murder in San Jose); Kristi Joy Woods, Be Vigorous but not Brutal: Race, Politics, and Police in Los Angeles, 1937-1945 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Southern California, 1999);  Edwin Atherton, Report to the 1937 Grand Jury on Graft in the San Francisco Police Department, Respectfully Submitted by Atherton and Dunn Investigations, March 17, 1937 (published in local newspapers in 1937 and digitally transcribed by Oakland historian Hank Chapot in 2011), available at http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/131865.

[367] Ralph Sparrow, “The Assassination Attempt on Mickey Cohen and the Subsequent Fallout, 1949-1950,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 34, No. 3 (Spring 2002), pp. 194-222 (incident led to LAPD police corruption scandal); Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990) (includes a long, shocking chapter on the Los Angeles Police Department, roughly 1930-1990); Joseph Wambaugh, The Onion Field (New York: Delacorte Press, 1973) (concerns 1963 case involving kidnap-murder of a Los Angeles policeman); Evell J. Younger, “The Development of California’s Drug Law: An Historical Perspective,” Journal of Drug Issues, Vol. 8 (Summer 1978), pp. 263-270 (narcotics); Gayle Clark Olson, “Campus Cop Talk: The Oral Historian, The Law Enforcement Officer, and the ‘War in Isla Vista,’” Oral History Review, Vol. 10 (January 1982), pp. 1-31 (1954-1980); John Clark Brownlee, Jr., Closing the Gap: The Santa Barbara Police, 1960-1985 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1988); Peter Goodman & Richard Idell, “The Public Inebriate and the Police in California: The Perils of Piece-Meal Reform,” Golden Gate University Law Review, Vol. 5 (1974-1975), pp. 259-303 (chiefly concerns 1960s-1970s); John C. Gooch, “Imagining the Law and the Constitution of Societal Order in Los Angeles Police Chief William Parker’s 1965 ‘Crime and the Great Society’Address” (2009), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1391668; Joel Elliott Rabin, Innovation and Organizational Change in the Los Angeles Police Department (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of California, Los Angeles, 2001) (includes background on evolution during early twentieth century, focuses on innovative programs of late 20th century).

[368] Kevin J. Mullen, “Malachi Fallon, San Francisco’s First Chief of Police,” California History, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Summer 1983), pp. 100-105 (1849-1851); John Boessenecker, Lawman: The Life and Times of Harry Morse, 1835-1912 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1998) (exciting tales of early law enforcement); William B. Secrest, The Man from the Rio Grande: A Biography of Harry Love, Leader of the California Rangers Who Tracked Down Joaquin Murrieta (Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2005); William B. Secrest, Dark and Tangled Threads of Crime: San Francisco’s Famous Police Detective, Isaiah W. Lees (Sanger, CA: Quill Driver Books, 2004); William B. Secrest, “Isaiah W. Lees,” American West, Vol. 17, No. 5 (1980), pp. 28-33; Michael F. Konig et al., “Henry D. Barrows: California Renaissance Man,” People of the Far West (1979), pp. 131-137; Donald Chaput, Virgil Earp: Western Peace Officer (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1996); Abraham Hoffman, “The Controversial Career of Martin Aguirre: The Rise and Fall of a Chicano Lawman,” California History Vol. 63, No. 4 (Fall 1984), pp. 295-304 (1880-1929); Norton B. Stern & William M. Kramer, “Emil Harris: Los Angeles Jewish Police Chief (1839-1921),” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Summer 2007), pp. 322-356; Gene E. Carte & Elaine H. Carte, Police Reform in the United States: The Era of August Vollmer, 1905-1932 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Nathan Douthit, “August Vollmer, Berkeley’s First Chief of Police, and the Emergence of Police Professionalism,” California Historical Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Summer 1975), pp. 101-124; Alfred Eustace Parker, The Berkeley Police Story (Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publishers, 1972) (also focusing on Berkeley police chief, reformer and theoretician August Vollmer). Studies of more recent and better-remembered figures in California law enforcement also exist. See, e.g., Daryl F. Gates & Diane K. Shah, Chief: My Life in the LAPD (New York: Bantam Books, 1993) (an autobiography by the former controversial Los Angeles police chief); Alisa Sarah Kramer, William H. Parker and the Thin Blue Line: Politics, Public Relations and Policing in Postwar Los Angeles (doctoral dissertation, History, American University, 2007).

[369] See, e.g., Gerald Horne, Fire This Time: The Watts Uprising and the 1960s (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995); “Law Enforcement: The Thin Thread, California History, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2015), pp. 4-10 (excerpt from the Governor’s Commission’s report on the 1965 Watts Riots); James Lasley, Los Angeles Police Department Meltdown: The Fall of the Professional-Reform Model of Policing (Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis, 2012); Lou Cannon, Official Negligence: How Rodney King and the Riots Changed Los Angeles and the LAPD (New York: Basic Books, 1999); Randall Sullivan, LAbyrinth: A Detective Investigates the Murders of Tupac Shakur and Notorious B.I.G., the Implications of Death Row Records’ Suge Knight, and the Origins of the Los Angeles Police Scandal (New York: Grove Press, 2002); Matthew B. Gordon, The Thin Blue Line: An In-Depth Look at the Policing Practices of the Los Angeles Police Department (self-published by author, 2011); Jesse Russell & Ronald Cohn, Rampart Scandal (Book on Demand, 2012); Laurie L. Levenson, “Unnerving the Judges: Judicial Responsibility for the Rampart Scandal,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2001), pp. 787-828; Josh Sides, “Interview with Jill Leovy,” California History, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2015), pp. 11-15 (author of Ghettoside discusses history of policing in Los Angeles).

[370] Ramon D. Chacon, “The Beginning of Racial Segregation: The Chinese in West Fresno and Chinatown’s Role as Red Light District, 1870s-1920s,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Winter 1988), pp. 371-398; N. Goldberg,  “Jews in the Police Records of Los Angeles, 1933-1947,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (Spring 2001), pp. 257-286; Frederick Knight, “Justifiable Homicide, Police Brutality, or Governmental Repression?: The 1962 Los Angeles Police Shooting of Seven Members of the Nation of Islam,” Journal of Negro History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Spring 1994), pp. 182-196; Kenneth C. Burt, “Tony Rios and Bloody Christmas: A Turning Point Between the Los Angeles Police Department and the Latino Community,” Western Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2001), pp. 159-192 (concerns 1951 incident of police brutality); Alfredo Mirandé, “The Chicano and the Law: An Analysis of Community-Police Conflict in an Urban Barrio,” Pacific Sociological Review, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1981), pp. 65-86; Edward J. Escobar, Race, Police, and the Making of a Political Identity: Mexican Americans and the Los Angeles Police Department, 1900-1945 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999); Edward J. Escobar, “Bloody Christmas and the Irony of Police Professionalism: The Los Angeles Police Department, Mexican Americans, and Police Reform in the 1950s,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 72, No. 2 (May 2003), pp. 171-199; Edward J. Escobar, “The Dialectics of Repression: The Los Angeles Police Department and the Chicano Movement, 1968-1971,” Journal of American History, Vol. 79, No. 4 (March 1993), pp. 1483-1514; Christopher Agee, “Gayola: Police Professionalization and the Politics of San Francisco’s Gay Bars, 1950-1968,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 15, No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 462-489; Christopher Lowen-Engel Agee, The Streets of San Francisco: Blacks, Beats, Homosexuals, and the San Francisco Police Department, 1950-1968 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2005).

[371] Kevin J. Mullen, Chinatown Squad: Policing the Dragon From the Gold Rush to the 21st Century (San Francisco: Noir Publications, 2008); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008), pp. 30-43 (1895-1910); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 2: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 71 (Fall 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 3: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 72 (Winter 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 4: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008);

[372] Kendra Wood, The Leadership Behaviors, Beliefs, and Practices of Women Who Have Navigated the Law Enforcement System from Academy to Police Chief in California (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of La Verne, 2013); Janis Marie Appier, Gender and Justice: Women Police in America, 1910-1946 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 1993) (especially focuses on policewomen in Los Angeles).

[373] Ken Gonzales-Day, Lynching in the West: 1850–1935 (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006); John Boessenecker, Badge and Buckshot: Lawlessness in Old California (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1988) (colorful coverage of crime, law enforcement, and lynchings); William D. Carrigan & Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848-1928 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); William D. Carrigan & Clive Webb, “The Lynching of Persons of Mexican Origin or Descent in the United States, 1848 to 1928,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 37, No. 2 (2003), pp. 411-438; Jean Pfaelzer, Driven Out: The Forgotten War against Chinese Americans (New York: Random House, 2007) (law not primary focus but interwoven; focus on California, including lynchings, massacres, intimidation); Michael J. Pfeifer, “Lynching and Criminal Justice: The Midwest and West as American Regions, 1874-1947,” Western Legal History, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2001), pp. 103-122; Harry Farrell, Swift Justice: Murder and Vengeance in a California Town (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1992) (1933 San Jose lynching of two suspects after murder of Brooke Hart); Brian McGinty, “Shadows in St. James Park,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (1978), pp. 290-307 (lynching following sensational 1933 Hart murder in San Jose). See also Frank Joseph Drummond & Tyrrell Martínez, The Popular and Legal Tribunals of Tuolumne County, 1849-1867 (Berkeley: United States Works Projects Administration, California Office, 1936). See also Indians regarding 19th-century massacres and mob violence, sometimes (supposedly) in the name of the law.

[374] Shelley Bookspan, A Germ of Goodness: The California State Prison System, 1851-1944 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991) (includes building of San Quentin and Folsom during the 1800s, Progressive prison reform, women’s prison, reforms of 1930s-40s); Richard A. Berk et al., “A Test of the Stability of Punishment Hypothesis: The Case of California, 1851-1970,” American Sociological Review, Vol. 46, No. 6 (December 1981), pp. 805-829; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “The Origins of San Quentin, 1851-1880,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 1 (March 1987), pp. 49-54; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Ethnics and San Quentin Prison Registers: A Comment on Methodology,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Spring 1985), pp. 477-482; Kelly Lytle Hernandez, “Hobos in Heaven: Race, Incarceration, and the Rise of Los Angeles, 1880-1910,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 83, No. 3 (August 2014), pp. 410-447; Ethan Blue, “The Strange Career of Leo Stanley: Remaking Manhood and Medicine at San Quentin State Penitentiary, 1913-1951,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 78 No. 2 (May 2009), pp. 210-241; Ethan Blue, Doing Time in the Depression: Everyday Life in Texas and California Prisons (New York: New York University Press, 2012); David Ward with Gene Kassebaum, Alcatraz: The Gangster Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009) (1934-1948); Miroslava Chávez-García, States of Delinquency: Race and Science in the Making of California’s Juvenile Justice System (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2012); Ernest B. Lageson, Jr., Alcatraz Justice: The Rock’s Most Famous Murder Trial (Berkeley: Creative Arts Book Co., 2002) (concerns 1946 Alcatraz break-out attempt and hostage-taking, with lethal results); falseLaura Mihailoff, Protecting our Children: A History of the California Youth Authority and Juvenile Justice, 1938-1968 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2005); Frank Bobby William Hawkinshire, A History of the California State Department of Corrections, 1944-1959 (master’s thesis, Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, 1959); Sheldon Messinger, Characteristics and Movement of Felons in California Prisons, 1945-1964 (Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-University Consortium for Political and Social Research, 1985); Volker Janssen, “When the ‘Jungle’ Met the Forest: Public Work, Civil Defense, and Prison Camps in Postwar California,” Journal of American History, Vol. 96 (December 2009), 702-726; J. E. Hall Williams, “Evaluating Penal Methods,” International Social Science Journal, Vol. 18, No. 2 (May 1966), pp. 162-175 (covers 1958-1965 studies and experiments regarding penal methods in various California programs among others); The Art of Corrections Management, California, 1967-1974: Interviews (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1984); Richard A. Berk et al., “Prisons as Self-Regulating Systems: A Comparison of Historical Patterns in California for Male and Female Offenders,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 17, No. 4 (1983), pp. 547-586; Kathleen A. Cairns, Hard Time at Tehachapi: California’s First Women’s Prison (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009); Kathleen Cairns, “Writing for Their Lives: The Clarion and Inmates at the California Institution for Women, Tehachapi,” Western Legal History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2008), pp. 1-24; Rosemary Gartner & Candace Kruttschnitt, “A Brief History of Doing Time: The California Institution for Women in the 1960s and the 1990s,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 38, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 267-304; falseMichael C. Campbell, Agents of Change: Law Enforcement, Prisons, and Politics in Texas and California http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gif (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, Law & Society, University of California, Irvine, 2009); Evelyn J. Patterson, “Hidden Disparities: Decomposing Inequalities in Time Served in California, 1985-2009,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 49, No. 2 (June 2015), pp. 467-498 (examines role of race/ethnicity in prison release); Keramet A. Reiter, The Most Restrictive Alternative: The Origins, Functions, Control, and Ethical Implications of the Supermax Prison, 1976-2010 (doctoral dissertation, Jurisprudence & Social Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 2012); Keramet A. Reiter, “Parole, Snitch, or Die: California’s Supermax Prisons and Prisoners, 1997-2007,” Punishment & Society, Vol. 14, No. 5 (December 2012), pp. 530-563; Ward M. McAfee, “Tennessee’s Private Prison Act of 1986: An Historical Perspective with Special Attention to California’s Experience,” Vanderbilt Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 4 (May 1987), pp. 851-866; Michael C. Campbell, “The Emergence of Penal Extremism in California: A Dynamic View of Institutional Structures and Political Processes,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 48 (June 2014), pp. 377-405; Jonathan Simon, Mass Incarceration on Trial: A Remarkable Court Decision and the Future of Prisons in America (New York: New Press, 2014) (discusses major California prison overcrowding litigation of recent decades); Rosemary Gartner, Anthony N. Doob & Franklin E. Zimring, “The Past as Prologue? Decarceration in California Then and Now,” Criminology & Public Policy, Vol. 10, No. 2 (May 2011), pp. 287-325 (including a preliminary “Overview” of the article at pp. 287-289); Franklin E. Zimring & Gordon Hawkins, “The Growth of Imprisonment in California,” British Journal of Criminology (1994), pp. 83-96 (focuses on 1980-1991); Michael L Prendergast & Harry K. Wexler, “Correctional Substance Abuse Treatment Programs in California: A Historical Perspective,” Prison Journal, Vol. 84, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 8-35; William Richard Wilkinson, John Chynoweth Burnham & Joseph F. Spillane, Prison Work: A Tale of Thirty Years in the California Department of Corrections (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005); Alan Lewis Silver, A History of Early California State Prisons (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Sacramento, 1974).

[375] Jonathan Simon, Poor Discipline: Parole and the Social Control of the Underclass, 1890-1990 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993) (nationwide, not focused exclusively on California, but examples and illustrations drawn heavily from California); Jonathan Steven Simon, From Discipline to Management: Strategies of Control in Parole Supervision, 1890-1990 (doctoral dissertation, Jurisprudence & Social Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 1991); John Edward Berecochea, Origins and Early Development of Parole in California (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, 1982) (covers period from 1893-1914); falseRita Shah, There and Back Again: The Role of Rehabilitation within California’s Correctional System and its Impact on Parole (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, Law & Society, University of California, Irvine, 2011); Richard G. Zervitz, “Penal Reform in Retreat: A Legal History of Jail Parole in California, 1950-1974,” Criminal Justice History, Vol. 8 (1987), pp. 137-154; Roger S. Hanson, “The Convolutions, Evolutions, Resolutions, and Revolutions of the California State Parole Process,” Whittier Law Review, Vol. 32 (Winter 2011), pp. 273-334.

[376] Lucy Salyer, “A Progressive Judiciary: The California Supreme Court and Judicial Reform in the Progressive Era,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 3 (1996-1997), pp. 103-120; Gordon M. Bakken, “Becoming Progressive: The California Supreme Court, 1880-1910,” Historian, Vol. 64, No. 3/4 (Spring-Summer 2002), 551-565; Gerald S. Henig, “‘He Did Not Have a Fair Trial’: California Progressives React to the Leo Frank Case,” California History, Vol. 58, No. 2 (Summer 1979), pp. 166-178 (Californians’, especially Jews’, response to a notorious death penalty case in Georgia, 1913-1915); Frank W. Van Nuys, “A Progressive Confronts the Race Question: Chester Rowell, the California Alien Land Act of 1913, and the Contradictions of Early Twentieth-Century Racial Thought,” California History, Vol. 73, No. 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 2-13; Madelon Berkowitz, “The California Progressives and Anti-Japanese Agitation (master’s thesis, History, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1966); Bruce R. Bringhurst, “The California Supreme Court and the Progressive Railroad Commission, 1913-1923,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Summer 1975), pp. 179-201; Judith Raftery, “Progressivism Moves into the Schools: Los Angeles, 1905-1918,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 2 (June 1987), pp. 94-103; Gregory Randall Graves, Anti-Conservation and Federal Forestry in the Progressive Era (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1987) (misuse of land grants in timber country); Mansel G. Blackford, The Politics of Business in California, 1890-1920 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977) (covers a wide range of Progressive-era regulation and legislation of business, banks, railroads, insurance, and other industries); Mansel G. Blackford, “Banking and Bank Legislation in California, 1890-1915,” Business History Review, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter 1973), pp. 482-505; Mansel G. Blackford, “Businessmen and the Regulation of Railroads and Public Utilities in California during the Progressive Era,” Business History Review, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Autumn 1970), pp. 307-319; Linda Van Ingen, “The Limits of State Suffrage for California Women Candidates in the Progressive Era,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 1 (February 2004), pp. 21-48 (1911-1918); Eileen V. Wallis, “‘The Verdict Created No Great Surprise Upon the Street’: Abortion, Medicine, and the Regulatory State in Progressive-Era Los Angeles,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2013), pp. 48-72 (1849-1920; legal treatment of abortion in early Los Angeles); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego, 1900-1930,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 44-65; Catherine Christensen, “Mujeres Públicas: American Prostitutes in Baja California, 1910-1930,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 2 (May 2013), pp. 215-247 (cross-border migration of prostitution was substantially driven by Progressive-era crackdown on prostitution in (Alta) California cities); Thomas Ralph Clark, Defending Rights: Law, Labor Politics, and the State in California, 1890-1925 (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2002) (discusses California labor organizations’ fight against California courts’ liberal use of anti-labor injunctions through the Progressive Era, followed by the partial federalization of labor law and policy during World War I); Thomas R. Clark, The Limits of Liberty: Courts, Police, and Labor Unrest in California, 1890-1926 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1994); Mary Ann Mason Burki, “The California Progressives,” Labor History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Winter 1976), pp. 24 (1900-1919); Lucy E. Salyer, “Protective Labor Legislation and the California Supreme Court, 1911-1924,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 4 (1998-1999), pp. 1-22; Jaclyn Greenberg, “The Limits of Legislation: Katherine Philips Edson, Practical Politics, and the Minimum-Wage Law in California, 1913–1922,” Journal of Policy History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (April 1993), pp. 207-230; Steven C. Levi, “The Battle for the Eight-Hour Day in San Francisco,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1978/1979), pp. 342-353; Tom Sitton, “California’s Practical Idealist: John Randolph Haynes,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 1, (March 1988), pp. 2-17 (1887-1937; Socialist Progressive Haynes campaigned for direct legislation laws — initiative, referendum, and recall — and public ownership of utilities); Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Victoria Saker Woeste, “California Lawyer: Aaron Sapiro and the Progressive-Era Vision of Law as Public Service,” California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 449-465; Grace H. Larsen & Henry E. Erdman, “Aaron Sapiro: Genius of Farm Co-operative Promotion,” Western States Jewish History (Winter 2005), Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 161-177 (reprint from The Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 49, No. 2 (September 1962), pp. 242-268); Grace Larsen, “A Progressive in Agriculture: Harris Weinstock,” Agricultural History, Vol. 32, No. 3 (June 1958), pp. 187-193; Tanis C. Thorne, “Indian Water Rights in Southern California in the Progressive Era: A Case Study,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 199-228; Stephanie S. Pincetl, Transforming California: A Political History of Land Use and Development (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003) (offers general critique of Progressives’ approach to reform and its aftermath).

[377] Kathryn Mickle Werdegar, “Living With Direct Democracy: The California Supreme Court and the Initiative Power — 100 Years of Accommodation,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 143-163; “Justice Kathryn M. Werdegar Delivers the 2012 Jefferson Memorial Lecture” (on the Initiative Power), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 14-16, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2012-Newsletter-Spring-Werdegar-Delivers-Jefferson-Lecture.pdf; Harry N. Scheiber, “The Direct Ballot and State Constitutionalism,” Rutgers Law Journal, Vol. 28 (1997), pp. 787-823 (history and analysis of the initiative and referendum in California and the nation); John M. Allswang, The Initiative and Referendum in California, 1898-1998 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000); John M. Allswang, California Initiatives and Referendums, 1912-1990: A Survey and Guide to Research (Los Angeles: California State University, Los Angeles, 1991); John M. Allswang, “The Origins of Direct Democracy in Los Angeles and California: The Development of an Issue and Its Relationship to Progressivism,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 78, No. 2 (Summer 1996), pp. 175-198; Bill Jones, A History of the California Initiative Process (Darby, PA: Diane Publishing, 1998); David D. Schmidt, Citizen Lawmakers: The Ballot Initiative Revolution (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1989); Silvano Möckli, “Direkte Demokratie in Kalifornien [Direct Democracy in California],” Annuaire Suisse de Science Politique, Vol. 31 (1991), pp. 27-44 (history of California referendum, 1884-1990, in German); Joshua Spivak, “California’s Recall: Adoption of the ‘Grand Bounce’ for Elected Officials,” California History, Vol. 82, No. 2 (2004), pp. 20-63; Tom Sitton, “California’s Practical Idealist: John Randolph Haynes,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 1, (March 1988), pp. 2-17 (1887-1937; Socialist Progressive Haynes campaigned for direct legislation laws — initiative, referendum, and recall — and public ownership of utilities); Tom Sitton, John Randolph Haynes: California Progressive (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1992); Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010) (covers initiative fights over fair employment, fair housing, school desegregation, official English, affirmative action, bilingual education, and Propositions 187 and 209 (CCRI), as well as Prop. 14, etc.; focuses on politics of enactment more than litigation and court decisions); James M. Fischer, “Ballot Propositions: The Challenge of Direct Democracy to State Constitutional Jurisprudence,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Fall 1983), pp. 43-90; Daniel H. Lowenstein, “California Initiatives and the Single-Subject Rule,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 5 (June 1983), pp. 936-975; California Secretary of State, A Study of Ballot Measures, 1884-1980 (Sacramento: Office of the Secretary of State, undated [between 1980 and 1982]); Jackson K. Putnam, “Governor Reagan: A Reappraisal,” California History, Vol. 83, No. 4 (2006), pp. 24-45 (discusses Reagan’s interaction with the legislative process, including specific laws and initiatives); Karl Manheim & Edward P. Howard, “A Structural Theory of the Initiative Power in California,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 31 (June 1998), pp. 1165-1237; Ernest L. Graves, “The Guarantee Clause in California: State Constitutional Limits on Initiatives Changing the California Constitution,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 31 (June 1998), pp. 1305-1326; Edwin A. Cottrell, “Twenty-Five Years of Direct Legislation in California,” Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 3 (January 1939), pp. 30-45; V. O. Key, Jr. & Winston Crouch, The Initiative and Referendum in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1939); Winston W. Crouch, The Initiative and Referendum in California (1950); Max Radin, “Popular Legislation in California, 1936-1946,” California Law Review, Vol. 35, No. 2 (June 1947), pp. 171-190; Fred W. Viehe, “The First Recall: Los Angeles Urban Reform or Machine Politics?” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Spring 1988), pp. 1-28; Frederick L. Bird & Francis M. Ryan, The Recall of Public Officers: A Study of the Operation of the Recall in California (New York: Macmillan, 1930); John R. Haynes, “The Adoption of the Initiative, Referendum, and Recall by the State of California,” West Coast Magazine, Vol. 11 (1912), pp. 294-96; John R. Haynes, Direct Government in California (Washington, DC.: Government Printing Office, 1919) (address delivered at the National Popular Government League Convention, July 5-6, 1916); Samuel  E. Moffett, “The Referendum in California,” Political Science Quarterly, Vol. 13 (March 1898), pp. 1-18; A.J. Pillsbury, A Study of Direct Legislation in All of its Forms as Exemplified in the Government of the State of California in State Affairs from the Adoption of the Constitution to the Presidential Election of 1928 (typescript, Library of the Institute of Governmental Affairs, University of California at Berkeley, 1929).

[378] Kenji Yoshino, Speak Now: Marriage Equality on Trial: The Story of Hollingsworth v. Perry (New York: Crown Publishers, 2015) (discussing battle over California’s Proposition 8, passed in 2008 to forbid same-sex marriage, overruled by the U.S. Supreme Court in 2013); Anqi Li, Uses of History in the Press and in Court During California’s Battle Over Proposition 8: Casting Same-Sex Marriage As a Civil Right (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 2012).

[379] Ryan S. Appleby, “Proposition 9, Marsy’s Law: An Ill-Suited Ballot Initiative and the (Predictably) Unsatisfactory Results,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 86, No. 2 (January 2013), pp. 321-364.

[380] Jack Citrin & Isaac William Martin, eds., After the Tax Revolt: California's Proposition 13 Turns 30 (Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2009); Isaac William Martin, The Permanent Tax Revolt: How the Property Tax Transformed American Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008); Isaac William Martin, “Proposition 13 Fever: How California’s Tax Limitation Spread,” California Journal of Politics & Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2009), pp. 1-17; Terry Schwadron & Paul Richter, California and the American Tax Revolt: Proposition 13 Five Years Later (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Susan B. Hansen, “Middle-Range Theory and the Long-Range Impact of Tax Policy Change: Some Recent Evidence from the American States,” American Politics Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4 (October 1991), pp. 485 (1980-1989; discusses effects of Cal. Prop. 13 in context of federal Tax Reform Act of 1986).

[381] Lawrence P. Crouchett, William Byron Rumford: The Life and Public Services of a California Legislator (El Cerrito, California: Downey Place Publishing House, 1984) (covers Rumford Act regarding fair housing, plus later Proposition 14 attempting to repeal the act and subsequent litigation); William Issel & Mary Anne Wold, “Catholics and the Campaign for Racial Justice in San Francisco From Pearl Harbor to Proposition 14,” American Catholic Studies, Vol. 119, No. 3 (Fall 2008), pp. 21-43; Bruce G. Merritt, “Faith and Fair Housing: An Episcopal Parish Church in the 1964 Debate over Proposition 14,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Fall 2013), pp. 284-316.

[382] Lydia Chavez, The Color Bind: California’s Battle to End Affirmative Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) (account of events surrounding California Propositions 187 and 209 in the 1990s; includes political activism by lawyers among others); Anne M. Larson, Constructing the Immigrant: The Political Uses of Restrictionist Rhetoric in Proposition 187 and the Immigration Act of 1924 (master’s thesis, History, Claremont Graduate School, 1995); Elliott R. Barkan, “Return of the Nativists?,” Social Science History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer 2003), pp. 229-283; Kitty Calavita, “The New Politics of Immigration: ‘Balanced-Budget Conservatism’ and the Symbolism of Proposition 187,” Social Problems, Vol. 43, No. 3 (August 1996), pp. 284-305; David A. Cort, “Spurred to Action or Retreat? The Effects of Reception Contexts on Naturalization Decisions in Los Angeles,” International Migration Review, Vol. 46, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 483-516; Jorge Durand & Douglas S. Massey, “The New Era of Mexican Migration to the United States,” Journal of American History, Vol. 86, No. 2 (September 1999), pp. 518-536; Barbara Nesbet & Sherilyn K. Sellgren, “California’s Proposition 187: A Painful History Repeats Itself,” UC Davis Journal of International Law & Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 153-176; Glen Gendzel, “It Didn’t Start with Proposition 187: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Nativist Legislation in California,” Journal of the West, Vol. 48, No. 2 (Spring 2009), pp. 76-85; Kevin R. Johnson, “An Essay on Immigration Politics, Popular Democracy, and California’s Proposition 187: The Political Relevance and Legal Irrelevance of Race,” Washington Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 3 (July1995), pp. 629-674.

[383] Kate Sproul, Proposition 209 and the Courts: A Legal History (Sacramento, CA: California Senate Office of Research, 2002); R. Michael Alvarez & Lisa García Bedolla, “The Revolution against Affirmative Action in California: Racism, Economics, and Proposition 209,” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Spring 2004), pp. 1-17 (concerns 1996 California Civil Rights Initiative); Roopali Mukherjee, “Regulating Race in the California Civil Rights Initiative: Enemies, Allies, and Alibis,” Journal of Communication, Vol. 50, No. 2 (Spring 2000), pp. 27-47 (Proposition 209, November 1996); Andrea Guerrero, Silence at Boalt Hall: The Dismantling of Affirmative Action (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) (discusses development of affirmative action policy at Berkeley’s law school in the shadow of the California Civil Rights Initiative/Proposition 209).

[384] Benjamin Ruha, People’s Science: Bodies & Rights on the Stem Cell Frontier (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013) (especially concerns California’s 2004 Proposition 71-Stem Cell Research and Cures Initiative); Jeff Cummins, “An Empirical Analysis of California Budget Gridlock,” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 23-42 (1901- 2008; long background of Prop. 98 (1988) regarding mandatory K-12 education spending); Bruce E. Cain & Elisabeth R. Gerber, Voting at the Political Fault Line: California’s Experiment with the Blanket Primary (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) (concerns Proposition 198 of 1996 and its aftermath); Yonatan Moskowitz, “Not in My Digital Backyard: Proposition 35 and California’s Sex Offender Username Registry,” Stanford Law & Policy Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (2013), pp. 571-580 (provides history of 2012 Californians Against Sexual Exploitation (CASE) Act and state sex offender laws); Beatriz Jiminez, A Policy Analysis of the California Gang Violence and Juvenile Crime Prevention Act of 1998 (master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 2012) (Proposition 21 of 1998); Karen Graves, “Presidential Address Political Pawns in an Educational Endgame: Reflections on Bryant, Briggs, and Some Twentieth-Century School Questions,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 1-20 (concerns unsuccessful Proposition 6 of 1978 targeting gay teachers); Anthony S. Chen, Robert W. Mickey & Robert P. Van Houweling, “Explaining the Contemporary Alignment of Race and Party: Evidence from California’s 1946 Ballot Initiative on Fair EmploymentExplaining the Contemporary Alignment of Race and Party: Evidence from California's 1946 Ballot Initiative on Fair Employment,” Studies in American Political Development, Vol. 22, No. 2 (September 2008), pp 204-228 (Proposition 11 of 1946 was defeated by more than two to one); John J. Kirlin & David R. Winkler, eds., California Policy Choices, vol. VII (Sacramento: University of Southern California Sacramento Center, 1991) (addresses various initiatives); Jackson K. Putnam, “Governor Reagan: A Reappraisal,” California History, Vol. 83, No. 4 (2006), pp. 24-45 (discusses Reagan’s interaction with the legislative process, including specific laws and initiatives); Garin Burbank, “Governor Reagan’s Only Defeat: The Proposition 1 Campaign in 1973,” California History, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Winter 1993/1994), pp. 360-373 (concerns a tax initiative); see also Garin Burbank, “Governor Reagan and California Welfare Reform: The Grand Compromise of 1971,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Fall 1991), pp. 278-289.

[385] Frank Van Nuys, Americanizing the West: Race, Immigrants, and Citizenship, 1890-1930 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2002) (includes material on California); Eckard Toy, “Whose Frontier? The Survey of Race Relations on the Pacific Coast in the 1920s,” Oregon Historical Quarterly, Vol. 107, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 36-63; Mark Brilliant, The Color of America has Changed: How Racial Diversity Shaped Civil Rights Reform in California, 1941-1978 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2010); Daniel Martinez HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010) (covers initiative fights over fair employment, fair housing, school desegregation, official English, affirmative action, bilingual education, and Propositions 187 and 209 (CCRI), as well as Prop. 14, etc.; focuses on politics of enactment more than litigation and court decisions); Stevie R. Ruiz, Sexual Racism and the Limits of Justice: A Case Study of Intimacy and Violence in the Imperial Valley, 1910-1925 (master’s thesis, Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2010) (concerns miscegenation and other interracial relations between Punjabis, Latinos, and other ethnicities in the Imperial Valley); Anne M. Larson, Constructing the Immigrant: The Political Uses of Restrictionist Rhetoric in Proposition 187 and the Immigration Act of 1924 (master’s thesis, History, Claremont Graduate School, 1995); Carlos M. Larralde & Richard Griswold del Castillo, “San Diego’s Ku Klux Klan, 1920-1980,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 46, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 68-88; Anthony S. Chen, Robert W. Mickey & Robert P. Van Houweling, “Explaining the Contemporary Alignment of Race and Party: Evidence from California’s 1946 Ballot Initiative on Fair EmploymentExplaining the Contemporary Alignment of Race and Party: Evidence from California's 1946 Ballot Initiative on Fair Employment,” Studies in American Political Development, Vol. 22, No. 2 (September 2008), pp 204-228 (Proposition 11 of 1946 was defeated by more than two to one); Valerie J. Matsumoto, “Nikki Sawada Bridges Flynn and What Comes Naturally,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2010), pp. 31-40 (discusses miscegenation laws and anti-miscegenation activism, focusing on wife of radical Harry Bridges); Valerie J. Matsumoto, “‘What’s Love Got To Do With It?’: The Politics of Race and Marriage in the California Supreme Court’s 1948 Perez v. Sharp Decision,” OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 18, No. 4 (July 2004), pp. 31-34 (1945-1979); Max Felker-Kantor, “‘A Pledge Is Not Self-Enforcing’: Struggles for Equal Employment Opportunity in Multiracial Los Angeles, 1964-1982,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 82, No. 1 (February 2013), pp. 63-94; Shana Bernstein, Bridges of Reform: Interracial Civil Rights Activism in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles (New York, 2011); Shana Bernstein, “Interracial Activism in the Los Angeles Community Service Organization: Linking the World War II and Civil Rights Eras,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 80, No. 2 (May 2011), pp. 231-267; Reuel Schiller, Forging Rivals: Race, Class, Law, and the Collapse of Postwar Liberalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015); Sande L. Buhai, “One Hundred Years of Equality: Saving California’s Statutory Ban on Arbitrary Discrimination by Businesses,” University of San Francisco Law Review, Vol. 36, Issue 1 (Fall 2001), pp. 109-150 (related to later Unruh Act); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013); Thomas J. Moran, “Just a Little Bit of History Repeating: The California Model of Marijuana Legalization and How It Might Affect Racial and Ethnic Minorities,” Washington and Lee Journal of Civil Rights and Social Justice, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 2011), pp. 557-590 (racial aspects and impacts of the history of state marijuana regulations); Richard Delgado & Jean Stefanic, “California’s Racial History and Constitutional Rationales for Race-Conscious Decision Making in Higher Education,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 47, No. 6 (August 2000), pp. 1521-1614; Eithne Quinn, “Closing Doors: Hollywood, Affirmative Action, and the Revitalization of Conservative Racial Politics,” Journal of American History, Vol. 99, No. 2 (2012), pp. 466-491; Garin Burbank, “Governor Reagan and California Welfare Reform: The Grand Compromise of 1971,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Fall 1991), pp. 278-289 (welfare reform particularly impacted minority communities); Oliver Arthur Rosales, “Mississippi West”: Race, Politics, and Civil Rights in California’s Central Valley, 1947-1984 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2012); Kevin R. Johnson, “An Essay on Immigration Politics, Popular Democracy, and California’s Proposition 187: The Political Relevance and Legal Irrelevance of Race,” Washington Law Review, Vol. 70, No. 3 (July1995), pp. 629-674.

[386] Tomás Almaguer, Racial Fault Lines: The Historical Origins of White Supremacy in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994/2008); Robert F. Heizer & Alan F. Almquist, The Other Californians: Prejudice and Discrimination Under Spain, Mexico, and the United States to 1920 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971) (discusses California Indians, Chinese, and other groups); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., Race and Homicide in Nineteenth-Century California (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2002); Leon R. Yankwich, “Social Attitudes as Reflected in Early California Law,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 10 (February 1958), pp. 250-270; Sucheng Chan, “A People of Exceptional Character: Ethnic Diversity, Nativism, and Racism in the California Gold Rush,” California History, Vol. 79, No. 2 (Summer 2000), pp. 44-85; Fernando Purcell, “‘Too Many Foreigners for My Taste’: Law, Race and Ethnicity in California 1848-1852,” in John T. Parry, ed., Evil, Law and the State: Perspectives on State Power and Violence (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2006); Charles McClain, “Racial Minorities and the Schools: A Look at the Early Decisions of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 55-62; Gabriel Gutierrez, “Affirmative Action of the First Kind: Social and Legal Constructions of Whiteness and White Male Privilege in Nineteenth-Century California,” Latino Studies Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Fall 2000), pp. 14-48; falseAngela L. Stogner, Racializing California Society: Constitutional Conventions, Supreme Court Land Decisions, and the Transplantation of Whiteness (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 2006); Christopher Herbert, White Power, Yellow Gold: Colonialism and Identity in the California and British Columbia Gold Rushes, 1848-1871 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Washington, 2012); Gordon M. Bakken, “Constitutional Convention Debates in the West: Racism, Religion, and Gender,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1990), pp. 213-244; Robert Denning, “A Fragile Machine: California Senator John Conness,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 4 (2008), pp. 26-73 (early Anglo California; Conness was unusually progressive for his times regarding the rights of African Americans and Chinese immigrants, and later suffered for it politically); Linda Heidenreich, “This Land was Mexican Once”: Histories of Resistance from Northern California (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007) (offers a multicultural account of the overlooked peoples of Napa Valley); J. A. C. Grant, “Testimonial Exclusion because of Race: A Chapter in the History of Intolerance in California,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (November 1969), pp. 192-201; Harry N. Scheiber, “Race, Radicalism, and Reform: Historical Perspective on the 1879 California Constitution,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Fall 1989), pp. 35-80; Shirley Ann Wilson Moore, “‘We Feel the Want of Protection’: The Politics of Law and Race in California, 1848-1878,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 96-125; Paul R. Spitzzeri, “On a Case-by-Case Basis: Ethnicity and Los Angeles Courts, 1850-1875,” California History, Vol. 83, No. 2 (2005), pp. 26-39; Linda S. Parker, “Statutory Change and Ethnicity in Sex Crimes in Four California Counties, 1880-1920,” Western Legal History, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1993), pp. 69-91 (review of 265 sex crime prosecutions shows differential treatment of people of color relative to Anglos); H. Mark Wild, “Red Light Kaleidoscope: Prostitution and Ethnoracial Relations in Los Angeles, 1880-1940,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 28, No. 6 (September 2002), pp. 720-742; “Civil and Uncivil Rights in California: The Early Legal History” (Symposium: January 22, 2009, San Francisco; June 1, 2009, Los Angeles), California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 4-28 (transcriptions of talks: David L. McFadden, “Welcome,” p. 5; Ronald M. George, “Greetings and Introduction,” pp. 6-7; John F. Burns, “Overview of Early California’s Civil Rights Legacy,” pp. 8-9; Tim Newton, “Early California Prejudice and the Young Earl Warren,” p. 9; Shirley Ann Moore, “African-Americans Fight Racism in Early California,” pp. 10-13; Joseph R. Grodin, “California Supreme Court Cases on Civil Rights in the Early Years,” pp. 14-17; Charles J. McClain, “Race, Gender, and the Loyalty Oath in Early California,” pp. 17-20; Jean Pfaelzer, “The Chinese Rewrite the Letter of the Law,” pp. 21-25; Robert Chao Romero, “Mexican and Chinese Rights in Early California, pp. 26-28”), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Civil-and-Uncivil-Rights-Excerpt-CSCHS-2009-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf.

[387] Richard H. Frost, The Mooney Case (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968); Fremont Older, My Own Story (New York: Macmillan, 1926; reprinted, Forgotten Books, 2012); Curt Gentry, Frame-Up (New York: Norton, 1967); Albert F. Gunns, “The Mooney-Billings Case: An Essay Review,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4 (October 1969), pp. 216-220; Henry T. Hunt, The Case of Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings: Abstract and Analysis of the Record before Governor Young of California (New York: National Mooney-Billings Committee, 1929); Woodrow C. Whitten, Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California, 1919-1927 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1969).

[388] Woodrow C. Whitten, “The Trial of Charlotte Anita Whitney,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 15 (September 1946), pp. 286-294 (resulting in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927)).

[389] Rebecca Roiphe, “Lawyering at the Extremes: The Representation of Tom Mooney, 1916-1939,” Fordham Law Review, Vol. 77 (March 2009), pp. 101-131; Philippa Strum, Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015); Haig Bomajian, Anita Whitney, Louis Brandeis, and the First Amendment (Fairleigh Dickenson University Press, 2010); Vincent Blasi, “The First Amendment and the Ideal of Civic Courage: The Brandeis Opinion in Whitney v. California,” William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Summer 1988), pp. 653-698; Beth Slutsky, “Parlor Pink Turned Soapbox Red: The Trial of Charlotte Anita Whitney,” American Communist History, Vol. 9 (June 2010), pp. 35–59.

[390] Stephen F. Rohde, “Criminal Syndicalism: The Repression of Radical Political Speech in California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1990), pp. 309-339; Ronald Genini, “Industrial Workers of the World and Their Fresno Free Speech Fight, 1910-1911,” California Historical Quarterly, Vol. 53, No. 2 (Summer 1974), pp. 101-114; Grace L. Miller, “The IWW Free Speech Fight: San Diego, 1912,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Fall 1972), pp. 211-238; Rosalie Shanks, “The I.W.W. Free Speech Movement: San Diego, 1912,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (March 1973), pp. 25-33; Philip Taft, “The Federal Trials of the IWW,” Labor History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (February 1962), pp. 57-91 (First World War wartime trials at Sacramento along with Chicago and Wichita).

[391] Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America’s Greatest Lawyer (New York: Times Books, 1993) (addresses the trial of the McNamara brothers for bombing the Los Angeles Times building and killing twenty in 1911, and the aftermath of that trial that left Darrow broken and exhausted); Walt Anderson, “The ‘Times’ Dynamiting Case,” American History Illustrated, Vol. 3, No. 6 (October 1968), pp. 47-51.

[392] Bob Blauner, Resisting McCarthyism: To Sign or Not to Sign California’s Loyalty Oath (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2009); Albert L. Hurtado, “False Accusations: Herbert Bolton, Jews, and the Loyalty Oath at Berkeley, 1920-1950,” California History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (2012), pp. 38-56; Scott Pittman, “Lifting the Veil: Public-Private Surveillance Networks and the Red Scare in California Higher Education,” California History, Vol. 91, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 43-55; falseJames G. Alverson, Jr., The Dilworth Act of 1953 (master’s thesis, Education, University of Southern California, 1962) (concerns statute forcing public school employees being to take anti-communist loyalty oath); Paul J. Eisloeffel, “The Cold War and Harry Steinmetz: A Case of Loyalty and Legislation,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1989), pp. 260-276; Charles J. McClain, “Race, Gender, and the Loyalty Oath in Early California,” transcription from Symposium, “Civil and Uncivil Rights in California: The Early Legal History,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2009), pp. 17-20, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Civil-and-Uncivil-Rights-Excerpt-CSCHS-2009-Newsletter-Spring-Summer.pdf; Harry N. Scheiber, “The California Textbook Fight,” Atlantic Monthly (Nov. 1967), pp. 38-47 (a contemporary analysis of censorship efforts by the John Birch Society and other right-wing organizations to influence selection of textbooks for the public schools).

[393] Robert Cohen and Reginald E. Zelnik, The Free Speech Movement: Reflections on Berkeley in the 1960s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002) (involves law both as university policy at a state university as well as criminal prosecutions, including chapter about lawyers); Bret Eynon, “Community in Motion: The Free Speech Movement, Civil Rights, and the Roots of the New Left,” Oral History Review, Vol. 17, No. 1 (Spring 1989), pp. 39-69; Michelle Reeves, “‘Obey the Rules or Get Out’: Ronald Reagan’s 1966 Gubernatorial Campaign and the ‘Trouble in Berkeley’,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 3 (Fall 2010), pp. 275-305; Michael Rossman & Lynne Hollander, Administrative Pressures and Student Political Activity at the University of California: A Preliminary Report (Publisher unidentified, 1964).

[394] Elaine Elinson & Stan Yogi, Wherever There’s a Fight: How Runaway Slaves, Suffragists, Immigrants, Strikers, and Poets Shaped Civil Liberties in California (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2009); Errol Wayne Stevens, “Two Radicals and Their Los Angeles: Harrison Gray Otis and Job Harriman,” California History, Vol. 86, No. 3 (2009), pp. 44-64 (Harriman was a radical labor attorney around turn of century); Daniel Geary, “Carey McWilliams and Antifascism, 1934-1943,” Journal of American History, Vol. 90, No. 3 (December 2003), pp. 912-934; Tom Sitton, “Direct Democracy vs. Free Speech: Gerald L. K. Smith and the Recall Election of 1946 in Los Angeles,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 57, No. 3 (August 1988), pp. 285-304; Don Parson, “The Decline of Public Housing and the Politics of the Red Scare: The Significance of the Los Angeles Public Housing War,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 33, No. 3 (March 2007), pp. 400-417; Don Parson, “The Burke Incident: Political Belief in Los Angeles’ Public Housing during the Domestic Cold War,” Southern California Quarterly, (Spring 2002), pp. 5374 (Communist couple expelled from public housing in 1946); Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990) (includes rather shocking long chapter on LAPD); James Boyd White, “Human Dignity and the Claim of Meaning: Athenian Tragic Drama and Supreme Court Opinions,” Journal of Supreme Court History, Vol. 27, No. 1 (2002), pp. 45-64 (Cohen v. California, 1971 free speech/obscenity case); “History Institute Explores Civil Unrest,” Humboldt Historian, Vol. 40, No. 5 (September/October 1992), p. 18; Carolyn H. Luedtke, “On the Frontier of Change: A Legal History of the San Francisco Civil Rights Movement, 1944-1970,” Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Fall 2000), pp. 1-48; Sean Michael Parson, An Ungovernable Force?: Food Not Bombs, Homeless Activism and Politics in San Francisco, 1988-1995 (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, University of Oregon, 2010); “Hollywood and the First Amendment,” Constitution, Vol. 4 (Fall 1992), pp. 17-18; Jose Felipe Anderson, “Freedom of Association, the Communist Party, and the Hollywood Ten: The Forgotten First Amendment Legacy of Charles Hamilton Houston,” McGeorge Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 1 (2009), pp. 25-54; Thomas Wellock, “The Battle for Bodega Bay: The Sierra Club and Nuclear Power, 1958-1964,” California History, Vol. 71, No. 2 (Summer 1992), pp. 192-211; Terri Compost, ed., People’s Park: Still Blooming, 1969-2009 (Berkeley: Slingshot Collective, 2009); Jon David Cash, “People’s Park: Birth and Survival,” California History, Vol. 88, No. 1 (2010), pp. 8-29, 53-55; Frank K. Kelly, Court of Reason: Robert Hutchins and the Fund for the Republic (New York: Free Press, 1981) (Robert Hutchins, former dean of Yale Law School and president of the University of Chicago (and hardly a radical but nevertheless a victim of anti-radicals), from the 1950s-1970s headed a California-based early legal think-tank dedicated to the rational reform of national and international law and committed to resisting McCarthyism and championing civil rights); Karl Feichtmeir, “Defending the Bill of Rights: The ACLU Archives at CHS,” California History, Vol. 58, No. 4 (Winter 1979/1980), pp. 362-364.

[395] Philip L. Merkel, “Railroad Consolidation and Late Nineteenth-Century Federalism: Legal Strategy in the Organization of the Southern Pacific System,” Western Legal History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1998), pp. 215-257 (1870-1895); David C. Frederick, “Railroads, Robber Barons, and the Saving of Stanford University,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 225-256; Ward M. McAfee, “A Constitutional History of Railroad Rate Regulation in California, 1879-1911,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 37, No. 3 (August 1968), pp. 265-279; Edward Leo Lyman, “From the City of Angels to the City of Saints: The Struggle to Build a Railroad from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (1991), pp. 76-93 (1870 -1913); Daniel W. Levy, “Classical Lawyers and the Southern Pacific Railroad,” Western Legal History Vol. 9, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1996), pp. 177-226 (1861-1887); Richard J. Orsi, “Railroads and Water in the Arid Far West: The Southern Pacific Company as a Pioneer Water Developer,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Spring 1991 ), pp. 46-61; Jacquelyn Mollenkopf, “The Byron Rail Disaster,” California History, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 292-301 (1869 -1920); Carolyn Seeman, “California’s Constitutional Response to the Railroad: The Commission of 1880-1882,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 423-448; William F. Deverell, “The Los Angeles ‘Free Harbor Fight’,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Spring 1991 ), pp. 12-29 (1889-1899); Gerald D. Nash, “The California Railroad Commission, 1876-1911,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 44, No. 4 (December 1962), pp. 287-305; Bruce R. Bringhurst, “The California Supreme Court and the Progressive Railroad Commission, 1913-1923,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 2 (Summer 1975), pp. 179-201.

[396] See, e.g., Richard J. Orsi, Sunset Limited: The Southern Pacific Railroad and the Development of the American West, 1850-1930 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005); William Deverell, Railroad Crossing: Californians and the Railroad, 1850-1910 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994); Norman E. Tutorow, The Governor: The Life and Legacy of Leland Stanford (Spokane: Arthur H. Clark Co., 2004); Edward L. Lyman, “Outmaneuvering the Octopus: Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 2 (June 1988), pp. 94-107.

[397] William Conlogue, “Farmers’ Rhetoric of Defense: California Settlers versus the Southern Pacific Railroad,” California History, Vol. 78, No. 1 (Spring 1999), pp. 40-55; David J. Bederman, “The Imagery of Injustice at Mussel Slough: Railroad Land Grants, Corporation Law, and the ‘Great Conglomerate West,’” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1988), pp. 237-269; John Larimore, “Legal Questions Arising from the Mussel Slough Land Dispute,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 1 (Spring 1976), pp. 75-94; Terry Beers, Gunfight at Mussel Slough: Evolution of a Western Myth (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2004); Richard J. Orsi, “The Confrontation at Mussel Slough,” Richard B. Rice, and William A. Bullough & Richard J. Orsi, The Elusive Eden: A New History of California (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1988), pp. 217-236; Barbara M. Bristow, Mussel Slough Tragedy: Railroad Struggle or Land Gamble (master’s thesis, History, Fresno State College, 1971); Richard L. Rollins, The Mussel Slough Dispute: An Inquiry Based on the Census and Real Property Evidence (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Hayward, 1990).

[398] Robert C. Post, “The Fair Fare Fight: An Episode in Los Angeles History,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 3 (September 1970), pp. 275-298 (litigation over Los Angeles light urban rail fares, 1926-1930).

[399] See the sub-section titled, “Toons, Trains, & Automobiles: ‘Who needs a car in L.A.?,’” in Elaine Kuo, “California v. California: Law, Landscape, and the Foundational Fantasies of the Golden State,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 445-468. The general lack of attention to this topic could also, however, be an indication that although useful sources exist, they are not indexed, catalogued, categorized, or otherwise conceptually linked to California legal history in digital research databases.

[400] Bruce Cain, The Reapportionment Puzzle (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984) (includes politics and court involvement); J. Morgan Kousser, Colorblind Injustice: Minority Voting Rights and the Undoing of the Second Reconstruction (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999) (covers various case studies nationwide, but the lengthy second chapter, “Real Racial Gerrymandering — Lessons from L.A.,” gives a detailed account of politics, law, and litigation regarding redistricting and operation of the Voting Rights Act in Los Angeles County during the 20th century, including major case of Garza v. Los Angeles County Board of Supervisors (1990-)); Lawrence Jacob Friedman, Reapportionment of the California Senate (master’s thesis, Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 1965); David Lester Wilkening, Political History of California State Legislative Reapportionment, 1849-1977 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Sacramento, 1977); Thomas S. Barclay, “Reapportionment in California,” Pacific Historical Review 5.2 (1936), pp. 93-129; Richard Santillan, California Reapportionment and the Chicano Community: An Historical Overview 1960-1980 (Claremont, CA: Rose Institute of State and Local Government, Claremont Men’s College, 1981); George W. Bemis, Sectionalism and representation in the California state legislature, 1911-1931 (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, University of California, Berkeley, 1935); Ivan Hinderaker & Laughlin E. Waters, “A Case Study in Reapportionment — California 1951,” Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 17, No. 2 (Spring 1952), pp. 440-469; Leroy C. Hardy & Charles P. Sohner, “Constitutional Challenge and Political Response: California Reapportionment, 1965,” Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 23, No. 4 (December 1970), pp. 733-751; Robert J. Pitchell, “Reapportionment as a Control of Voting in California,” Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 1 (March 1961), pp. 214-235; Alvin D. Sokolow & Richard W. Brandsma. “Partisanship and Seniority in Legislative Committee Assignments: California after Reapportionment,” Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 24, No. 4 (December 1971), pp. 740-760; Ruth Church Gupta, “Reapportionment in California,” Women Lawyers Journal, Vol. 52, No. 2 (Spring 1966), pp. 66-92; Kathay Feng, Keith Aoki & Bryan Ikegami, “Voting Matters: APIAs, Latinas/os and Post-2000 Redistricting in California,” Oregon Law Review, Vol. 81, No. 4 (Winter 2002), pp. 849-916; Carlos A. Hernandez, Redistricting in California: Its Effects on Voter Turnout in Minority Populations and Misrepresentation (undergraduate thesis, Claremont McKenna College, 2011).

[401] Mansel G. Blackford, The Politics of Business in California, 1890-1920 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1977) (covers a wide range of Progressive-era regulation and legislation of business, banks, railroads, insurance, and other industries); Mansel G. Blackford, “Banking and Bank Legislation in California, 1890-1915,” Business History Review, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter 1973), pp. 482-505; Mansel G. Blackford, “Businessmen and the Regulation of Railroads and Public Utilities in California during the Progressive Era,” Business History Review, Vol. 44, No. 3 (Autumn 1970), pp. 307-319.

[402] John G. Clarkson, “History of the California Administrative Procedure Act,” History of the California Administrative Procedure Act, The [article]Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 15, No. 3 (February 1964), pp. 237-257; Shauhin A. Talesh, “The Privatization of Public Legal Rights: How Manufacturers Construct the Meaning of Consumer Law,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 43, No. 3 (September 2009), pp. 527-562 (consumer protection laws, 1970 to 2009); Thad Kousser, “The Limited Impact of Term Limits: Contingent Effects on the Complexity and Breadth of Laws,” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 4 (Winter 2006), pp. 410-429 (1980-1999)

[403] Mary M. Timney, “Short Circuit: Federal State Relations in the California Energy Crisis,” Publius: The Journal of Federalism, Vol. 32, No. 4 (Fall 2002), pp. 109-122 (2000 to 2001); Bethany McLean & Peter Elkind, The Smartest Guys in the Room: The Amazing Rise and Scandalous Fall of Enron (New York: Portfolio (Penguin Group), 2003) (includes California deregulation, energy crisis and subsequent litigation).

[404] Peter E. Mitchell, “The History and Scope of Public Utilities Regulation in California,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 30, No. 2 (February 1957), pp. 118-130; Alan S. Hollingworth, “California Gas: A Brief History and Recent Events,” Alberta Law Review, Vol. 31, No. 1 (1993), pp. 86-106; see also Robert W. Righter, “Wind Energy in California: A New Bonanza,” California History, Vol. 73, No. 2 (Summer 1994), pp. 142-155.

[405] “Religious Equality in California, 1862,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 20, No. 1 (October 1987), pp. 73-76; Joseph R. Brandon, “A Protest against Sectarian Texts in California Schools in 1875,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 20, No. 3 (April 1988), pp. 233-235; falseAlan Walter Nielsen, Salmi Morse’s “Passion,” 1879-1884: The History and Consequences of a Theatrical Obsession

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(doctoral dissertation, History, City University of New York, 1989) (America’s first passion play, staged in San Francisco, was legally suppressed, raising First Amendment issues); John Arthur Horner, The San Francisco Passion Play of 1879 (master’s thesis, Theater Arts, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1989; Jeremy Zeitlin, “What’s Sunday All About? The Rise and Fall of California’s Sunday Closing Law,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 355-380; Joseph B. Marks & Lisa J. Sanders, “The Blue Laws Debate: A Sacramento Shopkeeper’s Story,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 25, No. 3 (April 1993), pp. 211-224; Arnold Roth, “Sunday ‘Blue Laws’ and the California State Supreme Court,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 1 (Spring 1973), pp. 43-47.  See also  Bradford Masters, “The (F)Law of Karma: In Light of Sedlock v. Baird, Would Meditation Classes in Public Schools Survive a First Amendment Establishment Clause Challenge?,” California Legal History, Vol. 9 (2014), pp. 255-295.

[406] Tom Sutak, “Jefferson Hunt: California’s First Mormon Politician,” Journal of Mormon History, Vol. 36, No. 3 (Summer 2010), pp. 82-117; Bruce G. Merritt, “Faith and Fair Housing: An Episcopal Parish Church in the 1964 Debate over Proposition 14,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 95, No. 3 (Fall 2013), pp. 284-316; Judith Raftery, “Progressivism Moves into the Schools: Los Angeles, 1905-1918,” California History, Vol. 66, No. 2 (June 1987), pp. 94-103 (discusses the Molokans, a Protestant sect). See also Mark A. Weitz, Clergy Malpractice in America: Nally v. Grace Community Church of the Valley. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2001).

[407] Richard L. Carrico, “Spanish Crime and Punishment: The Native American Experience in Colonial San Diego, 1769-1830,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 21-34; Jorge A. Vargas, “The Pantoja Map of 1782 and the Port of San Diego: Some Answers Regarding the International Boundary in the San Diego–Tijuana Region,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 46, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 118-127; Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., “The 1811 San Diego Trial of the Mission Indian Nazario,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1991), pp. 47-58; Will Gorenfeld, “A Bad Debt, a Fair Maiden, a Duel, and a Court Martial in Postwar San Diego,” Military Collector & Historian, Vol. 64, No. 2 (Summer 2012), pp. 126-127 (1849-1851); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “An Old Town ‘Gunfight’: The Homicide Trial of Cave Johnson Couts, 1866,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 44, No. 4 (Fall 1998); Kathryn A. Jordan, “Life Beyond Gold: A New Look at the History of Julian, California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 54, No. 2 (Spring 2008), pp. 101-112 (1869-1910); Stephen VanWormer, “‘Legal Hocus-Pocus’: The Subdivision of Jamacha Rancho,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 76-94; Syd Love, “A.H. Sweet: Profile of a High-Minded Gentleman,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 30, No. 2 (June 1984), pp. 124-138 (focuses on period from 1880-1924); William Uberti, “Oliver S. Witherby, First State District Judge of San Diego,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 2 (June 1978), pp. 221-235; Kay Russell, “The Fallbrook Irrigation District Case,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 1975), pp. 23-40 (1886-1899; Fallbrook Irrigation Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U.S. 112 (1896)); Jeffrey Scott McIllwain, “Bureaucracy, Corruption, and Organized Crime: Enforcing Chinese Exclusion in San Diego, 1897-1902,” Western Legal History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (2004), pp. 83-128; Murray Kent Lee, Geographic Factors that Affected the Growth of San Diego’s Chinatown Relative to Los Angeles and San Francisco (master’s thesis, Geography, George Washington University, 2014); Susan Gonda, “Not a Matter of Choice: San Diego Women and Divorce, 1850-1889,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Summer 1991).

[408] Rosalie Shanks, “The I.W.W. Free Speech Movement: San Diego, 1912,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (March 1973), pp. 25-33; Grace L. Miller, “The IWW Free Speech Fight: San Diego, 1912,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 3 (Fall 1972), pp. 211-238; Paul J. Eisloeffel, “The Cold War and Harry Steinmetz: A Case of Loyalty and Legislation,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 4 (December 1989), pp. 260-276.

[409] Carlos M. Larralde & Richard Griswold del Castillo, “San Diego’s Ku Klux Klan, 1920-1980,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 46, No. 2 (June 2000), pp. 68-88; Robert R. Alvarez, “The Lemon Grove Incident: The Nation’s First Successful Desegregation Court Case,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 32, No. 2 (June 1986), pp. 116-135 (1930-1931); Carlos M. Larralde, “El Congreso in San Diego: An Endeavor for Civil Rights,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 50, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 17-29.

[410] Gerald Schlenker, “The Internment of the Japanese of San Diego County During the Second World War,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (March 1972), pp. 1-9; Donald H. Estes & Matthew T. Estes, “Further and Further Away: The Relocation of San Diego’s Nikkei Community,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 39, No. 1/2 (March 1993), pp. 1-31.

[411] Pliny Castanien, To Protect and Serve: A History of the San Diego Police Department and Its Chiefs, 1889-1989 (San Diego: San Diego Historical Society, 1993).

[412] Leland G. Stanford, Footprints of Justice in San Diego; and Profiles of Senior Members of the Bench and Bar (San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1960); Leland G. Stanford, San Diego’s L.L.B., Legal Lore and the Bar: A History of Law and Justice in San Diego County (San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1968); Leland G. Stanford, San Diego Lawyers You Should Have Known (San Diego: San Diego County Law Library, 1971); Jeff Stickney, Stickney’s Cracker Barrel: Antics of Lawyers and Judges in San Diego in the Early Part of This Century (San Diego: Law Library Justice Foundation, 1982); William “Bert” Ritchey, Leonard Knight, & Robert Carlton, “A Talk with Bert Ritchey,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 42, No. 2 (June 1996), pp. 86-107 (African-American local high school football star, policeman, and attorney).

[413] William J. Howatt, Jr., Law, Justice and Courts in San Diego: A Glimpse of History (?: ?, 2002); Leland Ghent Stanford, Legal Historical Essays Involving San Diego County (San Diego: self-published, 1970); Mary Scott, “Trouble Over North Island,” American Aviation Historical Society Journal, Vol. 39, No. 4 (December 1994), pp. 294-300 (early aviation law case and court martial involving military pilot, 1914-1920); Carlos Larralde & Richard Griswold del Castillo, “Luisa Moreno and the Beginnings of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement in San Diego,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1997); Scott Michael Morehead, The Veteran Invasion: The GI Bill and its Impact at San Diego State College, 1945-1950 (master’s thesis, History, San Diego State University, 1996); Mark Schoell, “The Marine Mammal Protection Act and Its Role in the Decline of San Diego’s Tuna Fishing Industry,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 45, No. 1 (Winter 1999); Andrew Wiese, “‘The Giddy Rise of the Environmentalists’: Corporate Real Estate Development and Environmental Politics in San Diego, California, 1968–73,” Environmental History, Vol. 19, No. 1 (2014), pp. 28-54; Nick Johnstone, “International Trade, Transfrontier Pollution, and Environmental Cooperation: A Case Study of the Mexican-American Border Region,” Natural Resources Journal, Volume 35, No. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 33-62 (discusses transboundary air and water pollution and control efforts and initiatives in San Diego County); Victor A. Walsh, “Preserving ‘Nature’s Artistry’: Torrey Pines during Its Formative Years as a City and State Park,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 2 (2008), pp. 24-41, 44-49.

[414] Francis Guest, “Mission Colonization and Political Control in Spanish California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 97-116 (1700-1799 and Spain’s Laws of the Indies regarding indigenous peoples as practiced in Alta California); David Piñera Ramírez, “Commentary on Francis Guest’s Paper “Mission Colonization and Political Control in Spanish California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 117-120; Vanessa Ann Gunther, “Indians and the Criminal Justice System in San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, 1850-1900,” Journal of the West, Vol. 39, No. 4 (Fall 2000), pp. 26-34; Joel R. Hyer,  “‘It Was My Duty to Protect the Indians,’” Journal of the West, Vol. 46, No. 4 (Fall 2007), pp. 28-39; Richard L. Carrico, “San Diego Indians and the Federal Government Years of Neglect, 1850-1865,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 165-184; Richard L. Carrico, Strangers in a Stolen Land: American Indians in San Diego, 1850-1880 (Sacramento: Sierra Oaks Publishing Co., 1987); Richard W. Crawford, “The White Man’s Justice: Native Americans and the Judicial System of San Diego County, 1870-1890,” Western Legal History Vol. 5, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1992), pp. 69-81; Steven M. Karr, “The Warner’s Ranch Indian Removal: Cultural Adaptation, Accommodation, and Continuity,” California History, Vol. 86, No. 4 (2009), pp. 24-84; Diana Bahr, “Cupeño Trail of Tears: Relocation and Urbanization,” American Indian Culture & Research Journal, Vol. 21, No. 3 (1997), pp. 75-82; Tanis C. Thorne, “The Removal of the Indians of El Capitan to Viejas: Confrontation and Change in San Diego Indian Affairs in the 1930s,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 56, No. 1/2 (Winter/Spring 2010),  pp. 43-66; Clare V. McKanna, Jr., The Trial of “Indian Joe”: Race and Justice in the Nineteenth-Century West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2003) (concerns a murder prosecution in San Diego County); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “The Treatment of Indian Murderers in San Diego, 1850-1900,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 36, No. 1 (Winter 1990); Phil Brigandi & John W. Robinson, “The Killing of Juan Diego: From Murder to Mythology,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 40, Nos. 1/2 (Winter 1994).

[415] Roberta Anne Hobson, End of Her Rope: The Creation of “the Fair Prisoner” and “the Degenerate” through Binary Opposition in San Diego Courtrooms, 1885-1910 (master’s thesis, History, San Diego State University, 1998); Linda S. Parker, “Murderous Women and Mild Justice. A Look at Female Violence in Pre-1910 San Diego, San Luis Obispo and Tuolumne Counties,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 22-49; Nicholas C. Polos, “San Diego’s ‘Portia of the Pacific’: California’s First Woman Lawyer,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 185-195 (activities of Clara Shortridge Foltz, California’s first woman lawyer, from 1872-1930); Clare V. McKanna, Jr., “Prostitutes, Progressives, and Police: The Viability of Vice in San Diego, 1900-1930,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 35, No. 1 (March 1989), pp. 44-65.

[416] San Francisco, Generally: Milton S. Gould, A Cast of Hawks: A Rowdy Tale of Greed, Scandal, and Corruption in the Early Days of San Francisco (Santa Barbara, CA: Copley Books, 1985) (offers colorful accounts of Terry, Field, San Francisco Vigilantes, etc.); Peter Decker, Fortunes and Failures: White-Collar Mobility in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978); Roger W. Lotchin, San Francisco, 1846-1856: From Hamlet to City (New York: Oxford University Press, 1974; reprinted, Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Gray Brechin, Imperial San Francisco: Urban Power, Earthly Ruin (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999) (not primarily about law, but a rich account that includes vignettes of major legislation, litigation, scandals, and power-brokering in which lawyers and judges take a role); R. A. Burchell, The San Francisco Irish, 1848-1880 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980).  San Francisco Attorneys, Law Firms & Bar (see also Jews): Kenneth M. Johnson, The Bar Association of San Francisco: The First Hundred Years, 1872-1972 (San Francisco: Bar Association of San Francisco, 1972); Carole Hicke, Heller, Ehrman, White & McAuliffe: A Century of Service to Clients and Community (San Francisco: Heller, Ehrman, White & McAuliffe, 1991) (in-house history of San Francisco law firm founded in 1890 that folded in 2008); Carole Hicke, “A Case of Diversity: Law Practice in San Francisco,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 3 (1988) (concerns Pillsbury, Madison & Sutro); Patricia Bosworth, Anything Your Little Heart Desires: An American Family Story (high-profile San Francisco attorney); William Wunsch, “Harold Faulkner,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Fall 1988) (San Francisco attorney); George B. Harris (1908-1983): Memories of San Francisco Legal Practice and State and Federal Courts, 1920s-1960s (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1981); Herman Phleger (1890-1984): Observations on the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California (Berkeley: Bancroft Library, Regional Oral History Office, 1981); Philip L. Merkel, “California’s Role in the Mid-Twentieth Century Controversy over Pain and Suffering Damages: The NACCA, Melvin Belli, and the Crusade for ‘The Adequate Award’,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 287-321 (1945-1970); Sara Mayeux, “The Case of the Black-Gloved Rapist: Defining the Public Defender’s Role in the California Courts, 1913-1948,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 217-239 (article discusses Melvin Belli).  African Americans: Jeanette Davis Mantilla, “Hush, Hush, Miss Charlotte”: A Quarter-Century of Civil Rights Activism by the Black Community of San Francisco, 1850-1875 (doctoral dissertation, History, Ohio State University; 2000); Philip M. Montesano, Some Aspects of the Free Negro Question in San Francisco, 1849-1870 (master’s thesis, History, University of San Francisco, 1967).  Catholics: falseAlan Walter Nielsen, Salmi Morse’s “Passion,” 1879-1884: The History and Consequences of a Theatrical Obsession

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(doctoral dissertation, History, City University of New York, 1989) (America’s first passion play, staged in San Francisco, was legally suppressed, raising First Amendment issues); John Arthur Horner, The San Francisco Passion Play of 1879 (master’s thesis, Theater Arts, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1989; William Issel & Mary Anne Wold, “Catholics and the Campaign for Racial Justice in San Francisco From Pearl Harbor to Proposition 14,” American Catholic Studies, Vol. 119, No. 3 (Fall 2008), pp. 21-43; William Issel, “Faith-Based Activism in American Cities: The Case of the San Francisco Catholic Action Cadre,” Journal of Church & State, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Summer 2008), pp. 519-540; Joshua Paddison, “Anti-Catholicism and Race in Post-Civil War San Francisco,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 78, No. 4 (November 2009), pp. 505-544 (Protestant hostility toward Catholic Irish immigrants helped trigger virulent Irish anti-Chinese hostility as the Irish sought to prove and perform their whiteness and Christianity); William Issel, For Both Cross and Flag: Catholic Action, Anti-Catholicism, and National Security Politics in World War II San Francisco (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2009) (Italian American attorney and devout Catholic Sylvester Andriano was suspected of pro-Mussolini disloyalty and was relocated from San Francisco)Chinese Americans, Exclusion, & Angel Island (see also Police & Crime): Christian G. Fritz, “A Nineteenth CenturyHabeas Corpus Mill’: The Chinese Before the Federal Courts in California,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 32, No. 4 (October 1988), pp. 347-372; Nyan Shah, Contagious Divides: Epidemics and Race in San Francisco’s Chinatown (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001); Joan B. Trauner, “The Chinese as Medical Scapegoats in San Francisco, 1870-1905,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (Spring 1978), pp. 70-87; William J. Courtney, San Francisco Anti-Chinese Ordinances, 1850-1900 (San Francisco: R and E Research Associates, 1974); Everett Wong, The Exclusion Movement and the Chinese Community in San Francisco (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1954); Benson Tong, Unsubmissive Women: Chinese Prostitutes in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1994); Charles J. McClain, In Re Lee Sing: The First Residential-Segregation Case,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (1990), pp. 179-196 (1890 case); Estelle T. Lau, Paper Families: Identity, Immigration Administration, and Chinese Exclusion (Durham: Duke University Press, 2006) (focus is national rather than on California); Diana L. Ahmad, The Opium Debate and Chinese Exclusion Laws in the Nineteenth-Century American West (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007); Erika Lee, At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003) (focused on national scene rather than California, though California and especially San Francisco figure prominently); Erika Lee, At America’s Gates: Chinese Immigration during the Exclusion Era, 1882-1943 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1998); Erika Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example: Race, Immigration, and American Gatekeeping, 1882-1924,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 21 (Spring 2001); Robert Eric Barde, Immigration at the Golden Gate: Passenger Ships, Exclusion, and Angel Island (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2008); Sen Hu and Jielin Dong, The Rocky Road to Liberty: A Documented History of Chinese Immigration and Exclusion (Saratoga, CA: Javvin Press, 2010); Him Mark Lai, “Island of Immortals: Chinese Immigrants and the Angel Island Immigration Station,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 1 (1978), pp. 88-103; Judy Yung, “We Were Real, So There Was No Need to Be Afraid,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (2012), pp. 19-26; Ting Guo, Interpreting in a Different Legal Culture: A Study of Chinese Interpreters at Angel Island Station, 1910-1940 (master’s thesis, History, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2006); Lawrence Douglas Taylor Hansen, “The Chinese Six Companies of San Francisco and the Smuggling of Chinese Immigrants across the U.S.-Mexico Border, 1882-1930,” Journal of the Southwest, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Spring 2006), pp. 37-61; Judy Yung, Unbinding the Feet, Unbinding their Lives: Social Change for Chinese Women in San Francisco, 1902-1945 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1990); Gregory Y. Mark, “A Chinese Laundryman Fights Back: Case of In Re Byron Mark,Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 58-79 (1936 case); Charlotte Brooks, “Sing Sheng vs. Southwood: Residential Integration in Cold War California,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 3 (August 2004), pp. 463-494.  Gays, Lesbians & Others: Clare Sears, Arresting Dress: Cross-Dressing, Law, and Fascination in Nineteenth-Century San Francisco (Durham: Duke University Press, 2015); falseClare Sears, “A Dress Not Belonging to His or Her Sex”: Cross-Dressing Law in San Francisco, 1860-1900 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2005); Christopher Lowen-Engel Agee, The Streets of San Francisco: Blacks, Beats, Homosexuals, and the San Francisco Police Department, 1950-1968 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2005); Christopher Agee, “Gayola: Police Professionalization and the Politics of San Francisco’s Gay Bars, 1950-1968,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 15, No. 3 (September 2006), pp. 462-489; Alamilla Boyd, Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003).  Judge Ogden Hoffman: Christian G. Fritz, Federal Justice: The California Court of Ogden Hoffman, 1851-1891 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1991); Christian G. Fritz, “Judge Ogden Hoffman and the Northern District of California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (1988), pp. 99-110; Christian G. Fritz, “Judicial Style in California’s Federal Admiralty Court: Ogden Hoffman and the First Ten Years, 1851-1861,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Fall 1982), pp. 1-25; Christian G. Fritz, “The Judicial Business of a Nineteenth-Century Federal Trial Court: The Northern District of California, 1851-1891,” Western Legal History, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1992), pp. 217-251; Christian G. Fritz, “A Nineteenth CenturyHabeas Corpus Mill’: The Chinese Before the Federal Courts in California,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 32, No. 4 (October 1988), pp. 347-372; Ogden Hoffman, Report of Land Cases Determined in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, June 1853-June 1858 (San Francisco: Numa Hubert, 1862).  Indians: Les W. Field, with Alan Leventhal and Rosemary Cambra, “Mapping Erasure: The Power of Nominative Cartography in the Past and Present of the Muwekma Ohlones of the San Francisco Bay Area,” in Amy E. Den Ouden and Jean M. O’Brien, Recognition, Sovereignty Struggles, and Indigenous Rights in the United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013) (book not primarily focused on California, but essay concerns legal-historical geography of a California tribe); Les W. Field et al., “A Contemporary Ohlone Tribal Revitalization Movement: A Perspective from the Muwekma Costanoan/Ohlone Indians of the San Francisco Bay Area,” California History, Vol. 71, No. 3 (Fall 1992), pp. 412-431; Les W. Field, “Unacknowledged Tribes, Dangerous Knowledge: The Muwekna Ohlone and How Indian Identities Are ‘Known’,” Wicazo Sa Review, Vol. 18, No. 2 (Fall 2003), pp. 79-94.  International Law (see also Jews): Dana B. Young, “The Voyage of the Kanrin Maru to San Francisco, 1860,” California History, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Winter 1983), pp. 264-275 (San Francisco first receives first diplomatic mission from Japan); falseMatthew Erin Plowman, The Anglo-Irish Factors in the Indo-German Conspiracy in San Francisco during WWI, 1913-1921 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 1999) (covers major World War I conspiracy trial in San Francisco with international diplomatic repercussions); Karl Hoover, “The Hindu Conspiracy in California, 1913-1918,” German Studies Review, Vol. 8, No. 2 (May 1985), pp. 245-261Japanese Americans: Charlotte Brooks, “The War on Grant Avenue: Business Competition and Ethnic Rivalry in San Francisco’s Chinatown, 1937-1942,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (May 2011), pp. 311-330 (Chinese vs. Japanese); S. Rand Berner, Diplomacy Begins at Home: San Francisco, Theodore Roosevelt, and Japan false(master’s thesis, History, San Jose State University, 2007) (concerns 1906 school segregation order in San Francisco); Yasuhide Kawashima, The Tokyo Rose Case: Treason on Trial (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2013).  Jews: Gustav Adolf Danziger, “The Jew in San Francisco: The Last Half Century, 1849–1895,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 36, No. 2 (Winter 2004), pp. 138-174; William M. Kramer & Norton B. Stern, “An Issue of Jewish Marriage and Divorce in Early San Francisco,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (October 1988), pp. 46-57; Norton B. Stern, “The Labatts’ Attack in San Francisco and Los Angeles,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 28, No. 3 (April 1996), pp. 179-188; David G. Dalin & John F. Rothmann, “Henry U. Brandenstein of San Francisco,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (October 1985), pp. 3-21; Harold L. Levy, “Julius Friedman, Benefactor of the Jewish Home for the Aged, San Francisco,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 23, No. 2 (January 1991), pp. 99-105; Gerald S. Henig,  “San Francisco Jewry and the Russian Visa Controversy of 1911,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 18, No. 1 (October 1985), pp. 58-66; James Loeffler, “‘The Conscience of America’: Human Rights, Jewish Politics, and American Foreign Policy at the 1945 United Nations San Francisco Conference,” Journal of American History, Vol. 100, No. 2 (September 2013), pp. 401-428; Moses Lasky & Thomas D. Kiley, “Moses Lasky: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 79-92 (major San Francisco lawyer who argued repeatedly and successfully before the U.S. Supreme Court).  Labor: Steven C. Levi, “The Battle for the Eight-Hour Day in San Francisco,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1978/1979), pp. 342-353; David F. Selvin, A Terrible Anger: The 1934 Waterfront and General Strikes in San Francisco (Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996).  Local Government and Land Use: Tamara Venit Shelton, “Unmaking Historic Spaces: Urban Progress and the San Francisco Cemetery Debate, 1895-1937,” California History, Vol. 85, No. 3 (2008), pp. 26-47, 69-70; Kenneth A. Brunetti, “It’s Time to Create A Bay Area Regional Government,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 42, No. 4 (1991), pp. 1103-1142; Louise Nelson Dyble, Paying the Toll: Local Power, Regional Politics, and the Golden Gate Bridge (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009); Louise Nelson Dyble, “The Defeat of the Golden Gate Authority: A Special District, a Council of Governments, and the Fate of Regional Planning in the San Francisco Bay Area,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (January 2008), pp. 287-308; Richard Hu, “To Grow or Control, That is the Question: San Francisco’s Planning Transformation in the 1980s and 1990s,” Journal of Planning History, Vol. 11, No. 2 (May 2012), pp. 141-160.  Mooney Bombing Case: Richard H. Frost, The Mooney Case (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1968); Fremont Older, My Own Story (New York: Macmillan, 1926; reprinted, Forgotten Books, 2012); Curt Gentry, Frame-Up (New York: Norton, 1967); Albert F. Gunns, “The Mooney-Billings Case: An Essay Review,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4 (October 1969), pp. 216-220; Henry T. Hunt, The Case of Thomas J. Mooney and Warren K. Billings: Abstract and Analysis of the Record before Governor Young of California (New York: National Mooney-Billings Committee, 1929); Woodrow C. Whitten, Criminal Syndicalism and the Law in California, 1919-1927 (Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1969); Rebecca Roiphe, “Lawyering at the Extremes: The Representation of Tom Mooney, 1916-1939,” Fordham Law Review, Vol. 77 (March 2009), pp. 101-131.  Other Ethnic Groups: Estella Habal, San Francisco’s International Hotel: Mobilizing the Filipino American Community in the Anti-Eviction Movement (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2007) (interesting exploration of landlord-tenant relations in charged political context involving foreign corporations, labor unions, etc.); Rose D. Scherini, “Executive Order 9066 and Italian Americans: The San Francisco Story,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 4 (Winter 1991/1992), pp. 366-377.  Police & Crime (see also Gays, Lesbians & Others): John Garvey, San Francisco Police Department (San Francisco: Arcadia Publishing, 2004); Kevin J. Mullen, Dangerous Strangers: Minority Newcomers and Criminal Violence in the Urban West, 1850-2000 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Kevin J. Mullen, Let Justice Be Done: Crime and Politics in Early San Francisco (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1989); Kevin J. Mullen, The Toughest Gang in Town: Police Stories from Old San Francisco (Novato, CA: Noir, 2005); Kevin J. Mullen, “Murder in Mexican San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 79 (Fall 2009), pp. 36-39 (1821-1831); Kevin Mullen, “Crime, Politics, and Punishment in Mexican San Francisco,” Califomians, Vol. 7, No. 5 (January/February 1990), pp. 46-55; Kevin J. Mullen, “Malachi Fallon, San Francisco’s First Chief of Police,” California History, Vol. 62, No. 2 (Summer 1983), pp. 100-105 (1849-1851); Kevin J. Mullen, Chinatown Squad: Policing the Dragon From the Gold Rush to the 21st Century (San Francisco: Noir Publications, 2008); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008), pp. 30-43 (1895-1910); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 2: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 71 (Fall 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 3: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 72 (Winter 2007); Kevin J. Mullen, “Chinatown Squad, Part 4: Policing the Ethnic Underworld of San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008); William B. Secrest, Dark and Tangled Threads of Crime: San Francisco’s Famous Police Detective, Isaiah W. Lees (Sanger, CA: Quill Driver Books, 2004); William B. Secrest, “Isaiah W. Lees,” American West, Vol. 17, No. 5 (1980), pp. 28-33; Edwin Atherton, Report to the 1937 Grand Jury on Graft in the San Francisco Police Department, Respectfully Submitted by Atherton and Dunn Investigations, March 17, 1937 (published in local newspapers in 1937 and digitally transcribed by Oakland historian Hank Chapot in 2011), available at http://www.smashwords.com/books/view/131865; Robert Graysmith, Zodiac (Berkeley: Rei Mti, 2007) (concerns the Zodiac serial murders of the late 1960s in San Francisco; just one of many books concerning the Zodiac case, which long went unsolved).  San Francisco Earthquake of 1906: Philip Fradkin, The Great Earthquake and Firestorms of 1906: How San Francisco Nearly Destroyed Itself (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2005) (denies that martial law was ever declared, discusses vigilantism by San Francisco elite); Tilmann J. Röder, From Industrial to Legal Standardization, 1871-1914: Transnational Insurance Law and the Great San Francisco Earthquake (Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV, 2011); “Of Earthquakes, Fires, and Lawsuits: A 1906 Trial in San Francisco,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), 81-150 (Levi Strauss Realty v. Transatlantic Fire Insurance Company (1906); insurer loses for failure to include “act of God” exclusion in policy); Kerry A. Odell & Marc D. Weidenmier, “Real Shock, Monetary Aftershock: The 1906 San Francisco Earthquake and the Panic of 1907,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 64, No. 4 (December 2004), pp. 1002-1027.  San Francisco Federal Courthouse: “Remarks of Judge W.W. Morrow at opening of the United States Post Office and court house, August 29, 1905,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), pp. 29-35 (San Francisco federal court house was dedicated in 1905, just in time for the great 1906 earthquake); William Deverell, “A Sense of the Time,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), pp. 53-60; August G. Headman, “An Architect’s View of the San Francisco Courthouse,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), pp. 23-28; Francis J. Dyer, “A Post Office That’s a Palace: Details Concerning the Magnificent Structure Uncle Sam has Built in San Francisco,” Western Legal History, Vol. 18, No. 1/2 (2005), pp. 15-21; Stephen J. Farneth, “ ‘A Post Office That’s a Palace’: U.S. Court of Appeals and Post Office Building,” Western Legal History, Vol. 1, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1988), pp. 57-77; J. Clifford Wallace, “The Seventh and Mission Courthouse: Past, Present, Future,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Fall 1992), pp. 3-6Various: Christian G. Fritz, “Politics and the Courts: The Struggle over Land in San Francisco, 1846-1866,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 1 (Winter 1986), pp. 127-164; Herbert Drummond, Squatter Activity in San Francisco, 1847-1854 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1952); Brian McGinty, Haraszthy at the Mint (Los Angeles: Dawson’s Book Shop, 1975) (tells the story of a famous 1850s federal trial in San Francisco arising from alleged embezzlement from the U.S. Mint); Thomas G. Barnes, Hastings College of the Law: The First Century (San Francisco: Hastings College of the Law Press, 1978); Richard W. Fox, “The Intolerable Deviance of the Insane: Civil Commitment in San Francisco, 1906-1929,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 20, No. 2 (April 1976), pp. 136-154; Woodrow C. Whitten, “The Trial of Charlotte Anita Whitney,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 15 (September 1946), pp. 286-294 (resulting in the U.S. Supreme Court case of Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357 (1927)); Philippa Strum, Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015); Haig Bomajian, Anita Whitney, Louis Brandeis, and the First Amendment (Fairleigh Dickenson University Press, 2010); Vincent Blasi, “The First Amendment and the Ideal of Civic Courage: The Brandeis Opinion in Whitney v. California,” William & Mary Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Summer 1988), pp. 653-698; Beth Slutsky, “Parlor Pink Turned Soapbox Red: The Trial of Charlotte Anita Whitney,” American Communist History, Vol. 9 (June 2010), pp. 35–59; Carolyn H. Luedtke, “On the Frontier of Change: A Legal History of the San Francisco Civil Rights Movement, 1944-1970,” Temple Political & Civil Rights Law Review, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Fall 2000), pp. 1-48; Sean Michael Parson, An Ungovernable Force?: Food Not Bombs, Homeless Activism and Politics in San Francisco, 1988-1995 (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, University of Oregon, 2010).  Vice, Sex Crimes & Scandals (see also Gays, Lesbians & Others; Chinese Americans): Jacqueline Baker-Barnhart, The Fair but Frail: Prostitution in San Francisco, 1849-1900 (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1986); Lynn M. Hudson, “‘Strong Animal Passions’ in the Gilded Age: Race, Sex, and a Senator on Trial,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 9, No. 1/2 (January/April 2000), pp. 62-84 (Senator William Sharon case, San Francisco, 1882-1892); Amanda H. Littauer, “The B-Girl Evil: Bureaucracy, Sexuality, and the Menace of Barroom Vice in Postwar California,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 12, No. 2 (April 2003), pp. 171-204 (concerns San Francisco liquor laws, and enterprising prostitutes preying on drunks, etc., 1950-1959); Josh Sides, “Excavating the Postwar Sex District in San Francisco,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 32, No. 3 (March 2006), pp. 355-379  (evolution of sex district and of definition of obscenity, etc.); Kenneth D. Rose, “Wettest in the West: San Francisco & Prohibition in 1924,” California History, Vol. 65, No. 4 (December 1986), pp. 284-295 (resistance to and lax enforcement of Prohibition laws in Frisco); Christopher M. Sterba, “Taming the Wild West in the Late 1940s,” California History, Vol. 92, No. 1 (Spring 2015), pp. 27-52 (concerns cleaning up gambling and other vice in the Bay Area community of El Cerrito)Vigilantes: John Boessenecker, Against the Vigilantes: The Recollections of Dutch Charley Duane (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999); Philip J. Ethington, The Public City: The Political Construction of Urban Life in San Francisco, 1850-1900 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (includes chapters on Committees of Vigilance); falseNancy S. Papin, Vigilante Justice and Civic Development in 1850s San Francisco (master’s thesis, History, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 2006); Philip J. Ethington, “Vigilantes and the Police: The Creation of a Professional Police Bureaucracy in San Francisco, 1847-1900,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 21, No. 2 (Winter 1987), pp. 197-227; John D. Gordan, III, Authorized by No Law: The San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1856 and the United States Circuit Court for the Districts of California (Pasadena and San Francisco: Ninth Judicial Circuit Historical Society and United States District Court for the Northern District of California Historical Society, 1987); Mary F. Williams, History of the San Francisco Committee of Vigilance of 1851: A Study of Social Control on the California Frontier in the Days of the Gold Rush (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1921); George R. Stewart, Committee of Vigilance: Revolution in San Francisco, 1851 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1964); Hubert H. Bancroft, Popular Tribunals, vol. I (San Francisco: The History Company, 1887) (discusses 1851 committee); Sherman M. Richards & George M. Blackburn, “The Sydney Ducks: A Demographic Analysis,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 42 (February 1973), pp. 20-31 (discusses 1851 committee); Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., ed., The San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856: Three Views (Los Angeles: The Los Angeles Westerners, 1971); Robert M. Senkewicz, Vigilantes in Gold Rush San Francisco (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1985); Ethel M. Tinneman, The Opposition to the San Francisco Vigilance Committee in 1856 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1941); Christian G. Fritz, “Popular Sovereignty, Vigilantism and the Constitutional Right of Revolution,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 1 (February 1994), pp. 39-66, reprinted in Gordon Morris Bakken & Brenda Farrington, eds., The American West (Hamden, CT.: Garland Publishing, 2000); William H. Ellison, A Self-Governing Dominion, 1849-1860 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1950) (discusses 1851 and 1856 committees); Braford Luckingham, Associational Life on the Urban Frontier: San Francisco, 1848-1856 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Davis, 1968); Richard M. Brown, Strain of Violence: Historical Studies of American Violence and Vigilantism (New York: Oxford University Press, 1975); David A. Williams, David C. Broderick: A Political Portrait (San Marino: Huntington Library, 1970); Kevin Starr, Americans and the California Dream, 1850-1915 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1973); Don Warner, “Anti-Corruption Crusade or ‘Businessman’s Revolution’? An Inquiry into the 1856 Vigilance Committee,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 403-441; “Shifting Interpretation of the San Francisco Vigilantes,” Journal of the West, Vol. 24, No. 1 (January 1985), pp. 39-46; Bruce L. Benson, “Reciprocal Exchange as the Basis for Recognition of Law: Examples from American History,” Journal of Libertarian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (Fall 1991), pp. 53-82 (discusses justice in Gold Rush mining camps along with SF vigilantism); Steven C. Levi, Committee of Vigilance: The San Francisco Chamber of Commerce Law and Order Committee, 1916-1919 - A Case Study of Official Hysteria (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1983); Henry Martin Gray, Judges and Criminals, Shadows of the Past: History of the Vigilance Committee of San Francisco, Cal., with the Names of its Officers (San Francisco: Printed for the author, 1858); Frank Meriweather Smith, San Francisco Vigilance Committee of ‘56 with some interesting sketches of events succeeding 1846 (San Francisco: Barry, Baird, 1883); Edward McGowan & Thomas C. Russell, Narrative of Edward McGowan, including a full account of the author’s adventures and perils while persecuted by the San Francisco vigilance committee of 1856, together with a report of his trial, which resulted in his acquittal (San Francisco: T.C. Russell, 1917 (reprint of 1857 original)); Darren A. Raspa, “Biggest Gang in Town: Grassroots Community Control and Law Enforcement in San Francisco, 1850–1920,” California History, Vol. 91, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 64-66.  Water, Especially Hetch Hetchy: James Passanisi, A Lost Cause: The Failure to Save Hetch Hetchy (honors thesis, Government, St. Lawrence University, 2006); Richard Lowitt, “The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, Phase II: The 1913 Senate Debate,” California History, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 190-203; Waverly B. Lowell, “Pollution, Production, and Power: Natural Resources, Society, and Technology,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 40-46; Kendrick A. Clements, “Politics and the Park: San Francisco’s Fight for Hetch Hetchy, 1908-1913,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (May 1979), pp. 185-215; David C. Frederick, Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the American West, 1891-1941 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (includes discussion of the Hetch Hetchy battle); Robert M. Searls, San Francisco Water Rights on the Tuolomne River: Summary of the Laws and the Evidence Establishing the Same, with Bibliography, Tables and References (San Francisco: ?, 1925); Katha G. Hartley, “Spring Valley Water Works v. San Francisco: Defining Economic Rights in San Francisco,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1990), pp. 287-308.  Women: Edith Sparks, “Married Women and Economic Choice: Explaining Why Women Started Businesses in San Francisco between 1890 and 1930,” Business & Economic History, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 1999), pp. 287-300 (discusses legal and other implications of women’s ownership of property and businesses); Edith Eleanor Sparks, Capital Instincts: The Economics of Female Proprietorship in San Francisco, 1850-1920 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999); Brenda Elaine Pillors, The Criminalization of Prostitution in the United States: The Case of San Francisco, 1854-1919 (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, 1982; Carol Haber, The Trials of Laura Fair: Sex, Murder, and Insanity in the Victorian West (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013) (sensational 1870 San Francisco murder); Susan Englander,  Class Conflict and Coalition in the California Woman Suffrage Movement, 1907-1912: The San Francisco Wage Earners’ Suffrage League (Lewiston, NY: Mellen, 1992); Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: Free Press, 1985) (includes examples from Los Angeles and San Francisco).

[417] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 218-221. Perhaps the one exception is Richard R. Powell, Compromises of Conflicting Claims: A Century of California Law, 1760-1860 (Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications, 1977).

[418] John Galvin & Lawton Kennedy, The Coming of Justice to California: Three Documents (San Francisco: John Howell Books, 1963) (provides translated text of significant Spanish or Mexican statutes, decrees, and other legal documents regarding Alta California); Felipe de Neve & John Everett Johnson, Regulations for Governing the Province of the Californias, Approved by His Majesty by Royal order, dated October 24, 1781 (San Francisco: The Grabhorn Press, 1929); Felipe de Neve & Salvador Bernabéu Albert, Reglamento para el gobierno de la provincia de Californias 1781 (Madrid: Doce Callas, 1994); State of California, Leyes de California: aprobadas en la sesta sesión de la Legislatura que comenzó el día primero de enero del año de 1855, y concluýo el día septimo de mayo del mismo año en la ciudad de Sacramento (Sacramento: B. Redding, 1855); Iris Wilson Engstrand, The Legal Heritage of Spanish California (Santa Barbara: Santa Barbara Mission Archive-Library, 1994); Harry C. Hopkins, Sketch of Spanish, Mexican and Early California Laws Governing San Diego (?: ?, 1929); J. Halleck & William E. P. Hartnell, Translation and digest of such portions of the Mexican laws of March 20th and May 23d, 1837, as are supposed to be still in force and adapted to the present condition of California  (San Francisco: Printed at the Office of the Alta Californian, 1849); Francis Guest, “Mission Colonization and Political Control in Spanish California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 97-116 (1700-1799 and Spain’s Laws of the Indies regarding indigenous peoples as practiced in Alta California); David Piñera Ramírez, “Commentary on Francis Guest’s Paper “Mission Colonization and Political Control in Spanish California,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 24, No. 1 (March 1978), pp. 117-120; Jennifer A. Lucido, “Heroes in These New Lands,” Boletín: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2014), pp. 82-105 (Spain’s Royal Regulation of 1772 and its impact upon the Californios); Daniel J. Garr, “Power and Priorities: Church-State Boundary Disputes in Spanish California,” California History, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Winter 1978/1979), pp. 364-375 (1775-1800); Theodore Grivas, “Alcalde Rule: The Nature of Local Government in Spanish and Mexican California,” California Historical Society Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 1 (March 1961), pp. 11-32; Steven W. Hackel, “The Staff of Leadership: Indian Authority in the Missions of Alta California,” The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 54, No. 2 (April 1997), pp. 347-376 (discusses Indians as alcaldes (judges) under Spanish & Mexican rule, 1769-1849); Richard L. Carrico, “Spanish Crime and Punishment: The Native American Experience in Colonial San Diego, 1769-1830,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 21-34; Robert M. Senkewicz, “The End of the 1824 Chumash Revolt in Alta California: Father Vincente Sarría’s Account,” The Americas, Vol. 53 (October 1996), pp. 273-283; C. Alan Hutchinson, “The Mexican Government and the Mission Indians of Upper California, 1821-1835,” The Americas (1965), pp. 335-362; Doyce B. Nunis, Jr., “The 1811 San Diego Trial of the Mission Indian Nazario,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1991), pp. 47-58; David J. Langum, “The Legal System of Spanish California: A Preliminary Study,” Western Legal History, Vol. 7, No. 1 (1994), pp. 1-23 (1769-1822); Myra K. Saunders, “California Legal History: A Review of Spanish and Mexican Legal Institutions,” Law Library Journal, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Summer 1995), pp. 487-514; David J. Langum, Law and Community on the Mexican California Frontier: Anglo-American Expatriates and the Clash of Legal Traditions, 1821-1846 (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987); Harlan Hague & David J. Langum, Thomas O. Larkin: A Life of Patriotism and Profit in Old California (University of Oklahoma Press, 1990); Diane Spencer Pritchard, “Joint Tenants of the Frontier: Russian/Hispanic Interactions in Alta California, 1812-1841,” Californians, Vol. 9 (March/April 1992); Lisbeth Haas, “Emancipation and the Meaning of Freedom in Mexican California,” Boletín: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association, Vol. 20, No. 1 (2003); Karen Clay, “Trade without Law: Private-Order Institutions in Mexican California,” Journal of Law, Economics & Organization, Vol. 13, No. 1 (April 1997), pp. 202-231; Rose Marie Beebe & Robert M. Senkewicz, eds. & transls., Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2006); Peter Thomas Conmy, The Historic Spanish Origin of California’s Community Property Law and its Development and Adaptation to Meet the Needs of an American State (San Francisco: Grand Parlor, Native Sons of the Golden West, 1957); Walter Loewy, “The Spanish Community of Acquests and Gains and Its Adoption and Modification by the State of California,” California Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 1912), pp. 32-45 (concerns origins of community property law in California and other U.S. states); R. H. Allen, “The Spanish Land Grant System as an Influence in the Agricultural Development of California,” Agricultural History, Vol. 9, No. 3 (1935), pp. 127-142; Antonia I. Castañeda, Presidarias y Pobladoras: Spanish-Mexican Women in Frontier Monterey, Alta California, 1770-1821 (doctoral dissertation, History, Stanford University, 1990) (discusses Spanish Law of the Indies and other governmental enactments, as well as canon law and other law regarding marriage, as applied to women of various ethnic backgrounds in colonial Alta California); Gloria E. Miranda, “Gente de Razón Marriage Patterns in Spanish and Mexican California: A Case Study of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 1-21; Maria R. Casas, Married to a Daughter of the Land: Spanish-Mexican Women and Interethnic Marriage in California, 1820-1880 (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007); Daniel J. Garr, “A Rare and Desolate Land: Population and Race in Hispanic California,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 6, No. 2 (April 1975), pp. 133-148; Michael C. Meyer, Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550-1850 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984); Dion G. Dyer, “California Beach Access: The Mexican Law and the Public Trust,” Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1972), pp. 571-612; Myra K. Saunders & Jennifer Lentz, “Chapter 5 — California Legal History Revisited: Researching the Spanish, Mexican, and Early American Periods,” in Michael Chiorazzi & Marguerite Most, eds., Prestatehood Legal Materials: A Fifty-State Research Guide, Including New York City and the District of Columbia (New York: Routledge, 2013); Peter L. Reich, The Law of the United States-Mexico Border: Cases and Materials (forthcoming, Carolina Academic Press, 2016).

[419] Jennifer A. Lucido, “Plotting Out the Land,” Boletín: Journal of the California Mission Studies Association, Vol. 30, No. 1 (2014), pp. 150-151 (1821-1848, discusses the history of Diseños, maps of land grants required under Mexican law); Geoffrey P. Mawn, “‘Agrimensor y Arquitecto’: Jasper O’Farrell’s Surveying in Mexican California,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 1-12; Crisostomo N. Perez, Land Grants in Alta California: A Compilation of Spanish and Mexican Private Land Claims in the State of California (Rancho Cordova, CA: Landmark Enterprises, 1996); see also Albert Shumate, ed., The Dictation of Mariano Malarin Whose Life Spanned Two Cultures (Menlo Park, CA: De Anza College, 1980) (touches on land litigation among other topics).

[420] Kevin J. Mullen, “Murder in Mexican San Francisco,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 79 (Fall 2009), pp. 36-39 (1821-1831); Kevin Mullen, “Crime, Politics, and Punishment in Mexican San Francisco,” Califomians, Vol. 7, No. 5 (January/February 1990), pp. 46-55; Brian T. McCormack, “Conjugal Violence, Sex, Sin, and Murder in the Mission Communities of Alta California,” Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 16, No. 3 (September 2007), pp. 391-415.

[421] Peter L. Reich, “The Historical, Comparative, and Convergence Trifecta in International Water Law: A Mexico-U.S. Example,” Environmental Law Reporter, Vol. 43 (2013), pp. 10509-10513; Peter L. Reich, “Introduction,” in John A. Rockwell, A Compilation of Spanish and Mexican Law: In Relation to Mines, and Titles to Real Estate, in Force in California, Texas and New Mexico (1851; reissued by Lawbook Exchange, 2011); Peter L. Reich, “California Legal History Manuscripts in the Huntington Library: An Update,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 323-336; Peter L. Reich, “California y Los Demás Estados del Suroeste Estadounidense,” in Patricia Galeana & Daniel Barceló (eds.), Historia de las instituciones jurídicas 69 (UNAM/Senado de la República, 2010); Peter L. Reich, “El Constitucionalismo Mexicano en la Constitución y Derecho de Aguas de California,” in Patricia Galeana, ed., El Constitucionalismo Mexicano: Influencias Continentales y Trasatlanticas 63 (Siglo XXI/Senado del la República, 2010); Peter L. Reich, “Siete Partidas in My Saddlebags: The Transmission of Hispanic Law from Antebellum Louisiana to Texas and California,” Tulane European & Civil Law Forum, Vol. 22 (2007), pp. 79-88; Peter L. Reich, “Dismantling the Pueblo: Hispanic Municipal Land Rights in California Since 1850,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 45, No. 4 (October 2001), pp. 353-370; Peter L. Reich, “Western Courts and the Privatization of Hispanic Mineral Rights Since 1850: An Alchemy of Title,” Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Vol. 23 (1998), pp. 57-87; Peter L. Reich, Sources for Judging Judges: State Supreme Court Archives in the Southwest,” Western Legal History, Vol. 10, No. 1/2 (1997), pp. 79-83; Peter L. Reich, “Mission Revival Jurisprudence: State Courts and Hispanic Water Law Since 1850,” Washington Law Review, Vol. 69 (October 1994), pp. 869-925, reprinted in Peter L. Reich, “Mission Revival Jurisprudence: California Courts and Hispanic Water Law Since 1850,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 3-48; see also Peter L., Reich, The History of Juridical Institutions in California and the Other Southwestern States, in Historia de las instituciones jurídicas de los estados de la republica mexicana, Honorable Senado de Los Estados Unidos Mexicanos, ed., Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas, UNAM, forthcoming; Whittier Law School Research Paper No. 09-10, available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1494502; Peter L. Reich, The Law of the United States-Mexico Border: Cases and Materials (forthcoming, Carolina Academic Press, 2015).

[422] Jack Citrin & Isaac William Martin, eds., After the Tax Revolt: California’s Proposition 13 Turns 30 (Berkeley: Berkeley Public Policy Press, 2009); Isaac William Martin, The Permanent Tax Revolt: How the Property Tax Transformed American Politics (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2008); Isaac William Martin, “Proposition 13 Fever: How California’s Tax Limitation Spread,” California Journal of Politics & Policy, Vol. 1, No. 1 (2009), pp. 1-17; Terry Schwadron & Paul Richter, California and the American Tax Revolt: Proposition 13 Five Years Later (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984); Susan B. Hansen, “Middle-Range Theory and the Long-Range Impact of Tax Policy Change: Some Recent Evidence from the American States,” American Politics Quarterly, Vol. 19, No. 4 (October 1991), pp. 485 (1980-1989; discusses effects of Cal. Prop. 13 in context of federal Tax Reform Act of 1986); Frederick D. Stocker, ed., Proposition 13 – A Ten-Year Retrospective (Cambridge, MA: The Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1991).

[423] Allen G. Wright, “California State Tax on Corporate Franchises,” California Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 2 (1913), pp. 91-131; Julia Bricklin, “Claude Parker: L.A.’s First Taxman,” California History, Vol. 91, No. 3 (Fall 2014), pp. 19-41 (1909-1913); Becky M. Nicolaides, “The Neighborhood Politics of Class in a Working-Class Suburb of Los Angeles, 1920–1940,” Journal of Urban History, Vol. 30, No. 3 (March 2004), pp. 428-451 (concerns rebellion of South Gate’s working class homeowners against Mattoon Act of 1925, a state property tax measure); James P. Echols, “Jackson Ralston and the Last Single Tax Campaign,” California History, Vol. 58, No. 3 (1979), pp. 256-263 (1932-1938; legal and political disputes over Depression-era state tax policies); James E. Hartley, Steven Sheffrin & J. David Vasche, “Reform During Crisis: The Transformation of California’s Tax System during the Great Depression,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 56, No. 3 (1996), pp. 657-678; Arlene Lazarowitz, “Hiram W. Johnson: The Old Progressive and New Deal Taxation,” California History, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Winter 1990/1991), pp. 342-353; Eric Hoyt, “Hollywood and the Income Tax, 1929-1955,” Film History, Vol. 22, No. 1 (2010), pp. 5-21; Report of the Senate Interim Committee on State and Local Taxation: Part Two — A Legal History of Property Taxation in California (Sacramento: Senate of the State of California, 1951); Mirit Eyal-Cohen, “Preventive Tax Policy: Chief Justice Roger J. Traynor’s Tax Philosophy,” California Legal History, Vol. 3 (2008), pp. 155-184; Rebecca Conard, The Conservation of Local Autonomy: California’s Agricultural Land Policies, 1900-1966 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1984) (discusses emergence of California Land Conservation Act of 1965 and Property Tax Assessment Reform Act of 1966); Jeff Cummins, “An Empirical Analysis of California Budget Gridlock,” State Politics & Policy Quarterly, Vol. 12, No. 1 (March 2012), pp. 23-42 (1901- 2008; long background of Prop. 98 (1988) regarding mandatory K-12 education spending); Gordon Medard Seely, Jr., The History of Private School Tax Exemption in California (master’s thesis, History, Stanford University, 1958); Chris Micheli, “SBE Regulation 1525.3: A Historical Look at Leased Property Transactions under the Manufacturers’ Partial Sales/Use Tax Exemption in California,” Journal of State Taxation, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Fall 1997), pp. 43-50; Dixwell L. Pierce, “California State Board of Equalization - Its History and Organization,” Tax Executive, Vol. 9, No. 2 (January 1957), pp. 216-221; Steven M. Shefrin, “Tax Reform Commissioners in the Sweep of California’s Fiscal History,” Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Summer 2010), pp. 661-688; Garin Burbank, “Speaker Moretti, Governor Reagan, and the Search for Tax Reform in California, 1970-1972,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 61, No. 2 (May 1992), pp. 193-214; Garin Burbank, “Governor Reagan’s Only Defeat: The Proposition 1 Campaign in 1973,” California History, Vol. 72, No. 4 (Winter 1993/1994), pp. 360-373 (concerns a tax initiative); Alexander H. Pope & Max E. Goodrich, “California Property Tax Exemptions, Exclusions, Immunities, and Restrictions on Fair Market Valuation — Or, Whatever Became of Full Value Assessment,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 18, No. 3 (1987), pp. 943-968; Daniel L. Simmons, “California Tax Collection: Time for Reform,” Santa Clara Law Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (2008), pp. 279-352; Darien Shanske, “Public Tax Dollars for Private Suburban Development: A First Report on a National Phenomenon,” Virginia Tax Review, Vol. 26 (Winter 2007), pp. 709-767; Bronwyn H. Hall & Marta Wosinska, The California R&D Tax Credit: Description, History, and Economic Analysis (Sacramento: California Council on Science and Technology, 1999); David R. Doerr, California’s Tax Machine: A History of Taxing and Spending in the Golden State (Sacramento: California Taxpayers’ Association, 2000); California State Board of Equalization, Publication 216: The First 100 Years, available at https://boe.ca.gov/info/pub216/index.html.

[424] Mark T. Kanazawa, “Taxation with (?): Representation: The Political Economy of Public Finance in Antebellum California,” Research in Economic History, Vol. 26 (2009), pp. 205-233; Mark T. Kanazawa, “Immigration, Exclusion, and Taxation: Anti-Chinese Legislation in Gold Rush California,” Journal of Economic History, Vol. 65, No. 3 (September 2005), pp. 779-805; W. Summer Holbrook, Jr. & Francis O’Neill, “California Property Tax Trends: 1850-1950,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 24, No. 3 (April 1951), pp. 252-285 (part I); W. Summer Holbrook, Jr. & Francis O’Neill, “California Property Tax Trends: 1850-1950,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 24, No. 4 (July 1951), pp. 428-463; W. Summer Holbrook, Jr. & Francis O’Neill, “California Property Tax Trends: 1850-1950,” Southern California Law Review, Vol. 25, No. 4 (July 1952), pp. 395-418.

[425] John J. Kirlin & David R. Winkler, eds., California Policy Choices, vol. VII (Sacramento: University of Southern California Sacramento Center, 1991).

[426] Norris Hundley, Jr., Dividing the Waters: A Century of Controversy Between the United States and Mexico (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966); Norris Hundley, Jr., The American West: Frontier and Region (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969); Norris Hundley, Jr., Water and the West: The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the American West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975); Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: Californians and Water, 1770s-1990s (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992; revised edition, 2001); Norris Hundley, Jr., “Clio Nods: Arizona v. California and the Boulder Canyon Act - A Reassessment,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Spring 1972), pp. 17-51 (1928-1963); Norris Hundley, Jr., “The Dark and Bloody Ground of Indian Water Rights: Confusion Elevated to Principle,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 9, No. 4 (October 1978), pp. 454-482; Norris Hundley, Jr., “The ‘Winters’ Decision and Indian Water Rights: A Mystery Reexamined,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 13, No. 1 (January 1982), pp. 17-42; Norris Hundley, Jr., “The West Against Itself,” in Gary D. Weatherford & F. Lee Brown, eds., New Courses for the Colorado River (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1986), pp. 9-49; Norris Hundley, Jr., “The Great American Desert Transformed: Aridity, Exploitation and Imperialism in the Making of the Modern American West,” in Mohamed T. El Ashry & Diana C. Gibbons, eds., Water and the Arid Lands of the United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1988/2009); John Caughey & Norris Hundley, Jr., California: History of a Remarkable State (4th edition) (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc., 1982); see also Donald J. Pisani, “Remembering Norris Hundley,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 131-138.

[427] Fritz & Bakken, pp. 203-204.

[428] William L. Kahrl, Water and Power: The Conflict over Los Angeles’ Water Supply in the Owens Valley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982); Abraham Hoffman, Vision or Villainy: Origins of the Owens Valley-Los Angeles Water Controversy (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1981); Robert W. de Roos, The Thirsty Land: The Story of the Central Valley Project (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1948; reprinted edition, Washington, DC: Beard Books, 2000).

[429] Norris Hundley, Jr., Water and the West: The Colorado River Compact and the Politics of Water in the American West (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1975).

[430] Mary Catherine Miller, Law and Entrepreneurship in California: Miller and Lux and California Water Law, 1879-1928 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1982).

[431] Donald J. Pisani, From the Family Farm to Agribusiness: The Irrigation Crusade in California and the West, 1850-1931 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984).

[432] Fritz & Bakken, p. 204.

[433] M. Catherine Miller, Flooding the Courtrooms: Law and Water in the Far West (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1993) (especially focuses on Lux v. Haggin (1886) in a wider historical and policy context); see also M. Catherine Miller, “Riparian Rights and the Control of Water in California, 1879-1928: The Relationship between an Agricultural Enterprise and Legal Change,” Agricultural History, Vol. 59, No. 1 (Winter 1985), pp. 1-24 (1879-1928; Lux v. Haggin (1886) and aftermath); David Igler, “When Is a River Not a River? Reclaiming Nature’s Disorder in Lux v. Haggin,” Environmental History, Vol. 1, No. 2 (April 1996), pp. 52-69 (1860-1890); Barney Hope & Michael Sheehan, Institutional Development of Water Supply in California: The Miller-Lux Water Monopoly Controversy (Oakdale, Iowa: Institute of Urban and Regional Research, University of Iowa, 1983).

[434] Norris Hundley, Jr., The Great Thirst: California and Water — A History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992/2001) (includes litigation over water among other matters in comprehensive treatment of topic); see also Hundley’s various publications listed at the beginning of this section.

[435] Donald Pisani, To Reclaim a Divided West: Water, Law, and Public Policy, 1848-1902 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992); Donald J. Pisani, Water, Land, & Law in the West: The Limits of Public Policy, 1850-1920 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1996); Donald J. Pisani, “Water Law Reform in California: 1900-1913,” Agricultural History, Vol. 54, No. 2 (April 1980), pp. 295-317; Donald J. Pisani, “Land Monopoly in Nineteenth-Century California,” Agricultural History, Vol. 65, No. 4 (Autumn 1991), pp. 15-37; Donald J. Pisani, “Squatter Law in California, 1850-1858,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 25, No. 3 (Autumn 1994), pp. 277-310; Donald J. Pisani, “George Maxwell, the Railroads, and American Land Policy, 1899-1904,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No. 2 (May 1994), pp. 177-202; Donald J. Pisani, “‘I Am Resolved Not to Interfere, but Permit All to Work Freely’: The Gold Rush and American Resource Law,” California History, Vol. 77, No. 4 (Winter 1998/1999), pp. 123-148 (1848-1886); Donald J. Pisani, “The Origins of Western Water Law: Case Studies from Two California Mining Districts,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 3 (Fall 1991), pp. 242-257 (1851-1862); see also Sterling Evans, “Donald Pisani,” Environmental History, Vol. 15, No. 4 (October 2010), pp. 722-739.

[436] Michael C. Meyer, Water in the Hispanic Southwest: A Social and Legal History, 1550-1850 (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1984); Hans W. Baade, “Roman Law in the Water, Mineral and Public Land law of the Southwestern United States,” American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Fall 1992), pp. 865-878; Eric B. Kunkel, “The Spanish Law of Waters in the United States: From Alfonso the Wise to the Present Day,” McGeorge Law Review, Vol. 32 (Winter 2001), pp. 341-374; John F. Mann, “Pueblo Water Rights of the City of Los Angeles,” California Geology, Vol. 29, No. 12 (December 1976); Peter L. Reich, “Mission Revival Jurisprudence: State Courts and Hispanic Water Law Since 1850,” Washington Law Review, Vol. 69 (October 1994), pp. 869-925, reprinted in Peter L. Reich, “Mission Revival Jurisprudence: California Courts and Hispanic Water Law Since 1850,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 3-48;

[437] Mark T. Kanazawa, Golden Rules: The Origins of California Water Law in the Gold Rush (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2015); Mark T. Kanazawa, “Efficiency in Western Water Law: The Development of the California Doctrine, 1850–1911,” Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 27, No. 1 (January 1998), pp. 159-184); Mark T. Kanazawa, “Investment in Private Water Development: Property Rights and Contractual Opportunism during the California Gold Rush,” Explorations in Economic History, Vol. 43, No. 2 (April 2006), pp. 357-381; Douglas R. Littlefield, “Water Rights During the California Gold Rush: Conflicts over Economic Points of View,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 14, No. 4 (October 1983), pp. 415-434 (dispute between theories of free water access for miners and commodification for sale by corporate interests).

[438] James Passanisi, A Lost Cause: The Failure to Save Hetch Hetchy (honors thesis, Government, St. Lawrence University, 2006); Richard Lowitt, “The Hetch Hetchy Controversy, Phase II: The 1913 Senate Debate,” California History, Vol. 74, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 190-203; Waverly B. Lowell, “Pollution, Production, and Power: Natural Resources, Society, and Technology,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 1 (Spring 1996), pp. 40-46; Kendrick A. Clements, “Politics and the Park: San Francisco’s Fight for Hetch Hetchy, 1908-1913,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 48, No. 2 (May 1979), pp. 185-215; David C. Frederick, Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the American West, 1891-1941 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (includes discussion of Hetch Hetchy litigation); Robert M. Searls, San Francisco Water Rights on the Tuolomne River: Summary of the Laws and the Evidence Establishing the Same, with Bibliography, Tables and References (San Francisco: ?, 1925).

[439] Jack L. August, Jr., Dividing Western Waters: Mark Wilmer and Arizona v. California (Fort Worth: TCU Press, 2007) (tells the story of the major litigation from the Arizona perspective through the life of a key participant); Reuel Leslie Olson, The Colorado River Compact (Los Angeles: Neuner Corporation, 1926) (extensive, detailed coverage of the agreement); Jack L. August, Jr., “Water, Politics, and the Arizona Dream: Carl Hayden and the Modern Origins of the Central Arizona Project, 1922-1963,” Journal of Arizona History, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Winter 1999), pp. 391-414; Daniel Tyler, “Delph E. Carpenter and the Principle of Equitable Apportionment,” Western Legal History, Vol. 9, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1996), pp. 35–53 (Colorado River Compact); Evan Ward, “The Twentieth-Century Ghosts of William Walker: Conquest of Land and Water as Central Themes in the History of the Colorado River Delta,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 70, No. 3 (August 2001), pp. 359-385; Lawrence J. MacDonnell, “Arizona v. California Revisited,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 52 (Fall 2012), pp. 363-420; Jason A. Robison, “Colorado River Water in Southern California: Evolution of the Allocation Framework, 1922-2014,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 139-184; David C. Frederick, Rugged Justice: The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals in the American West, 1891-1941 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994) (discusses the Colorado River Compact among other topics). See also, of course, the works of Norris Hundley listed at the beginning of the section on Water.

[440] Robert Kelley, Battling the Inland Sea: American Political Culture, Public Policy, and the Sacramento Valley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989); Paul S. Taylor, “Water, Land, and People in the Great Valley — Is It True That What We Learn from History Is That We Learn Nothing from History?,” American West, Vol. 5, No. 2 (1968), pp. 24- 69, 68-72, reprinted in William F. Donnelly, ed., American Economic Growth: The Historic Challenge (New York: MSS Information Corporation, 1973),  pp. 158-177 (1800-1999; Central Valley and Delta water issues); Paul S. Taylor, “Central Valley Project: Water and Land,” Western Political Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 2 (1949), pp. 228-253); Andrew Rolle, “Turbulent Waters: Navigation and California’s Southern Central Valley,” California History, Vol. 75, No. 2, (Summer 1996), pp. 128-137 (1840-1890); Robert Kelley, “Taming the Sacramento: Hamiltonianism in Action,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 34, No. 1 (February 1965), pp. 21-49 (1850-1945; flood control on Sacramento River, including state and federal agencies); Arthur F. McEvoy, “The Agency of Law in Natural Disaster: A Historical Analysis,” Environmental and Energy Law & Policy Journal, Vol. 6 (Fall 2011), pp. 157-180 (discusses California sardine fisheries and Sacramento Valley floods among other topics); Alten B. Davis, The Excess Land Law in the Central Valley of California (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1962) (law in question also concerned water rights); Julie Sze et al., “Defining and Contesting Environmental Justice: Socio-Natures and the Politics of Scale in the Delta,” Antipode, Vol. 41, No. 4 (September 2009), pp. 807-843 (1860-2009); W. Turrentine Jackson and Alan M. Paterson, The Sacramento - San Joaquin Delta: The Evolution and Implementation of Water Policy: An Historical Perspective (Davis: University of California, California Water Resources Center, 1977); Alan M. Paterson, “Water Quality, Water Rights, and History in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta: A Public Historian’s Perspective,” Western Legal History, Vol. 9, No. 1 (1996), pp. 75-96 (1920-1994); Lawrence B. Lee, “California Water Politics: Opposition to the CVP, 1944-1980,” Agricultural History, Vol. 54, No. 3 (July 1980), pp. 402-423 (Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta Central Valley Project, federal project first approved in 1933); Nathan Matthews, “Rewatering the San Joaquin River: A Summary of the Friant Dam Litigation,” Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 34 (2007), pp. 1109-1135; Dave Owen, “Law, Environmental Dynamism, Reliability: The Rise and Fall of CALFED,” Environmental Law, Vol. 37, No. 4 (Fall 2007), pp. 1145-1216 (more regarding Central Valley Project); Roderick E. Walston, “The Supreme Court’s Changed Perspective of Federal-State Water Relations: A Personal Memoir of the New Melones Case,” Journal of the West, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1990), pp. 28-39 (discusses litigation concerning the Central Valley Project); Harrison Dunning, “Confronting the Environmental Legacy of Irrigated Agriculture in the West: The Case of the Central Valley Project,” Environmental Law, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1993), pp. 943-970; Martin D. Mitchell, “Land and Water Policies in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta,” Geographical Review, Vol. 84, No. 4 (October 1994), pp. 411-423; Elizabeth Ann Rieke, “The Bay-Delta Accord: A Stride toward Sustainability,” University of Colorado Law Review, Vol. 67, No. 2 (1996), pp. 341-370 (concerns application of federal Endangered Species Act and Clean Water Act to Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta); Janis M. Carey & David L. Sunding, “Emerging Markets in Water: A Comparative Institutional Analysis of the Central Valley and Colorado-Big Thompson Projects,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Spring 2001), pp. 283-328.

[441] Gary D. Libecap, Owens Valley Revisited: A Reassessment of the West’s First Great Water Transfer (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2007) (land use and water rights reallocation, 1935-2006, etc.); Gary D. Libecap, Rescuing Water Markets: Lessons from Owens Valley (Bozeman, MT: PERC, 2005); Robert A. Sauder, The Lost Frontier: Water Diversion in the Growth and Destruction of Owens Valley Agriculture (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994); Abraham Hoffman, “Water Famine or Water Needs: Los Angeles and Population Growth, 1896-1905,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Fall 2000), pp. 257-278; Clay Stalls, “Damna Absque Injuria: Reparations in the Owens Valley Water Wars,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 90, No. 2 (Summer 2008), pp. 159-188; John Walton, Western Times and Water Wars: State, Culture, and Rebellion in California (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992);  John Walton, “Picnic at Alabama Gates: The Owens Valley Rebellion, 1904-1927,” California History, Vol. 65, No. 3, (September 1986), pp. 192-206; Remi Nadeau, “The Water War,” American Heritage, Vol. 13, No. 1 (December 1961), pp. 30-107 (1900-1919; book excerpt); Richard Coke Wood, The Owens Valley and the Los Angeles Water Controversy: Owens Valley as I Knew It (Stockton: University of the Pacific, 1973); R. Coke Wood, “Owens Valley as I Knew It,” Pacific Historian, Vol. 16, No. 2 (Summer 1972); Robert A. Pearce, The Owens Valley Controversy & A.A. Brierly: The Untold Story (Lincoln, NB: Dageforde Publishing, 1999); Los Angeles Department of Water and Power, Facts Concerning the Owens Valley Reparations Claims: For the Information of the People of California (Los Angeles: The Dept., 1925); Charles Ellis Delamater, The Owens Valley, City of Los Angeles Water Controversy: An Oral History Examination of the Events of the 1920s and the 1970s (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1977); Patricia Kircher, Policy Networks Involved in the Los Angeles-Owens Valley Water Wars: 1905-1998 (doctoral dissertation, Public Administration, University of La Verne, 2004); Gordon Riedesel Miller, Los Angeles and the Owens River Aqueduct (doctoral dissertation, History, Claremont Graduate School, 1978); Paul Soifer, The Owens River Gorge Power Project and Fish Life: An Administrative History, 1905-1969 (?: ?, 1986).

[442] John Hart, Storm Over Mono: The Mono Lake Battle and the California Water Future (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996) (covers political and legal battles of recent decades); Randal David Orton, Inventing the Public Trust Doctrine: California Water Law and the Mono Lake Controversy (doctoral dissertation, Environmental Science & Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 1992); Michael C. Blumm & Thea Schwartz, “Mono Lake and the Evolving Public Trust in Western Water,” Arizona Law Review, Vol. 37, No. 3 (1995), pp. 701-738; Silvia Chang et al., The Mono Lake Controversy: An Investigation of the Issues (?: ?, 1984); Scott Stine, Historic and Modern Distribution of Shore-Fringing Wetlands, Mono Lake, California: A Report to the California State Water Resources Control Board and Jones and Stokes, Associates, Sacramento (Sacramento: California State Water Resources Control Board, Division of Water Rights, 1993).

[443] William Blomquist, Dividing the Waters: Governing Groundwater in Southern California (San Francisco: ICS Press, 1992) (the development of basin-level subsurface water management as an alternative to centralized control); William Blomquist, “Crafting Water Constitutions in California,” in Filippo Sabetti, et al., eds., The Practice of Constitutional Development: Vincent Ostrom’s Quest to Understand Human Affairs (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books,  2009) (analysis of polycentric systems approach applied to groundwater basin constitutions) Joseph L. Sax, “We Don’t Do Groundwater: A Morsel of California Legal History,” University of Denver Water Law Review, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Spring 2003), pp. 269-317; Robert G. Dunbar, “The Adaptation of Groundwater-Control Institutions to the Arid West,” Agricultural History, Vol. 51, No. 4 (October 1977), pp. 662-680; Gregory S. Weber, “Twenty Years of Local Groundwater Export Legislation in California: Lessons from a Patchwork Quilt,” Natural Resources Journal, Volume 34, No. 3 (Summer 1994), pp. 657-750; Christina Valerino, The Public Trust Doctrine: Piecing Together California’s Groundwater Regulation (master’s thesis, Urban Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University, 2015); Rebecca L. Nelson, “Assessing Local Planning to Control Groundwater Depletion: California as a Microcosm of Global Issues,” Water Resources Research, Vol. 48, No. 1 (2012); W. Douglas Kari, “Groundwater Rights on Public Land in California,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 35, No. 6 (July 1984), pp. 1007-1040; Wells A. Hutchins, “California Ground Water: Legal Problems,” California Law Review, Vol. 45, No. 5 (December 1957), pp. 688-697.

[444] Clifford J. Villa, “California Dreaming: Water Transfers from the Pacific Northwest,” Environmental Law, Vol. 23, No. 3 (1993), pp. 997-1026; Terrence M. Cole, “Wally Hickel’s Big Garden Hose: The Alaska Water Pipeline to California,” Pacific Northwest Quarterly, Vol. 86, No. 2, Spring 1995, pp. 59-71.

[445] Harry N. Scheiber, "Public Rights and the Rule of Law in American Legal History," California Law Review, Vol. 72 (1984), pp. 217-251 (analysis of how the police power and eminent domain law in California and other state's laws have been developed in the jurisprudence of private rights, including water (and also mineral) rights, versus the regulatory power); Randal David Orton, Inventing the Public Trust Doctrine: California Water Law and the Mono Lake Controversy (doctoral dissertation, Environmental Science & Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, 1992); Christina Valerino, The Public Trust Doctrine: Piecing Together California’s Groundwater Regulation (master’s thesis, Urban Environmental Policy and Planning, Tufts University, 2015); Charles F. Wilkinson, “The Headwaters of the Public Trust: Some Thoughts on the Source and Scope of the Traditional Doctrine,” Environmental Law, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1989), pp. 425-472; Michael C. Blumm & Thea Schwartz, “Mono Lake and the Evolving Public Trust in Western Water,” Arizona Law Review, Vol. 37, No. 3 (1995), pp. 701-738; Michael C. Blumm, “Public Property and the Democratization of Western Water Law: A Modern View of the Public Trust Doctrine,” Environmental Law, Vol. 19, No. 3 (1989), pp. 573-604. For more on the public trust doctrine in contexts other than fresh water, see also C. E. Parker, “History, Politics and the Law of the California Tidelands Trust,” Western State University Law Review, Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 1977), pp. 149-198; Molly Selvin, “Ten Cents the Fifty Vara Lot: Hart v. Burnett and the Origins of the Public Trust Doctrine in California,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 1 (1994), pp. 145-152; see also Molly Selvin, This Tender and Delicate Business: The Public Trust Doctrine in American Law and Economic Policy, 1789-1920 (New York: Garland Publishing, 1987) (includes discussion of California); Joseph L. Sax, “Liberating the Public Trust Doctrine from its Historical Shackles,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 14, No. 2 (Winter 1980), pp. 185-194; Katherine E. Stone, “Sand Rights: A Legal System to Protect the Shores of the Sea,” Stetson Law Review, Vol. 29 (Winter 2000), pp. 709-732; Dion G. Dyer, “California Beach Access: The Mexican Law and the Public Trust,” Ecology Law Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 3 (1972), pp. 571-612; Frederico M. Cheever, “New Approach to Spanish and Mexican Land Grants and the Public Trust Doctrine: Defining the Property Interest Protected by the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo, A,” UCLA Law Review, Vol. 33, No. 5 (June 1985), pp. 1364-1409.

[446] Sue McClurg, Water and the Shaping of California (Sacramento: Water Education Foundation and Heyday Books, 2000); Wells A. Hutchins, The California Law of Water Rights (Sacramento: State of California Printing Division, 1956) (includes a compendious collection of earlier California water law cases, mostly from the 19th century); Gordon Miller, “Shaping California Water Law, 1781-1928,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 55, No. 1 (March 1973), pp. 9-42; Blake Gumprecht, “51 Miles of Concrete: The Exploitation and Transformation of the Los Angeles River,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 79, No. 4 (Winter 1997), pp. 431-486 (1781-1997); Harry N. Scheiber & Charles W. McCurdy, “Eminent-Domain Law and Western Agriculture, 1849-1900,” Agricultural History, Vol. 49, No. 1 (January 1975), pp. 112-130; Peter L. Reich, “Mission Revival Jurisprudence: State Courts and Hispanic Water Law Since 1850,” Washington Law Review, Vol. 69 (October 1994), pp. 869-925, reprinted in Peter L. Reich, “Mission Revival Jurisprudence: California Courts and Hispanic Water Law Since 1850,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 3-48; Roderick E. Walston, “California Water Law: Historical Origins to the Present,” Whittier Law Review, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Summer 2008), pp. 765-826; Margaret Aseman Cooper, Land, Water, and Settlement in Kern County, California, 1850-1890 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1954); Richard Parker, “Water Supply for Urban Southern California: An Historical and Legal Perspective,” Glendale Law Review, Vol. 8, pp. 1-66; Richard F. Kaufman, “The Anatomy of the Great California Water Debate,” Journal of the West, Vol. 34, No. 4 (October 1995), pp. 77-87 (1850-1990); Paul J. White, “Troubled Waters: Timbisha Shoshone, Miners, and Dispossession at Warm Spring,” Industrial Archeology, Vol. 32, No. 1 (2006), pp. 4-24 (1870-1950); Richard J. Orsi, “Railroads and Water in the Arid Far West: The Southern Pacific Company as a Pioneer Water Developer,” California History, Vol. 70, No. 1 (Spring 1991 ), pp. 46-61; Todd Shallat, Fresno’s Water Rivalry: Competition for a Scarce Resource, 1887-1970 (Chicago: Public Works Historical Society, 1979); Todd Shallat, Water and the Rise of Public Ownership on the Fresno Plain, 1850 to 1978 (master’s thesis, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 1978); Alfred Clark, “The San Gabriel River: A Century of Dividing the Waters,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 52, No. 2 (June 1970), pp. 155-169; R. Louis Gentilcore, “Ontario, California and the Agricultural Boom of the 1880s,” Agricultural History, Vol. 34, No. 2 (Spring 1960), pp. 77-87; Kay Russell, “The Fallbrook Irrigation District Case,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 21, No. 2 (June 1975), pp. 23-40 (1886-1899; Fallbrook Irrigation Dist. v. Bradley, 164 U.S. 112 (1896)); A. Bower Sageser, “Los Angeles Hosts an International Irrigation Congress,” Journal of the West, Vol. 4, No. 3 (July 1965), pp. 411-424 (1891-1901); John W. Lantz, California Land, Water, and Law: A History of the Riverside Water Company, 1870 to 1983 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 2004); George William Beattie, Origin and Early Development of Water Rights in the East San Bernardino Valley (Redlands, CA: San Bernardino Valley Water Conservation District, 1951); Donald J. Pisani, Storm over the Sierra: A Study in Western Water Use (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Davis, 1975) (concerns the Truckee River and competition between Nevada and California over its use).

[447] Tanis C. Thorne, “Indian Water Rights in Southern California in the Progressive Era: A Case Study,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 199-228; East Contra Costa Irrigation District, Water Rights and Use of Water, 1914-1947 (Brentwood, CA: The District, 1948); Douglas R. Littlefield, “Jesse W. Carter and California Water Law: Guns, Dynamite, and Farmers, 1918-1939,” California Legal History, Vol. 4 (2009), pp. 341-371 (before his judicial career, Carter represented farmers and ranchers against hydroelectric power companies such as PG&E); An Abbreviated History of the Fight between the Lake County People and the Yolo Water & Power Company for Possession of Our Lake County Waters (?: ?, 1917?); Edward Hyatt, Control of Appropriations of Water by the State Division of Water Rights (?: ?, 1924); Imperial Irrigation District, Abstract of Water Rights of Imperial Irrigation District ([Los Angeles?]: [District?], 1925); A History of Escondido and Its Water and Power Development (?: ?, September 1932); Charles L. Kaupke, The Kings River Problem (?: ?, 1949); Albert T. Henley, “The Evolution of Forms of Water Users Organizations in California,” California Law Review, Vol. 45, No. 5 (December 1957), pp. 665-675; Elaine Kuo, “California v. California: Law, Landscape, and the Foundational Fantasies of the Golden State,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 445-468; A. Dan Tarlock, “How California Local Governments Became Both Water Suppliers and Planners,” Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, Vol. 4, No. 1 (Fall 2010), pp. 7-24; A. Dan Tarlock, “The Future of Prior Appropriations in the New West,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 41 (Fall 2001), pp. 769-786 (discusses California along with other western states); Nick Johnstone, “International Trade, Transfrontier Pollution, and Environmental Cooperation: A Case Study of the Mexican-American Border Region,” Natural Resources Journal, Volume 35, No. 1 (Winter 1995), pp. 33-62 (discusses transboundary air and water pollution and control efforts and initiatives in San Diego County); “Water Issues in the U.S.-Mexico Borderlands,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Fall 2000) (special edition); Jordan Scavo, “Water Politics and the San Fernando Valley: The Role of Water Rights in the 1915 Annexation and 1996-2002 Secession Campaigns,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 93-116; Mark T. Imperial & Derek Kauneckis, “Moving from Conflict to Collaboration: Watershed Governance in Lake Tahoe,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 43 (Fall 2003), pp. 1009-1055; Ruth Langridge, “Changing Legal Regimes and the Allocation of Water between Two California Rivers,” Natural Resources Journal, Vol. 42, Issue 2 (Spring 2002), pp. 283-330 (discusses Eel and Russian Rivers in Northern California); Harrison C. Dunning, “Dam Fights and Water Policy in California,” Journal of the West, Vol. 29, No. 3 (July 1990), pp. 14-27; Joseph L. Sax, “Rights That Inhere in the Title Itself: The Impact of the Lucas Case on Western Water Law,” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, Vol. 26, No. 4 (July 1993), pp. 943-954; Brian E. Gray, “The Modern Era in California Water Law,” Hastings Law Journal, Vol. 45, No. 2 (January 1994), pp. 249-308; Revisiting California Water Law (Symposium), Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 19 (1988), pp. xii-xviii, 957-1433; Katha G. Hartley, “Spring Valley Water Works v. San Francisco: Defining Economic Rights in San Francisco,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 1990), pp. 287-308; Aqueduct: Fiftieth Anniversary, Metropolitan Water District (Los Angeles: Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, 1979); Bary Dahlberg, The Truckee River Act: Salvation of Reclamation or Servant of Power (master’s thesis, History, University of Nevada, Reno, 2001); W. Turrentine Jackson et al., History of the Hendricks, Miocene, Dewey, and Miners Ditch Systems: Patterns of Water Development in Pacific Gas & Electric Company’s De Sabla Division, Butte County, California (Davis, CA: Jackson Research Projects, 1985); Susan Lauer & Sue McClurg, The Lower Yuba River Accord: From Controversy to Consensus (Sacramento, CA: Water Education Foundation, 2009); Kazuto Oshio, Who Pays and Who Benefits?: Metropolitan Water Politics in Twentieth-Century Southern California (Tokyo: Japanese Association for American Studies, 1997); Roger G. Hatheway et al., The Anaheim Union Water Company — Cajon Canal ([Pacific Palisades, CA?: Greenwood and Associates?], 1989); Robert Earl Williams, Jr., Durham Mutual Water Company: A Microcosm of the Agricultural Waterscape in Butte County, California (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Chico, 1992); Kevin R. Fish, The Development of Water Rights in California (San Jose: self-published, 1977); Jay Greening, Water Rights (Red Bluff, CA: self-published, 1963); Tim Stroshane, “Water under the Bridge?: Reliability and Conflict in California Water, Part 1,” Spillway, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Winter 2002); Peter L. Reich, “The Historical, Comparative, and Convergence Trifecta in International Water Law: A Mexico-U.S. Example,” Environmental Law Reporter, Vol. 43, No. 6 (2013), pp. 10509-10513 (history and contemporary litigation over transborder water resources affected by the All-American Canal); Peter L. Reich, “The All-American Canal and the Civil-Common Law Divide,” Western Legal History, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Summer/Fall 2014), pp. 185-198.

[448] John F. Dillon, Stories Like a River: The Character of Indian Water Rights and Authority in the Wind River and Klamath-Trinity Basins (doctoral dissertation, American Indian Studies, University of Arizona, 2013); Harvey Peyton Grody, The California Legislature and Comprehensive Water Resources Development, 1941-1959 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1971); John Francis Munro, Paradigms, Politics, and Long-Term Policy Change within the California Water Policy-Making System (doctoral dissertation, Political Science, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988); Gwyn-Mohr Pierce Tully, Water Allocation in California: A Geographical Assessment of Conflicting Values and Public Policy (master’s thesis, Geography, University of Montana, 1995); falseBenjamin F. Vaughan IV, Property-Rights Problems and Institutional Solutions: Water Rights and Water Allocation in the Nineteenth-Century American West (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1997).

[449] Harold Raines et al., Water Rights on the Mokelumne River and Legal Issues at the East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1927-1966 (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1997); John B. Reilley et al., Water Rights and Legal Issues at the East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1951-1983 (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1997); Robert B. Maddow et al., Water Supply, Water Rights and Other Legal Issues at the East Bay Municipal Utility District, 1972-1993 (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 2003); Roy Greenaway & Amelia R. Fry, Oral History Interview with Roy Greenaway, 1990-1991 (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 1993) (Greenaway was long-time Chief of Staff to U.S. Senator Alan Cranston); Arthur L. Littleworth et al., Water Law Attorney and Riverside Civic Leader (Berkeley: Regional Oral History Office, Bancroft Library, University of California, 2005); Oral History of California Water Resources Development Oral History Transcripts (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1974) (held in Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles); Rita Singer & Malca Chall, Oral History Interview with Rita Singer: Attorney, United States Department of Interior, 1944-1976, California Department of Water Resources, 1977-present; July 24, August 7, August 13, September 13, 1991, Sacramento, California (1991); Carey McWilliams & Joel Gardner, Honorable in All Things Oral History Transcript: The Memoirs of Carey McWilliams (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1982) (held in Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles); Alfred H. Driscoll & Andrew D. Basiago, Alfred H. Driscoll Oral History Transcript (Los Angeles: Oral History Program, University of California, Los Angeles, 1988) (held in Water for Los Angeles Oral History Collection, Dept. of Special Collections, Young Research Library, University of California, Los Angeles).

[450] Owens Valley Water Wars Reference File and Correspondence from the Personal File of Senator Joseph E. Riley, 1924-1938; Wells, Van Dyke, & Lee papers, 1884-1887 (Los Angeles law firm that worked on water issues among others); Record Book of Barnhill Mutual Water Company, 1930-1954 (Sacramento area); Memorandum of Deeds, Bills of Sale and Other Papers Relating to the Property of the California Water and Mining Company, 1870-1912; Samuel C. Evans Collection on the Riverside Land and Irrigating Company, 1869-1913; Samuel Storrow, Spring Valley Water Company, Yuba River Project: Report, December 21, 1910; Norris Hundley, Papers, 1794-2000 1960-2000; San Diego County Water Authority Records, 1938-1976; Los Angeles City Water Rights Collection, 1775-1974 (bulk 1966-1967); An Act: To Define the Rights of Claimants to the Waters of Streams in the Mining Districts of This State, for Mining Purposes: ms., [1849 or 1850]; Santa Ana River Report, 1883; Mono Lake Committee Collection, 1919-1997 (bulk 1977-1995); Miller & Lux Records, circa 1869-1965; Maclay Rancho Ex Mission de San Fernando Water Rights Deed: Los Angeles County, Calif., 1909 Sept. 16; Inyo Canal Co. Financial Records, 1887-1905; Bradbury Land Papers, 1855-1933 (includes documents from William Mulholland); Catherine Mulholland Collection, 1812-2011; Let’s Use the Brains God Gave Us ([Topanga, CA?]: Water Committee of the Topanga Businessmen’s Ass’n, Malibu Minute Men, Citizens Dedicated to the Betterment of Their Community, 1959) (these archival resources may be located by conducting a search on WorldCat).

[451] Donald E. Hargis, “Women’s Rights: California 1849,” Historical Society of Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 4 (December 1955), pp. 320-334.

[452] Gordon Morris Bakken & Brenda Farrington, Women Who Kill Men: California Courts, Gender, and the Press (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009) (covers notorious cases from the 1800s through the 1950s); see also Gordon Morris Bakken, “The Limits of Patriarchy: Women’s Rights and ‘Unwritten Law’ in the West,” Historian, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Summer 1998), pp. 702-716 (1880-1890).

[453] Carol Haber, The Trials of Laura Fair: Sex, Murder, and Insanity in the Victorian West (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2013) (sensational 1870 San Francisco murder); Linda S. Parker, “Murderous Women and Mild Justice: A Look at Female Violence in Pre-1910 San Diego, San Luis Obispo and Tuolumne Counties,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 38, No. 1 (March 1992), pp. 22-49; Kathleen A. Cairns, The Enigma Woman: The Death Sentence of Nellie May Madison (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007); Kathleen Cairns, “‘Enigma Woman’ Nellie Madison: Femme Fatales & Noir Fiction,” Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Vol. 54, No. 1 (March 2004), pp. 14-25 (1934-1943); Kathleen A. Cairns, Proof of Guilt: Barbara Graham and the Politics of Executing Women in America (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2013); Roberta Anne Hobson, End of Her Rope: The Creation of “the Fair Prisoner” and “the Degenerate” through Binary Opposition in San Diego Courtrooms, 1885-1910 (master’s thesis, History, San Diego State University, 1998); Brenda Elaine Pillors, The Criminalization of Prostitution in the United States: The Case of San Francisco, 1854-1919 (doctoral dissertation, Criminology, University of California, Berkeley, 1982); falseIon Puschila, Women on a Frontier in Transition: 1880s Criminal and Civil Actions in the Superior Court of San Bernardino (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1999); Kathleen A. Cairns, Hard Time at Tehachapi: California’s First Women’s Prison (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2009); Kathleen Cairns, “Writing for Their Lives: The Clarion and Inmates at the California Institution for Women, Tehachapi,” Western Legal History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2008), pp. 1-24; Rosemary Gartner & Candace Kruttschnitt, “A Brief History of Doing Time: The California Institution for Women in the 1960s and the 1990s,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 38, No. 2 (June 2004), pp. 267-304; Kenneth Salter, The Trial of Inez Garcia (Berkeley: Editorial Justa Publications, 1976) (concerns 1976 murder case involving claims of self-defense against sexual assault, which made Garcia’s case a feminist cause celebre); Brenda E. Stevenson, “Latasha Harlins, Soon Ja Du, and Joyce Karlin: A Case Study of Multicultural Female Violence and Justice on the Urban Frontier,” Journal of African American History, Vol. 89, No. 2 (Spring 2004), pp. 152-176 (notorious 1991-92 interracial murder case in Los Angeles); Brenda Stevenson, The Contested Murder of Latasha Harlins: Justice, Gender, and the Origins of the LA Riots (New York: Oxford University Press, 2013).

[454] Jennifer Teresa Mayer, An Historical Analysis and Comparison of California’s Involuntary Civil Commitment Law and Sexually Violent Predator Law

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(master’s thesis, Social Work, California State University, Long Beach, 1999); Sara Mayeux, “The Case of the Black-Gloved Rapist: Defining the Public Defender’s Role in the California Courts, 1913-1948,” California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 217-239; Chrysanthi Settlage Leon, Compulsion and Control: Sex Crime and Criminal Justice Policy in California, 1930-2007 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 2007); falseBonni Kay Cermak, In the Interest of Justice: Legal Narratives of Sex, Gender, Race and Rape in Twentieth-Century Los Angeles, 1920-1960 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of Oregon, 2005); Bonnie Cermak, “An Average Male of His Type,” California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 121-141 (discusses construction of statutory rape in 1940s California in a racial context); http://search.proquest.com/assets/r20151.3.3-0/core/spacer.gifKay Leslie Levine, Prosecution, Politics and Pregnancy: Enforcing Statutory Rape in California (doctoral dissertation, Jurisprudence and Social Policy, University of California, Berkeley, 2003) (covers 1990s-); Kate Sproul & Rebecca LaVally, California’s Response to Domestic Violence: A History of Policy Issues and Legislative Actions to Combat Domestic Violence in California (Sacramento: California Senate Office of Research, 2003); Tatia Jordan, “The Efficacy of the California Stalking Law: Surveying Its Evolution, Extracting Insights from Domestic Violence Cases,” Hastings Women’s Law Journal, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Summer 1995), pp. 363-383.

[455] Woodrow C. Whitten, “The Trial of Charlotte Anita Whitney,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 15 (September 1946), pp. 286-294; Philippa Strum, Speaking Freely: Whitney v. California and American Speech Law (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2015); Haig Bomajian, Anita Whitney, Louis Brandeis, and the First Amendment (Fairleigh Dickenson University Press, 2010); Beth Slutsky, “Parlor Pink Turned Soapbox Red: The Trial of Charlotte Anita Whitney,” American Communist History, Vol. 9 (June 2010), pp. 35–59.

[456] Antonia I. Castañeda, Presidarias y Pobladoras: Spanish-Mexican Women in Frontier Monterey, Alta California, 1770-1821 (doctoral dissertation, History, Stanford University, 1990) (discusses Spanish Law of the Indies and other governmental enactments, as well as canon law and other law regarding marriage, as applied to women of various ethnic backgrounds in colonial Alta California); Maria R. Casas, Married to a Daughter of the Land: Spanish-Mexican Women and Interethnic Marriage in California, 1820-1880 (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 2007); Rose Marie Beebe & Robert M. Senkewicz, eds. & transls., Testimonios: Early California through the Eyes of Women (Berkeley: Heyday Books, 2006); David J. Langum, “Sin, Sex, and Separation in Mexican California: Her Law of Domestic Relations,” Californians, Vol. 5 (May 1987); Gloria E. Miranda, “Gente de Razón Marriage Patterns in Spanish and Mexican California: A Case Study of Santa Barbara and Los Angeles,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 1 (Spring 1981), pp. 1-21; Walter Loewy, “The Spanish Community of Acquests and Gains and Its Adoption and Modification by the State of California,” California Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 1912), pp. 32-45 (concerns origins of community property law in California and other U.S. states); Robert L. Griswold, Family and Divorce in California, 1850–1890: Victorian Illusions and Everyday Realities (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1982); Bonnie L. Ford, Women, Marriage and Divorce in California, 1849-1872 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Davis, 1985); Danelle L. Moon, Marital Violence Revealed: California Divorce, 1850-1899 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton; 1994; Susan Gonda, “Not a Matter of Choice: San Diego Women and Divorce, 1850-1889,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 37, No. 3 (Summer 1991); Ruth Rymer Miller, Alimony and Divorce: An Historical-Comparative Study of Gender Conflict (doctoral dissertation, Human & Organizational Systems, The Fielding Institute, 1995) (covers 142 years of court records of divorce proceedings in Colusa County); Dan Nutter, “Interspousal Support Entitlements: California, 1850 to 1994,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 20 (2011-2012), pp. 9-14; Maria Nguyen, “History of Alimony in California: 1850 to 1994,” Journal of Contemporary Legal Issues, Vol. 20, pp. 15-24; Stuart B. Walzer, “A Strange Story,” Western Legal History, Vol. 4, No. 2 (1991), pp. 265-273 (1872-1886; 19th-century bigamy hoax); Beverly J. Schwartzberg, Grass Widows, Barbarians, and Bigamists: Fluid Marriage in Late Nineteenth-Century America (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2001) (especially focuses on California); Todd Stevens, “Tender Ties: Husbands’ Rights and Racial Exclusion in Chinese Marriage Cases, 1882-1924,” Law & Social Inquiry, Vol. 27 (Spring 2002), pp. 271-301; Joanna Grossman & Chris Guthrie, ‘The Road Less Taken: Annulment at the Turn of the Century,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 40, No. 3 (July 1996), pp. 307-330 (1890-1910); Glenda Riley, “Sara Bard Field, Charles Erskine Scott Wood, and the Phenomenon of Migratory Divorce,” California History, Vol. 69, No. 3 (Fall 1990), pp. 250-259 (1906-1990; use of Nevada by Californians to get divorces); Alberto Brandt Lopez, Divorce and Annulment in San Mateo County, California, 1950-1957 (doctoral dissertation, Law, Stanford University, 2006); Catherine Davidson, “All the Other Daisys: Roger Traynor, Recrimination, and the Demise of At-Fault Divorce,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 381-407; Lenore J. Weitzman, The Divorce Revolution: The Unexpected Social and Economic Consequences for Women and Children in America (New York: Free Press, 1985) (general discussion includes the U.K. along with various U.S. jurisdictions, but much of the discussion and evidence comes from California, especially Los Angeles and San Francisco, from the early 1960s onward due to California’s pioneering of no-fault divorce); Howard A. Krom, “California’s Divorce Law Reform: An Historical Analysis,” Pacific Law Journal, Vol. 1, No. 1 (January 1970), pp. 156-181; Richard McFarlane, “There is No Substitute for a Mother’s Love: The Rise and Fall of the Tender Years Doctrine in California,” California Legal History, Vol. 2 (2007), pp. 165-182 (concerns traditional granting of custody to minor children to women in divorce cases); Douglas Nejaime, “Before Marriage: The Unexplored History of Nonmarital Recognition and its Relationship to Marriage,” California Law Review, Vol. 102 (February 2014), pp. 87-172 (concerns LGBT marriages and domestic unions).

[457] Peggy Pascoe, What Comes Naturally: Miscegenation Law and the Making of Race in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009); Peggy Pascoe, “Miscegenation Law, Court Cases, and Ideologies of ‘Race’ in Twentieth-Century America,” Journal of American History, Vol. 83, No. 1 (June 1996), pp. 44-69; Fay Botham, “Almighty God Created the Races”: Theologies of Marriage and Race in Anti-Miscegenation Cases, 1865-1967 (doctoral dissertation, Religion, Claremont Graduate University, 2005) (features Perez v. Lippold [Sharp] along with Loving v. Virginia); Valerie J. Matsumoto, “Nikki Sawada Bridges Flynn and What Comes Naturally,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2010), pp. 31-40 (discusses miscegenation laws and anti-miscegenation activism, focusing on the Japanese-American wife of radical Harry Bridges); Valerie J. Matsumoto, “‘What’s Love Got To Do With It?’: The Politics of Race and Marriage in the California Supreme Court’s 1948 Perez v. Sharp Decision,” OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 18, No. 4 (July 2004), pp. 31-34 (1945-1979, concerns case striking down miscegenation law); Leti Volpp, “American Mestizo: Filipinos and Antimiscegenation Laws in California,” UC Davis Law Review, Vol. 33 (Summer 2000), pp. 795-835; Deenesh Sohoni, “Unsuitable Suitors: Anti-Miscegenation Laws, Naturalization Laws, and the Construction of Asian Identities,” Law & Society Review, Vol. 41, No. 3 (September 2007), pp. 587-618 (includes examples from California along with other western states); see also Stevie R. Ruiz, Sexual Racism and the Limits of Justice: A Case Study of Intimacy and Violence in the Imperial Valley, 1910-1925 (master’s thesis, Ethnic Studies, University of California, San Diego, 2010) (concerns miscegenation and other interracial relations between Punjabis, Latinos, and other ethnicities in the Imperial Valley).

[458] Peter Thomas Conmy, The Historic Spanish Origin of California’s Community Property Law and its Development and Adaptation to Meet the Needs of an American State (San Francisco: Grand Parlor, Native Sons of the Golden West, 1957); Walter Loewy, “The Spanish Community of Acquests and Gains and Its Adoption and Modification by the State of California,” California Law Review, Vol. 1, No. 1 (November 1912), pp. 32-45 (concerns origins of community property law in California and other U.S. states); Donna Clare Schuele, “A Robbery to the Wife”: Culture, Gender and Marital Property in California Law and Politics, 1850-1890 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1999); Donna C. Schuele, “Community Property Law and the Politics of Married Women’s Rights in Nineteenth-Century California,” Western Legal History, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1994), pp. 244-281 (1849-1880); Brian McGinty, “Common Law and Community Property:  Origins of the California System,” California State Bar Journal (1976), pp. 478-82, 532-38; Orrin K. McMurray, “The Beginnings of the Community Property System in California and the Adoption of the Common Law,” California Law Review, Vol. 3, No. 5 (1915), pp. 359-380; Martin J. Boutelle, Community and Separate in California: An Exposition of the Laws, Governing the Acquisition, Possession and Distribution of Property, a Compedium of the Rights of Married Persons (Pasadena: Boutelle Publishing Co, 1914); Caroline Bermeo Newcombe, “The Origin and Civil Law Foundation of the Community Property System, Why California Adopted It, and Why Community Property Principles Benefit Women,” University of Maryland Journal of Race, Religion, Gender & Class, Vol. 11, No. 1 (2011), pp. 1-38.

[459] Miroslava Chávez-García, Negotiating Conquest: Gender and Power in California, 1770s to 1880s (Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 2004); Miroslava Chávez-García, Mexican Women and the American Conquest in Los Angeles: From the Mexican Era to American Ascendancy (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1998); David J. Langum, Sr., Quite Contrary: The Litigious Life of Mary Bennett Love (Lubbock: Texas Tech University Press, 2014); Ray August, “The Spread of Community Property Law to the Far West,” Western Legal History, Vol. 3, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1990), pp. 35-66; Rochelle Anne Davisson, Invisible Owners of Painted Ladies and Other Homes: Women Property Owners in Nevada City, California, 1856-1876 (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Long Beach, 1993); Gordon Morris Bakken, “The Limits of Patriarchy: Women’s Rights and ‘Unwritten Law’ in the West,” Historian, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Summer 1998), pp. 702-716 (1880-1890); Edith Sparks, “Married Women and Economic Choice: Explaining Why Women Started Businesses in San Francisco between 1890 and 1930,” Business & Economic History, Vol. 28, No. 2 (Winter 1999), pp. 287-300 (discusses legal and other implications of women’s ownership of property and businesses); Edith Eleanor Sparks, Capital Instincts: The Economics of Female Proprietorship in San Francisco, 1850-1920 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 1999); Charlotte K. Goldberg, “A Cauldron of Anger: The Spreckels Family and the Reform of California Community Property Law,” Western Legal History, Vol. 12, No. 2 (1999), pp. 241-279 (1891-1995); Mary Lou Lyon, “Sarah Montgomery Green Wallis of the Stephens-Murphy-Townsend Party of 1844,” California Territorial Quarterly, No. 73 (Spring 2008), pp. 27-29 (1825-1905).

[460] Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995) (research focuses on Oakland and Los Angeles); Mary Odem, “Single Mothers, Delinquent Daughters, and the Juvenile Court in Early 20th Century Los Angeles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Autumn 1991), pp. 27-43.

[461] Gayle Gullett, Becoming Citizens: The Emergence and Development of the California Women’s Movement, 1880-1911 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2000) (more about political activism and mobilization than about law or litigation per se, but traces history of important change in California law); Gayle Gullett, “Constructing the Woman Citizen and Struggling for the Vote in California, 1896-1911,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 69, No. 4 (November 2000); Susan Englander, Class Conflict and Coalition in the California Woman Suffrage Movement, 1907-1912: The San Francisco Wage Earners’ Suffrage League (Lewiston, NY: Mellen, 1992); Linda Van Ingen, “The Limits of State Suffrage for California Women Candidates in the Progressive Era,” Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 73, No. 1 (February 2004), pp. 21-48 (1911-1918); Susan Scheiber Edelman, “A Red Hot Suffrage Campaign: The Woman Suffrage Cause in California, 1896,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Yearbook, Vol. 2 (1995), pp. 49-132; Ellen Carol DuBois, “Seneca Falls in Santa Cruz: Eliza W. Farnham and the Varieties of Women’s Emancipation in Nineteenth-Century California,” Common-Place, Vol. 9 (January 2009); M. K. Silver, “Selina Solomons and Her Quest for the Sixth Star, 1862-1942,” Western States Jewish History, Vol. 35, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 211-223 (California Jewish women’s suffragist); see also various archival resources of potential interest: Sarah M. Severance, California Laws Concerning Women, Revised to 1895 (San Francisco: ?, 1890-1899?); Elizabeth L. Kenney et al., Laws of California Relating to Women & Children: Offered to the State of California by Mrs. Willoughby Rodman (Los Angeles: Baumgardt, 1911); Marion Ash, Skirting the Capitol with Marion Ash (Sacramento: serial publication, 1967-?); Business Women’s Legislative Council of California, Records, 1927-1943 (these archival resources may be found by conducting a search on WorldCat).

[462] Janolyn Lo Vecchio, “The Struggle by Western Women to Serve on Juries, 1870-1954,” Western Legal History, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 2008), pp. 25-54; Leland G. Stanford, “Early Women Jurors in San Diego,” Times Gone By: The Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 11 (April 1965), pp. 16-27.

[463] Robert K. Barney, “Adele Parot: Beacon of the Dioclesian Lewis School of Gymnastic Expression in the American West,” Canadian Journal of History of Sport & Physical Education, Vol. 5, No. 2 (December 1974), pp. 63-75 (1866 California physical education law); Kathleen Weiler, “The Case of Martha Deane: Sexuality and Power at Cold War UCLA,” History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 4 (Winter 2007), pp. 470-496 (UCLA dance instructor was accused of lesbianism and was forced to retire in 1955); Carol Frances Cini, Making Women’s Rights Matter: Diverse Activists, California’s Commission on the Status of Women, and the Legislative and Social Impact of a Movement, 1962-1976 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Los Angeles, 2007); Judicial Council of California Advisory Committee on Gender Bias in the Courts, “Achieving Equal Justice for Women and Men in the Courts,” Women & Social Movements in the United States, 1600-2000, Vol. 15, No. 1 (2011), pp. 76-15 ff. (74 total pages) (1987-1990; executive summary of Advisory Committee’s 1990 report suggesting reforms in several potential problem areas); Taylor Chase-Wagniere, Julian Lean & Brittany Shugart, “A History: The Southern California Review of Law and Social Justice,” Southern California Review of Law & Social Justice, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Spring 2013), pp. 297-311 (1993-2009; journal started as a women’s law journal).

[464] Eileen V. Wallis, “‘The Verdict Created No Great Surprise Upon the Street’: Abortion, Medicine, and the Regulatory State in Progressive-Era Los Angeles,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 34, No. 3 (2013), pp. 48-72 (1849-1920; legal treatment of abortion in early Los Angeles); Jennie Stephens-Romero, “The Cal Fed Controversy: Distinguishing California’s Pregnancy Leave Law and the Family and Medical Leave Act,” California Legal History, Vol. 7 (2012), pp. 469-493 (1974-1993); Megha Bhatt, “Gender Equity in the Workplace: A Comparative Look at Pregnancy Disability Leave Laws in California and the United States Supreme Court.” California Legal History, Vol. 10 (2015), pp. 447-470; Natalie Lira & Alexandra Minna Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization,” Aztlan, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), pp. 9-34 (1927-1951); Elizabeth R. Escobedo, “The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 133-156.

[465] George Anthony Peffer, If They Don’t Bring Their Women Here: Chinese Female Immigration before Exclusion (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1999); George Anthony Peffer, “From under the Sojourner’s Shadow: A Historiographical Study of Chinese Female Immigration to America, 1852-1882,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Spring 1992), pp. 41-67; Katy Lain, Transaction Null and Void”: The Peculiar Citizenship Fight of Emma Wong Sing,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 96, No. 4 (Winter 2014), pp. 405-432 (1898-1931); Judy Yung, “The Social Awakening of Chinese American Women as Reported in Chung Sai Yat Po, 1900-1911,” Chinese America: History & Perspectives (1995), pp. 80-102; Judy Yung, Unbinding the Feet, Unbinding their Lives: Social Change for Chinese Women in San Francisco, 1902-1945 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Berkeley, 1990); Valerie J. Matsumoto, “Nikki Sawada Bridges Flynn and What Comes Naturally,” Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, Vol. 31, No. 3 (2010), pp. 31-40 (discusses miscegenation laws and anti-miscegenation activism, focusing on wife of radical Harry Bridges); Brant T. Lee, “A Racial Trust: The Japanese YWCA and the Alien Land Law,” Asian Pacific American Law Journal, Vol. 7 (Spring 2001), pp. 1-29; Natalie Lira & Alexandra Minna Stern, “Mexican Americans and Eugenic Sterilization,” Aztlan, Vol. 39, No. 2 (Fall 2014), pp. 9-34 (1927-1951); Elizabeth R. Escobedo, “The Pachuca Panic: Sexual and Cultural Battlegrounds in World War II Los Angeles,” Western Historical Quarterly, Vol. 38, No. 2 (Summer 2007), pp. 133-156; Carlos Larralde & Richard Griswold del Castillo, “Luisa Moreno and the Beginnings of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement in San Diego,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 43, No. 3 (Summer 1997); Carlos Larralde, “Josefina Fierro and the Sleepy Lagoon Crusade, 1942-1945,” Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 117-160; Margaret Rose, “Gender and Civic Activism in Mexican American Barrios in California: The Community Service Organization, 1947-1962,” in Joanne Meyerowitz, ed., Not June Cleaver: Women and Gender in Postwar America, 1945-1960 (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994); Lori A. Flores, “A Community of Limits and the Limits of Community: MALDEF’s Chicana Rights Project, Empowering the ‘Typical Chicana,’ and the Question of Civil Rights, 1974-1983,” Journal of American Ethnic History, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Spring 2008), pp. 81-110 (includes examples from California); see also Michele Shover, “Chico Women: Nemesis of a Rural Town’s Anti-Chinese Campaigns, 1876-1886,” California History, Vol. 67, No. 4 (December 1988), pp. 228-243.

[466] Preble Stolz, Judging Judges: The Investigation of Rose Bird and the California Supreme Court (New York: Free Press, 1981); Betty Medsger, Framed: The New Right Attack on Chief Justice Rose Bird and the Courts (New York: Pilgrim Press, 1983); Brenda Farrington Myers, Rose Bird and the Rule of Law (master’s thesis, History, California State University, Fullerton, 1991); Stephen R. Barnett, “The Rose Bird Myth,” California Lawyer, Vol. 12, No. 8 (August 1992); Claire Cooper, “Rose Bird: The Last Interview,” California Lawyer, Vol. 20, No. 2 (February 2000), pp. 38-39; Joseph M. Gughemetti, The People vs. Rose Bird (San Mateo: Terra View Publications, 1985); Phillip E. Johnson, Backgrounder: The Civil Cases. Four Representative Decisions of the California Supreme Court (Santa Monica: The Supreme Court Project, 1986) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986), available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/226; Phillip E. Johnson, The Court on Trial: The California Judicial Election of 1986 (Santa Monica: The Supreme Court Project, 1985) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986); Independent Citizens’ Committee to Keep Politics Out of The Court, “The Court on Trial:” An Analysis of Phillip Johnson’s Attack on the California Supreme Court (Golden Gate University School of Law Digital Commons, California Agencies Collection, Paper 223, 1986) (pamphlet distributed before dramatic reconfirmation election of 1986), available at http://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/caldocs_agencies/223; Patrick K. Brown, The Rise and Fall of Rose Bird: A Career Killed by the Death Penalty (master’s degree program seminar paper, California State University, Fullerton, 2007 (?)), available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CSCHS_2007-Brown.pdf (includes bibliography of news articles regarding Bird’s judicial career); Dorothy W. Nelson, “Reflections On Becoming A Judge,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 107-113 (interviewed by Selma Moidel Smith); Mildred L. Lillie, “Oral History of Justice Mildred L. Lillie: California Court of Appeal” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 71-142 (1915-1984; the second woman appointed to the California Court of Appeal, in 1958, and one of the first considered for the U.S. Supreme Court); Earl Johnson, Jr., “Oral History of Justice Mildred L. Lillie: Introduction,”  California Legal History, Vol. 5 (2010), pp. 65-70 (1971-2002); Jacqueline Taber & Eve M. Felitti, “The Honorable Jacqueline Taber: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 8, No. 1 (1995), pp. 91-113; Ray McDevitt & Maureen Dear, “A Salute to the Women Justices of the California Supreme Court,” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2013), pp. 2-7, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/2013-Newsletter-Spring-A-Salute-to-Women-Justices.pdf.

[467] Barbara Babcock, Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Shortridge Foltz (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011) (life of California’s first woman lawyer, 1849-1934); Barbara Allen Babcock, “Clara Shortridge Foltz: Constitution-Maker,” Indiana Law Journal, Vol. 66 (Fall 1991), pp. 849-912; Barbara Allen Babcock, “Clara Shortridge Foltz: First Woman,” Valparaiso University Law Review, Vol. 28, No. 4 (Summer 1994), pp. 1231-1286; Barbara Babcock, “Clara Shortridge Foltz: Publisher, Lecturer, and Pioneer in California Law,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1987), pp. 3-4; Nicholas C. Polos, “San Diego’s ‘Portia of the Pacific’: California’s First Woman Lawyer,” Journal of San Diego History, Vol. 26, No. 3 (September 1980), pp. 185-195 (activities of Clara Shortridge Foltz, California’s first woman lawyer, from 1872-1930); Marybeth Herald & Sandra Rierson, “‘I Mean to Succeed’: Clara Foltz and the Reinvention of Self,” American Journal of Legal History, Vol. 53, No. 1 (January 2013), pp. 131-140 (extended review of Babcock, Woman Lawyer: The Trials of Clara Foltz); Donna C. Schuele, “‘None Could Deny the Eloquence of This Lady’: Women, Law, and Government in California, 1850-1890,” California History, Vol. 81, No. 3/4 (2003), pp. 169-198 (features Clara Shortridge Foltz among others); Selma Moidel Smith, “Honoring California’s First Woman Lawyer: Clara Shortridge Foltz,” Women Lawyers Journal, Vol. 87, No. 2 (Winter 2002), pp. 10-11 (concerns February 8, 2002 renaming of the Los Angeles County Criminal Courts Building in honor of Foltz); Jeanine L. Volluz, Breaking the Barriers: Women Attorneys in Northern California, 1878-1992 (master’s thesis, History, San Francisco State University, 1992); Richard F. McFarlane, “The Lady in Purple: The Life and Legal Legacy of Gladys Towles Root,” California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 357-401 (1905-1982); Brenda F. Harbin, “Black Women Pioneers in the Law,” Historical Reporter, Vol. 4, No. 1 (1987), pp. 6-8 (includes Annie Virginia Stephens Coker (later Pendleton), the first African-American woman attorney in California); Ruth Church Gupta & Rosalyn Zakheim, “Oral History of Ruth Church Gupta (1917-2009)” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 6 (2011), pp. 77-98; Kathryn Mickle Werdegar, “A Tribute to Selma [Moidel Smith],” California Supreme Court Historical Society Newsletter (Spring/Summer 2012), pp. 2-5, available at http://www.cschs.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/CSCHS-SelmaMoidelSmith-Competition.pdf; Jeffrey M. Elliot, “The Congressional Black Caucus: An Interview with Yvonne Brathwaite Burke,” Negro History Bulletin, Vol. 40, No. 1 (January 1977), pp. 650-652 (1956-1977); Hermione K. Brown & Carole Hicke, “Hermione K. Brown: An Oral History,” Western Legal History, Vol. 7, No. 2 (1994), pp. 309-316 (Beverly Hills attorney); Leslie Abramson & Richard Flaste, The Defense Is Ready: Life in the Trenches of Criminal Law (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997) (biography of a high-profile criminal defense attorney specializing in homicide and death penalty cases, including those of the Menendez brothers, Jeremy Strohmeyer, and Phil Spector, among others); Selma Moidel Smith, “NAWL’s Southern California Council,” Women Lawyers Journal, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Fall 2001), pp. 15-16 (history of Southern California Women Lawyers Association, affiliated with the National Association of Women Lawyers); see also Women’s Legal History Website, Stanford Law Library, available at http://wlh.law.stanford.edu/; Women Trailblazers in the Law Oral History Project of the American Bar Association (presently 81 interviews of women attorneys, judges, and legal scholars, some of them based in California) available at http://www.americanbar.org/groups/senior_lawyers/resources/women_trailblazers_project.html; “The History Project,” Women Lawyers Association of Los Angeles (more than 100 videorecorded oral histories held by the Southwestern Law School Library).

[468] Beth Hollenberg, Full of Zoom: Barbara Nachtrieb Armstrong, First Woman Professor of Law (1997), available at http://www.ibrarian.net/navon/paper/Barbara_Nachtrieb_Armstrong.pdf?paperid=7836003 (Armstrong graduated from Berkeley’s law school in 1915 and became a lecturer there in 1919, followed by numerous other professional accomplishments); Herma Hill Kay & Germaine LaBerge, “The Oral History of Herma Hill Kay [with curriculum vitae and bibliography]” (edited and with notes by Selma Moidel Smith), California Legal History, Vol. 8 (2013), pp. 1-211 (first woman dean of University of California, Berkeley Law School); Dorothy W. Nelson, “Reflections on Becoming a Judge,” Western Legal History, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Winter/Spring 1989), pp. 107-113 (Nelson was the first woman dean of USC Law School, and of any major law school in California or the United States, prior to her appointment to the Ninth Circuit in 1980; interviewed by Selma Moidel Smith).

[469] Kendra Wood, The Leadership Behaviors, Beliefs, and Practices of Women Who Have Navigated the Law Enforcement System from Academy to Police Chief in California (doctoral dissertation, Education, University of La Verne, 2013); Janis Marie Appier, Gender and Justice: Women Police in America, 1910-1946 (doctoral dissertation, History, University of California, Riverside, 1993) (especially focuses on policewomen in Los Angeles).